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Hed S, Berg AI, Hansson I, Kivi M, Waern M. Depressive symptoms across the retirement transition in men and women: associations with emotion regulation, adjustment difficulties and work centrality. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:643. [PMID: 39085792 PMCID: PMC11292945 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-05228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retirement is a major life event and factors driving depression in the retirement transition might differ in men and women. The aim was to prospectively study depressive symptoms across the retirement transition in men and women and to test associations with emotion regulation strategies (suppression and reappraisal), adjustment difficulties, and work centrality. METHODS The sample included 527 individuals from the population-based Health, Aging and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study who were working at baseline and retired during one of the following four annual measurement waves. Participants contributed with a total of 2635 observations across five measurement waves. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); total score was modelled as a function of time to and from retirement. Changes over the retirement transition were analyzed with multilevel growth curve models. Gender differences in associations with emotion regulation, adjustment difficulties and work centrality were examined by including interaction effects with sex. RESULTS We observed a general reduction of depressive symptoms in the early years of retirement in both men and women. Higher suppression was related to higher depression scores while higher cognitive reappraisal was related to lower levels of depressive symptoms. Women more often used cognitive reappraisal, and men more often suppression, but no significant gender interaction in associations with depressive symptoms could be shown. Retirement adjustment difficulties and greater importance of work for self-esteem were related to higher depression scores. Greater meaning of work, on the other hand, was related to lower levels of depressive symptoms, and this association was stronger in men. CONCLUSIONS There was a general reduction of depression scores in the early years of retirement in both women and men. Findings suggest that basing one's self-esteem on workplace performance was related to higher levels of depressive symptoms after retirement, while perceiving one's job as important and meaningful may facilitate better adjustment in terms of lower depression symptom levels, especially in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hed
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SU/Sahlgrenska, Blå Stråket 15, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Dept of Neuropsychiatry, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Centre for Ageing and Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anne Ingeborg Berg
- Centre for Ageing and Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Hansson
- Centre for Ageing and Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Kivi
- Centre for Ageing and Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margda Waern
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SU/Sahlgrenska, Blå Stråket 15, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Ageing and Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Psychosis Department, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Yang HJ, Cheng Y, Yu TS, Cheng WJ. Association Between Retirement Age and Incidence of Depressive Disorders: A 19-Year Population-Based Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 32:166-177. [PMID: 37838542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence of depressive disorders spanning the transition to retirement, and explore the relationship between retirement age and depressive disorders. METHODS We utilized a national population-based health insurance database encompassing 2 million Taiwanese individuals from 2000 to 2019. The study focused on individuals aged 50 years and older who were employed at the baseline, and 84,224 individuals had records of retirement during the follow-up period. Depressive disorders were identified using codes from the International Classification of Diseases. To assess the trend in the incidence of depressive disorders 7-year period before and after retirement, an interrupted time series analysis was performed. Cox-proportional hazard models were employed to investigate the association between retirement age and the occurrence of depressive disorders following retirement. RESULTS The incidence of depression peaks at the time of retirement and shows a significant decrease after retirement. Incidence of depressive disorders was 6.4 and 7.6 per 1000 person-years among individuals who retired between the ages of 60-64 and 65-69. Comparing the two groups, those who retired between 65 and 69 exhibits a higher risk of developing depressive disorders (hazard ratio = 1.10, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-1.18). This association is particularly pronounced among women and individuals residing in areas with low urbanization levels. CONCLUSION Retirement marks a crucial life milestone accompanied by a peak in depressive disorders. It is important to address the higher risk of depression associated with late retirement among socially disadvantaged groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ju Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine (H-JY), Jen Ai Dali Branch, Dali, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yawen Cheng
- Institute of Health Policy and Management (YC), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Shun Yu
- Management Office for Health Data (T-SY), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine (T-SY), China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Cheng
- National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research (W-JC), National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (W-JC), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health (W-JC), China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Liu H, Zhao H, Huang J, He M. Air pollution associated with hospital visits for mental and behavioral disorders in Northeast China. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 3:1090313. [PMID: 38455902 PMCID: PMC10910900 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1090313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Related studies have found that air pollution is an important factor affecting mental and behavioral disorders. Thus, we performed this time-series study to evaluate the relationship between short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and visits to hospital by patients with mental and behavioral disorders in northeastern China. Methods We used quasi-Poisson regression models and generalized additive models to probe the links between air pollution and mental and behavioral disorders. The possible influences were also explored stratified by season, age and gender. Results We found that sulfur dioxide (SO2) had a cumulative effect on mental and behavioral disorders at lag04-lag07 and had the greatest effect at lag07 [Relative risk (RR) = 1.068, 95%CI = 1.021-1.117]. Particulate matter of size 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and SO2 had a cumulative effect on depression and both had the largest effect at lag07 (RR = 1.021, 95%CI = 1.002-1.041; RR = 1.103, 95%CI = 1.032-1.178); SO2 also had a cumulative effect on anxiety disorders, with the largest effect at lag06 (RR = 1.058, 95%CI = 1.009-1.110). In the stratified analysis, people are more susceptible in the cold season compared to the warm season and females and the 18-60-year age group are more sensitive to air pollutants. It is suggested to strengthen management and preventive measures to decrease air pollution exposure. Conclusion This study found an association between increased concentrations of air pollutants and increased outpatient visits for mental and behavioral disorders. We recommend that preventive and protective measures should be strengthened in an effort to reduce exposure to air pollution in order to maintain physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huo Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Department of Hospital Management Office, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Miao He
