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Ohsugi H, Anzai S, Shiba Y. Association between the Kihon Checklist and Working Status among Young-Old Citizens: A Cross-Sectional Study. Geriatrics (Basel) 2024; 9:105. [PMID: 39195135 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics9040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to increasing super-aging societies, older adults will be encouraged to continue working. Although demand exists for older adults to continue working in Japanese society, the enabling factors have not been clarified. This study aimed to clarify (1) the life functions that affect the working status among younger-older adults who continue to work and those who do not via the Kihon Checklist (KCL) and (2) examine whether the number of areas of difficulties in daily functions of the KCL affected older adults' employment status. This cross-sectional study involved 5386 older men and women aged 65 years or older in one city in Japan. Employment status and the seven domains of the Kihon Checklist (KCL) were analyzed. The KCL items related to employment status were the physical (odds ratio = 2.46, p < 0.01), socialization (odds ratio = 1.95, p < 0.01), and mood domains (odds ratio = 1.29, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the odds ratio increased to 2.06 when three or more domains were applicable. To remain employed, one must be physically and mentally healthy. Furthermore, since the risk of non-employment increased when one KCL domain was applicable, a broader assessment of life functions is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ohsugi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Saori Anzai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shiba
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-8031, Japan
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Fontana D, Ardito C, Leombruni R, Strippoli E, d'Errico A. Does the time spent in retirement improve health? An IV-Poisson assessment on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Soc Sci Med 2024; 354:117084. [PMID: 39043065 PMCID: PMC11364157 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, pension reforms have been implemented to address the financial sustainability of social security systems, resulting in an increase in the retirement age. This adjustment has led to ongoing debates about the relationship between retirement and health. This study investigates the impact of time spent in retirement on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Italy. It uses a comprehensive dataset that includes socioeconomic, health, and behavioural risk factors, which is linked to administrative hospitalisation and mortality registers. To address the potential endogeneity of retirement, we employ an instrumental variables approach embedded in a Poisson rate model. The results show that, on average, years spent in retirement have a beneficial effect on the risk of CVD for both men and women. Each additional year spent in retirement reduces the incidence of such diseases by about 17% for men and 29% for women. Stratified analyses and robustness tests show that the benefits of retirement appear to be more robust and pronounced in men and in certain groups, particularly men in manual occupations or with poor ergonomic conditions at work. These results highlight that delaying access to retirement may lead to an increased burden of CVD in the older population. In addition, the protective effect of retirement on the development of CVD among workers with poorer ergonomic conditions underlines the different impact of increasing the retirement age on different categories of workers and the need for targeted and differentiated policies to avoid hitting the more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Ardito
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
| | - Roberto Leombruni
- Department of Economics and Statistics "Cognetti de Martiis", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Solovieva S, de Wind A, Undem K, Dudel C, Mehlum IS, van den Heuvel SG, Robroek SJW, Leinonen T. Socioeconomic differences in working life expectancy: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:735. [PMID: 38454363 PMCID: PMC10921693 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, interest in working life expectancy (WLE) and socioeconomic differences in WLE has grown considerably. However, a comprehensive overview of the socioeconomic differences in WLE is lacking. The aim of this review is to systematically map the research literature to improve the insight on differences in WLE and healthy WLE (HWLE) by education, occupational class and income while using different ways of measuring and estimating WLE and to define future research needs. METHODS A systematic search was carried out in Web of Science, PubMed and EMBASE and complemented by relevant publications derived through screening of reference lists of the identified publications and expert knowledge. Reports on differences in WLE or HWLE by education, occupational class or income, published until November 2022, were included. Information on socioeconomic differences in WLE and HWLE was synthesized in absolute and relative terms. RESULTS A total of 26 reports from 21 studies on educational and occupational class differences in WLE or HWLE were included. No reports on income differences were found. On average, WLE in persons with low education is 30% (men) and 27% (women) shorter than in those with high education. The corresponding numbers for occupational class difference were 21% (men) and 27% (women). Low-educated persons were expected to lose more working years due to unemployment and disability retirement than high-educated persons. CONCLUSIONS The identified socioeconomic inequalities are highly relevant for policy makers and pose serious challenges for equitable pension policies. Many policy interventions aimed at increasing the length of working life follow a one-size-fits-all approach which does not take these inequalities into account. More research is needed on socioeconomic differences in HWLE and potential influences of income on working life duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Solovieva
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki, 00032, Finland.
