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Tom M, Thomas S, Seantier B, Grohens Y, Mohamed PK, Haponiuk JT, Kim J. APPROACHING SUSTAINABILITY: NANOCELLULOSE REINFORCED ELASTOMERS—A REVIEW. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.22.77013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Awareness of the environmental implications of conventional reinforcing fillers and the urge to reduce the carbon footprint have lead researchers to focus more on natural and sustainable materials. Nanocellulose from multitudinous sources finds use in elastomer engineering because of its distinctive properties, such as renewability, sustainability, abundance, biodegradability, high aspect ratio, excellent mechanical properties, and low cost. Green alternatives for conventional fillers in elastomer reinforcing have gained considerable interest to curb the risk of fillers from nonrenewable sources. The differences in properties of nanocellulose and elastomers render attractiveness in the search for synergistic properties resulting from their combination. This review addresses the isolation techniques for nanocellulose and challenges in its incorporation into the elastomer matrix. Surface modifications for solving incompatibility between filler and matrices are discussed. Processing of nanocomposites, various characterization techniques, mechanical behavior, and potential applications of nanocellulose elastomer composites are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milanta Tom
- 1 School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Sabu Thomas
- 1 School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
- 3 Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 17011
| | - Bastien Seantier
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Yves Grohens
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - P. K. Mohamed
- 4 Global R&D Centre, Asia, Apollo Tyres Ltd., Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 602105
| | - Józef T. Haponiuk
- 5 Department of Polymer Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland 80-233
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- 6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea 22212
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Dynamical Mechanical Behaviors of Rubber-Filled Wood Fiber Composites with Urea Formaldehyde Resin. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kazemi H, Parot M, Stevanovic T, Mighri F, Rodrigue D. Cellulose and lignin as carbon black replacement in natural rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Kazemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Laval University Quebec Quebec Canada
| | - Maxime Parot
- Wood and Forest Science Department Laval University Quebec Quebec Canada
| | - Tatjana Stevanovic
- Wood and Forest Science Department Laval University Quebec Quebec Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- Department of Chemical Engineering Laval University Quebec Quebec Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering Laval University Quebec Quebec Canada
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Kazemi H, Mighri F, Park KW, Frikha S, Rodrigue D. EFFECT OF CELLULOSE FIBER SURFACE TREATMENT TO REPLACE CARBON BLACK IN NATURAL RUBBER HYBRID COMPOSITES. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.21.78988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In recent years, cellulose fibers have attracted considerable attention as biofillers for natural rubber (NR) composites. However, neat cellulose cannot be used as a substitute for conventional fillers due to its poor compatibility with NR. Therefore, a new surface treatment via maleic anhydride grafted to polyisoprene (MAPI) in solution was developed to improve the filler–matrix interaction. Different contents of carbon black (CB) and cellulose fibers (before and after modification) were used as a hybrid filler system to investigate the possibility of CB substitution in NR composites. First, contact angle, Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to confirm the successful cellulose surface treatment. Second, morphological analysis, Payne effect, and swelling behavior of the rubber compounds in toluene confirmed the effect of cellulose treatment on improving the interfacial filler–matrix adhesion. Finally, the results showed that the composite filled with 20 phr modified cellulose and 20 phr CB (50% replacement of CB) exhibited even better results than the composite filled with 40 phr of CB, since the tensile strength was only 7% lower, but the elongation at break, tensile modulus at 100%, and storage modulus at 25 °C were respectively 35%, 24%, and 22% higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Kazemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Keun Wan Park
- Camso Inc, 2633 rue MacPherson, Magog, Quebec, J1X 0E6, Canada
| | - Slim Frikha
- Camso Inc, 2633 rue MacPherson, Magog, Quebec, J1X 0E6, Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Yerxa M, Porter C, Pazur RJ. HEAT AGING OF A BROMOBUTYL TIRE INNER LINER UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.21.79941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A bromobutyl tire inner liner compound was prepared and subjected to aerobic and anaerobic heat aging at a temperature of 100 °C for seven aging times up to 8 weeks. Hardness and mechanical properties were monitored, and the evolution of the crosslink density was followed using equilibrium solvent swell and low field double quantum (DQ) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The hardness and the 300% tensile stress increased with heat aging, while both tensile strength and elongation at break dropped. Both chain scission and crosslinking reactions were taking place. Equilibrium swelling and DQ NMR results confirmed that a larger crosslink density increase was seen under aerobic versus anaerobic aging conditions. The network distribution consisting of a dominant low crosslinking zone and small areas of higher crosslinking slowly broadened and shifted toward higher crosslink densities upon heat aging. The compounds aged heterogeneously. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of an oxidized surface layer, and therefore diffusion-limited oxidation effects, but only under aerobic aging conditions. Reaction mechanisms are proposed to explain the net crosslink rise with heat aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Yerxa
- Department of National Defense, Quality Engineering Test Establishment, Polymer and Textile Science, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K2 Canada
| | - C. Porter
- Department of National Defense, Quality Engineering Test Establishment, Polymer and Textile Science, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K2 Canada
| | - R. J. Pazur
- Department of National Defense, Quality Engineering Test Establishment, Polymer and Textile Science, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K2 Canada
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