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Matthews TA, Porter N, Siegrist J, Li J. Unrewarding work and major depressive episode: Cross-sectional and prospective evidence from the U.S. MIDUS study. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:722-728. [PMID: 36410311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a serious mental health condition and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Previous research has demonstrated that work stress may contribute to the development of depression through psychophysiological pathways. The present study assessed associations of work stress - in terms of the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model measuring unrewarding work - with major depressive episode (MDE). Data were from the Mid-life in the United States study, a national, population-based sample of U.S. workers with 9-year follow-up prospective cohort design. The cross-sectional sample at baseline had 2204 workers, and the prospective sample had 1591 workers at follow-up (78.7% follow-up rate). Multivariable Bayesian logistic regression and Poisson regression were applied for examining cross-sectional and prospective associations, respectively. ERI was assessed by a validated 17-item scale at baseline, and MDE in the past 12 months was assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form at both baseline and follow-up. It was found that ERI at baseline was associated with higher odds of prevalent MDE in the cross-sectional sample (OR = 1.47, HPD interval [1.26-1.69]), and with higher risk of MDE at follow-up in the prospective sample (RR = 1.29, HPD interval [1.01-1.60]). In both cross-sectional and prospective analyses, strongest associations were observed among workers with the highest quartile of ERI, after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and other psychosocial factors. The stable and robust findings strengthen and extend previous findings that unrewarding work is a risk factor of mental health. If confirmed by further evidence, intervention targeting work stress reduction is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Matthews
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Natalie Porter
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
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Romero Starke K, Hegewald J, Schmauder S, Kaboth P, Uhlmann LM, Reissig D, Kaufmann KK, Wegge J, Marquardt G, Seidler A. Health and Care Dependency of Older Adults in Dresden, Germany: Results from the LAB60+ Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11777. [PMID: 36142050 PMCID: PMC9517330 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the population in Europe ages, an increased focus on the health of older adults is necessary. The purpose of the population-based LAB60+ study was to examine the current health and care situation of the population of older adults in Dresden, Germany, and to assess the effect of age, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES) on health outcomes. In the first half of 2021, 2399 out of 6004 randomly sampled residents of Dresden aged 60 years or older answered questions on their chronic conditions, care dependency, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and well-being, among others. Of the participants, 91.6% were afflicted with at least one chronic condition, and 73.1% had multimorbidities. More than one-tenth (11.3%) of participants were care dependent. Lower levels of HRQoL and well-being were observed compared to a published German reference population, perhaps because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Gender differences were observed for some chronic health conditions, and women had a higher risk for lower HRQoL, well-being, and depressivity compared to men. A low SES was associated with a higher risk of the vast majority of health outcomes. Particularly, socioeconomic factors and gender-related inequalities should be considered for the development of prevention and health-promoting measures during late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Romero Starke
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine (IPAS), Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Janice Hegewald
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine (IPAS), Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), 10317 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schmauder
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine (IPAS), Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pauline Kaboth
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine (IPAS), Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lena Marie Uhlmann
- Work and Organisational Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Reissig
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine (IPAS), Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Wegge
- Work and Organisational Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gesine Marquardt
- Social and Health Care Buildings and Design, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidler
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine (IPAS), Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Lahdenperä M, Virtanen M, Myllyntausta S, Pentti J, Vahtera J, Stenholm S. Psychological Distress During the Retirement Transition and the Role of Psychosocial Working Conditions and Social Living Environment. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:135-148. [PMID: 34396418 PMCID: PMC8755891 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mental health is determined by social, biological, and cultural factors and is sensitive to life transitions. We examine how psychosocial working conditions, social living environment, and cumulative risk factors are associated with mental health changes during the retirement transition. Method We use data from the Finnish Retirement and Aging study on public sector employees (n = 3,338) retiring between 2014 and 2019 in Finland. Psychological distress was measured with the General Health Questionnaire annually before and after retirement and psychosocial working conditions, social living environment, and accumulation of risk factors at the study wave prior to retirement. Results Psychological distress decreased during the retirement transition, but the magnitude of the change was dependent on the contexts individuals retire from. Psychological distress was higher among those from poorer psychosocial working conditions (high job demands, low decision authority, job strain), poorer social living environment (low neighborhood social cohesion, small social network), and more cumulative risk factors (work/social/both). During the retirement transition, greatest reductions in psychological distress were observed among those with poorer conditions (work: absolute and relative changes, p [Group × Time interactions] < .05; social living environment and cumulative risk factors: absolute changes, p [Group × Time interactions] < .05). Discussion Psychosocial work-related stressors lead to quick recovery during the retirement transition but the social and cumulative stressors have longer-term prevailing effects on psychological distress. More studies are urged incorporating exposures across multiple levels or contexts to clarify the determinants of mental health during the retirement transition and more generally at older ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirkka Lahdenperä
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Marianna Virtanen
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Saana Myllyntausta
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland.,School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jaana Pentti
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland.,Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Vahtera
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Sari Stenholm
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
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Leckcivilize A, McNamee P. The Effects of Retirement on Health and Health Behaviour among Retirees and their Partners: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. JOURNAL OF POPULATION AGEING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12062-021-09337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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