| | - Astrid de Wind
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Societal Participation and Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karina Undem
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Dudel
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Rostock, Germany
- Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ingrid S Mehlum
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Suzan J W Robroek
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taina Leinonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki, 00032, Finland
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Rohrbacher M, Hasselhorn HM. The contribution of work and health-related lifestyle to educational inequalities in physical health among older workers in Germany. A causal mediation analysis with data from the lidA cohort study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285319. [PMID: 37556415 PMCID: PMC10411755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to investigate the contribution of work factors and health-related lifestyle to educational inequalities in physical health among older workers in Germany by applying causal mediation analysis with longitudinal data. METHODS Data from the German lidA study was used. 2653 persons (53% female, 47% male) aged 46 (born 1965) and 52 (born 1959) at baseline were followed up for seven years with exposure and outcome assessments in 2011 (t0), 2014 (t1) and 2018 (t2). The total effect of education on physical health was decomposed into a natural direct effect (NDE) and a natural indirect effect (NIE) by using a sex-stratified causal mediation analysis with an inverse odds weighting approach. Baseline health, partner status and working hours were entered as a first set of mediators preceding the putative mediators of interest. All analyses were adjusted for age and migrant status. RESULTS Independent of the first set of mediators, work factors explained 21% of educational inequalities in physical health between low and high educated women and 0% comparing moderate versus high educated women. The addition of health behaviors explained further 26% (low vs. high education) and 20% (moderate vs. high education), respectively. Among men, net of the first set of mediators, work factors explained 5% of educational inequalities in physical health between low and high educated and 6% comparing moderate versus high educated persons. Additional 24% (low vs. high education) and 27% (moderate vs. high education) were explained by adding health behaviors to the models. CONCLUSIONS To reduce educational inequalities in physical health among older workers in Germany, interventions to promote healthy behaviors are promising. Improving working conditions is likely an important prerequisite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Rohrbacher
- Department of Occupational Health Science, School of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hans Martin Hasselhorn
- Department of Occupational Health Science, School of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Baumann I, Froidevaux A, Cabib I. Health among workers retiring after the state pension age: a longitudinal and comparative study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:984. [PMID: 36539688 PMCID: PMC9764581 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, many countries have observed increasing labor force participation beyond the state pension age (SPA). However, there is a lack of research on employment beyond SPA and how it relates to older workers' health. Moreover, there is a need to better understand how institutional factors affect the relationship between older workers' employment and health. In this study, we examine simultaneous employment and health trajectories over 11 years in 12 countries from Europe and the Americas, and study how these trajectories differ by welfare state regime and level of old-age pension redistribution. METHODS We used a harmonized pooled-country dataset of 3699 older workers based on four representative panel surveys: the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), and the Chilean Social Protection Survey (EPS). We conducted multichannel sequence analysis to estimate the types of simultaneous employment-health trajectories, and multinomial regression analysis to examine the relationship between trajectory types and institutional factors. RESULTS We found that late retirement was equally associated with poor and good health. There is also a higher prevalence of late retirement trajectories in combination with poor health in liberal welfare regimes and in countries with lower levels of old-age pension redistribution. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that nonliberal welfare regimes and redistributive old-age pension policies may be better suited to protect vulnerable workers while providing those in good health with the opportunity to work beyond the SPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Baumann
- grid.19739.350000000122291644Institute of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences; National Centre of Competence in Research “Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives”, Gertrudstrasse 15, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Katharina-Sulzer-Platz 9, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Froidevaux
- grid.267315.40000 0001 2181 9515Department of Management, College of Business, University of Texas at Arlington, 701 S W St Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010 USA
| | - Ignacio Cabib
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Instituto de Sociología & Departamento de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ,grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Centro UC Estudios de Vejez y Envejecimiento, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Rohrbacher M, Hasselhorn HM. Social inequalities in early exit from employment in Germany: a causal mediation analysis on the role of work, health, and work ability. Scand J Work Environ Health 2022; 48:569-578. [PMID: 35708627 PMCID: PMC10539108 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.4043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of work factors, health, and work ability to social inequalities in early exit from employment among older employees in Germany. METHODS Longitudinal data from the representative German lidA Cohort study was linked with employment register data to obtain maximum information on exit routes out of paid employment. Information of N=2438 respondents, aged 46 and 52 at baseline, were obtained for a follow-up of six years (2011-2017). Causal mediation analysis with inverse odds weighting was conducted using discrete-time survival outcomes and baseline measurements of the socioeconomic status (SES: education), work factors, health, and work ability. RESULTS Older employees with low SES were at an increased risk of exiting employment early by receiving disability pension and through long-term unemployment but not through an unspecified labor market exit when compared to those with high and moderate SES. Low work ability accounted for up to 38% of the social inequalities in work exits into disability pension. Less-than-good physical health accounted for up to 59% of inequalities in work exits into long-term unemployment. Work factors contributed considerably to inequalities in exits through unemployment but not disability pension. CONCLUSIONS This study finds social inequalities in early exits through disability pension and long-term unemployment among older employees in Germany, predominantly attributable to differences in work ability (disability pension) and physical health (unemployment). Investments in work ability and promotion of physical health may constitute promising approaches to counteract an increase of these inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Rohrbacher
- Department of Occupational Health Science, School of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
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