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Lavekar A, Mukewar S. Endobiliary and Pancreatic Radiofrequency Ablations. JOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1756485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRadio frequency ablation (RFA) involves use of thermal energy to perform ablation of tissues. It has a wide range of application in gastrointestinal tract. Over the last few years, several studies have reported successful and safe application in the biliary and pancreatic tissues. It is particularly beneficial in patients with biliary malignancies in whom it has shown to improve survival. Additionally, it can be applied in occluded metal stents secondary to tumor ingrowth to prolong the patency of stents. In pancreas, RFA can successfully ablate cystic lesions and neuroendocrine tumors. It has also been applied in unresectable pancreatic cancers. This review discusses the application of endobiliary and pancreatic RFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Lavekar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Triveni Hospital, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurabh Mukewar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Midas Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Granata V, Grassi R, Fusco R, Belli A, Palaia R, Carrafiello G, Miele V, Grassi R, Petrillo A, Izzo F. Local ablation of pancreatic tumors: State of the art and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3413-3428. [PMID: 34163121 PMCID: PMC8218359 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i23.3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the technologies most commonly used to treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer are radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation, and irreversible (IRE) or reversible electroporation combined with low doses of chemotherapeutic drugs.
AIM To report an overview and updates on ablative techniques in pancreatic cancer.
METHODS Several electronic databases were searched. The search covered the years from January 2000 to January 2021. Moreover, the reference lists of the found papers were analysed for papers not indexed in the electronic databases. All titles and abstracts were analysed.
RESULTS We found 30 studies (14 studies for RFA, 3 for microwave therapy, 10 for IRE, and 3 for electrochemotherapy), comprising 1047 patients, which were analysed further. Two randomized trials were found for IRE. Percutaneous and laparotomy approaches were performed. In the assessed patients, the median maximal diameter of the lesions was in the range of 2.8 to 4.5 cm. All series included patients unfit for surgical treatment, but Martin et al assessed a subgroup of patients with borderline resectable tumours who underwent resection with margin attenuation with IRE. Most studies administered chemotherapy prior to ablative therapies. However, several studies suggest that the key determinant of improved survival is attributable to ablative treatment alone. Nevertheless, the authors suggested chemotherapy before local therapies for several reasons. This strategy may not only downstage a subgroup of patients to curative-intent surgery but also support to recognize patients with biologically unfavourable tumours who would likely not benefit from ablation treatments. Ablation therapies seem safe based on the 1047 patients assessed in this review. The mortality rate ranged from 1.8% to 2%. However, despite the low mortality, the reported rates of severe post procedural complications ranged from 0%-42%. Most reported complications have been self-limiting and manageable. Median overall survival varied between 6.0 and 33 mo. Regarding the technical success rate, assessed papers reported an estimated rate in the range of 85% to 100%. However, the authors reported early recurrence after treatment. A distinct consideration should be made on whether local treatments induce an immune response in the ablated area. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that RFA is a promising mechanism for inducing antigen-presenting cell infiltration and enhancing the systemic antitumour T-cell immune response and tumour regression.
CONCLUSION In the management of patients with pancreatic cancer, the possibility of a multimodal approach should be considered, and conceptually, the combination of RFA with immunotherapy represents a novel angle of attack against this tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Granata
- Department of Radiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori –IRCCS- Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Roberta Grassi
- Department of Radiology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80127, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Radiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori –IRCCS- Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Andrea Belli
- Department of Surgery, Istituto Nazionale Tumori –IRCCS- Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palaia
- Department of Surgery, Istituto Nazionale Tumori –IRCCS- Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples 80131, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Miele
- Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology SIRM, SIRM Foundation Milan 20122, Italy
- Department of Emergency Radiology, San Camillo Hospital, Firenze 50139, Italy
| | - Roberto Grassi
- Department of Radiology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80127, Italy
- Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology SIRM, SIRM Foundation Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Antonella Petrillo
- Department of Radiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori –IRCCS- Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- Department of Surgery, Istituto Nazionale Tumori –IRCCS- Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples 80131, Italy
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Granata V, Grassi R, Fusco R, Setola SV, Palaia R, Belli A, Miele V, Brunese L, Grassi R, Petrillo A, Izzo F. Assessment of Ablation Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer: The Radiologist's Challenge. Front Oncol 2020; 10:560952. [PMID: 33330028 PMCID: PMC7731725 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.560952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of imaging assessment of ablated pancreatic cancer. Only studies reporting radiological assessment on pancreatic ablated cancer were retained. We found 16 clinical studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Radiofrequency ablation and irreversible electroporation have become established treatment modalities because of their efficacy, low complication rates, and availability. Microwave Ablation (MWA) has several advantages over radiofrequency ablation (RFA), which may make it more attractive to treat pancreatic cancer. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a very interesting emerging technique, characterized by low complication rate and safety profile. According to the literature, the assessment of the effectiveness of ablative therapies is difficult by means of the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria that are not suitable to evaluate the treatment response considering that are related to technique used, the timing of reassessment, and the imaging procedure being used to evaluate the efficacy. RFA causes various appearances on imaging in the ablated zone, correlating to the different effects, such as interstitial edema, hemorrhage, carbonization, necrosis, and fibrosis. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) causes the creation of pores within the cell membrane causing cell death. Experimental studies showed that Diffusion Weigthed Imaging (DWI) extracted parameters could be used to detect therapy effects. No data about functional assessment post MWA is available in literature. Morphologic data extracted by Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) do not allow to differentiate partial, complete, or incomplete response after ECT conversely to functional parameters, obtained with Position Emission Tomography (PET), MRI, and CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Granata
