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Banerjee SS, Mandal S, Arief I, Layek RK, Ghosh AK, Yang K, Kumar J, Formanek P, Fery A, Heinrich G, Das A. Designing Supertough and Ultrastretchable Liquid Metal-Embedded Natural Rubber Composites for Soft-Matter Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15610-15620. [PMID: 33780228 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional elastomers with incredible toughness and stretchability are indispensable for applications in soft robotics and wearable electronics. Furthermore, coupled with excellent electrical and thermal properties, these materials are at the forefront of recent efforts toward widespread use in cutting-edge electronics and devices. Herein, we introduce a highly deformable eutectic-GaIn liquid metal alloy-embedded natural rubber (NR) architecture employing, for the first time, industrially viable solid-state mixing and vulcanization. Standard methods of rubber processing and vulcanization allow us to fragment and disperse liquid metals into submicron-sized droplets in cross-linked NR without compromising the elastic properties of the base matrix. In addition to substantial boosts in mechanical (strain at failure of up to ∼650%) and elastic (negligible hysteresis loss) performances, the tearing energy of the composite was enhanced up to 6 times, and a fourfold reduction in the crack growth rate was achieved over a control vulcanizate. Moreover, we demonstrate improved thermal conductivity and dielectric properties for the resulting composites. Therefore, this work provides a facile and scalable pathway to develop liquid metal-embedded soft elastomeric composites that could be instrumental toward potential applications in soft-matter engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shib Shankar Banerjee
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Subhradeep Mandal
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Injamamul Arief
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Rama Kanta Layek
- Department of Separation ScienceLUT University, Mukkulankatu 19, Lahti FI-15210, Finland
| | - Anik Kumar Ghosh
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Ke Yang
- Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Petr Formanek
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Institut für Textilmaschinen und Textile Hochleistungswerkstofftechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Amit Das
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, , Tampere FI-33101, Finland
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Bernal-Ortega P, Bernal MM, Blume A, González-Jiménez A, Posadas P, Navarro R, Valentín JL. Sulfur-Modified Carbon Nanotubes for the Development of Advanced Elastomeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:821. [PMID: 33800114 PMCID: PMC7962203 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The outstanding properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) present some limitations when introduced into rubber matrices, especially when these nano-particles are applied in high-performance tire tread compounds. Their tendency to agglomerate into bundles due to van der Waals interactions, the strong influence of CNT on the vulcanization process, and the adsorptive nature of filler-rubber interactions contribute to increase the energy dissipation phenomena on rubber-CNT compounds. Consequently, their expected performance in terms of rolling resistance is limited. To overcome these three important issues, the CNT have been surface-modified with oxygen-bearing groups and sulfur, resulting in an improvement in the key properties of these rubber compounds for their use in tire tread applications. A deep characterization of these new materials using functionalized CNT as filler was carried out by using a combination of mechanical, equilibrium swelling and low-field NMR experiments. The outcome of this research revealed that the formation of covalent bonds between the rubber matrix and the nano-particles by the introduction of sulfur at the CNT surface has positive effects on the viscoelastic behavior and the network structure of the rubber compounds, by a decrease of both the loss factor at 60 °C (rolling resistance) and the non-elastic defects, while increasing the crosslink density of the new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Bernal-Ortega
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
- Department of Elastomer Technology and Engineering, University of Twente, Driener-Iolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Mar Bernal
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Anke Blume
- Department of Elastomer Technology and Engineering, University of Twente, Driener-Iolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Antonio González-Jiménez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain;
| | - Pilar Posadas
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Rodrigo Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Juan L. Valentín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
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Bernal-Ortega P, Bernal MM, González-Jiménez A, Posadas P, Navarro R, Valentín JL. New insight into structure-property relationships of natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber nanocomposites filled with MWCNT. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bernal-Ortega P, Bernal MM, González-Jiménez A, Posadas P, Navarro R, Valentín JL. New insight into structure-property relationships of natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber nanocomposites filled with MWCNT. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122604 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Smith SM, Simmons DS. Poisson ratio mismatch drives low-strain reinforcement in elastomeric nanocomposites. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:656-670. [PMID: 30617354 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of nanoparticulate additives can dramatically impact elastomer mechanical response, with large enhancements in modulus, toughness, and strength. Despite the societal importance of these effects, their mechanistic origin remains unsettled. Here, using a combination of theory and molecular dynamics simulation, we show that low-strain extensional reinforcement of elastomers is driven by a nanoparticulate-jamming-induced suppression in the composite Poisson ratio. This suppression forces an increase in rubber volume with extensional deformation, effectively converting a portion of the rubber's bulk modulus into an extensional modulus. A theory describing this effect is shown to interrelate the Poisson ratio and modulus across a matrix of simulated elastomeric nanocomposites of varying loading and nanoparticle structure. This model provides a design rule for structured nanoparticulates that maximizes elastomer mechanical response via suppression of the composite Poisson ratio. It also positions elastomeric nanocomposites as having a qualitatively different character than Poisson-ratio-matched plastic nanocomposites, where this mechanism is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Smith
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - David S Simmons
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA.
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Karim WNA, Ng JG, Chan CH, Yahya R, Gan SN. POLYMER ELECTROLYTE BLENDS OF MONO-CARBOXYLIC ACID–MODIFIED EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER AND POLY(ETHYLENEOXIDE). RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.18.83718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Natural rubber with 50% of isoprene units epoxidized (ENR50) was treated with excess of mono-carboxylic acids to completely ring open the epoxide groups. The reaction was carried out by heating ENR50 dissolved in toluene with each of acetic and benzoic acid separately at 105 °C. The ring-opening reaction has produced hydroxyl –OH and ester –O-COR groups, leading to an increase in Tg. The products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. By the solution casting method, each of the modified ENR50s was blended with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in various ratios in toluene, and 2% lithium perchlorate (LiCIO4) was added as the dopant. Results show that the modified ENR and PEO formed incompatible blends. The PEO spherulite growth rate in the blends increased with PEO content. The electrical conductivity was found to increase with the weight fraction of PEO in the blend. At the ratio of 25/75, the acetic acid–modified ENR50/PEO blend exhibits a conductivity value of 3.1 × 10−8 S cm−1. The benzoic acid–modified ENR50/PEO achieved conductivity of 5.8 × 10−7 S cm−1 at the ratio of 30/70. These blends form conducting polymer electrolytes with potential application in batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nurhidayah A. Karim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jin Guan Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chin Han Chan
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Rosiyah Yahya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seng Neon Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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