- Radiology Division, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Grassi
- Radiology Division, Universita’ Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Radiology Division, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Venanzio Setola
- Radiology Division, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palaia
- Hepatobiliary Surgical Oncology Division, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Belli
- Hepatobiliary Surgical Oncology Division, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittorio Miele
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Brunese
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio,” University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Roberto Grassi
- Radiology Division, Universita’ Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Petrillo
- Radiology Division, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- Hepatobiliary Surgical Oncology Division, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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Saccomandi P, Lapergola A, Longo F, Schena E, Quero G. Thermal ablation of pancreatic cancer: A systematic literature review of clinical practice and pre-clinical studies. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 35:398-418. [PMID: 30428728 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1506165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic cancer is a challenging malignancy with low treatment option and poor life expectancy. Thermal ablation techniques were proposed as alternative treatment options, especially in advanced stages and for unfit-for-surgery patients. This systematic review describes the thermal ablative techniques -i.e., Laser (LA), Radiofrequency (RFA), Microwave (MWA) Ablation, High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) and cryoablation- available for pancreatic cancer treatment. Additionally, an analysis of the efficacy, complication rate and overall survival for each technique is conducted. MATERIAL AND METHODS This review collects the ex vivo, preclinical and clinical studies presenting the use of thermal techniques in the pancreatic cancer treatment, searched up to March 2018 in PubMed and Medline. Abstracts, letters-to-the-editor, expert opinions, reviews and non-English language manuscripts were excluded. RESULTS Sixty-five papers were included. For the ex vivo and preclinical studies, there are: 12 records for LA, 8 for RFA, 0 for MWA, 6 for HIFU, 1 for cryoablation and 3 for hybrid techniques. For clinical studies, 1 paper for LA, 14 for RFA, 1 for MWA, 17 for HIFU, 1 for cryoablation and 1 for hybrid techniques. CONCLUSIONS Important technological advances are presented in ex vivo and preclinical studies, as the real-time thermometry, nanotechnology and hybrid techniques to enhance the thermal outcome. Conversely, a lack of standardization in the clinical employment of the procedures emerged, leading to contrasting results on the safety and feasibility of some analyzed techniques. Uniform conclusions on the safety and feasibility of these techniques for pancreatic cancer will require further structured investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Saccomandi
- a IHU-Strasbourg Institute of Image-Guided Surgery , Strasbourg , France.,b Departement of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Alfonso Lapergola
- a IHU-Strasbourg Institute of Image-Guided Surgery , Strasbourg , France.,c Università G. D'Annunzio , Chieti , Italy
| | - Fabio Longo
- a IHU-Strasbourg Institute of Image-Guided Surgery , Strasbourg , France.,d Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Quero
- d Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS , Rome , Italy
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Rombouts SJE, Derksen TC, Nio CY, van Hillegersberg R, van Santvoort HC, Walma MS, Molenaar IQ, van Leeuwen MS. Computed tomography findings after radiofrequency ablation in locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018; 43:2702-2711. [PMID: 29492602 PMCID: PMC6132871 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study was to provide a systematic evaluation of the computed tomography(CT) findings after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer(LAPC). Methods Eighteen patients with intra-operative RFA-treated LAPC were included in a prospective case series. All CT-scans performed prior to RFA and 1 week and 3 months of post-RFA, according to standard regimen, were assessed by two radiologists in consensus, using standardized radiological scoring lists. Results 51 CT-scans were assessed. One week after RFA, the ablation zone was visible in all patients as a (partially) sharply defined (83%), heterogeneous area (94%). At 3 months of follow-up, the ablation zone was completely invaded by tumor in 67% of patients and still present, but decreased in 33%. In two patients (11%), local thrombosis and/or occlusion of the superior mesenteric vein occurred. The occlusions persisted without clinical consequences and the thrombosis disappeared. A peripancreatic fluid collection was visible 1 week after RFA in 3 patients, wherein the ablation zone extended ventrally outside of the pancreas. Conclusions Directly after RFA for LAPC, a well-defined ablation zone is visible on CT-imaging. This ablation zone is usually replaced by tumor ingrowth after 3 months. Moreover, the ablation zone regularly included vascular structures, with rare asymptomatic venous occlusion or thrombosis and without adverse effects on arteries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00261-018-1519-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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D'Onofrio M, Barbi E, Girelli R, Tinazzi Martini P, De Robertis R, Ciaravino V, Salvia R, Butturini G, Frigerio I, Milazzo T, Crosara S, Paiella S, Pederzoli P, Bassi C. Variation of tumoral marker after radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:213-20. [PMID: 27034788 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the correlation between variations of CA 19.9 blood levels and the entity of necrosis at CT after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS In this study, from June 2010 to February 2014, patients with diagnosis of unresectable and not metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, expressing tumor marker CA 19.9, treated with RFA procedure were included. All these patients underwent RFA. CT study was performed 1 week after RFA. The dosage of CA 19.9 levels was performed 1 month after RFA. Features of necrosis at CT, as mean entity, density and necrosis percentages compared to the original lesion, were evaluated and compared by using t-test with CA 19.9 blood levels variations after RFA procedure. RESULTS In this study were included 51 patients with diagnosis of unresectable and not metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, expressing tumor marker CA 19.9, treated with RFA procedure and with CT study and CA 19.9 available for analysis. After the procedure, CA 19.9 blood levels reduced in 24/51 (47%), remained stable in 10/51 (20%) and increased in 17/51 (33%). In patients with CA 19.9 levels reduced, the tumor marker were reduced less than 20% in 4/24 (17%) and more than 20% in 20/24 (83%); instead the tumor marker were reduced less than 30% in 8/24 (33%) and more than 30% in 16/24 (67%). At CT scan necrotic area density difference was not statistically significant. Also there was no statistically significant difference among the mean area, the mean volume and the mean ablation volume in percentage related to the treated tumor among the three different groups of patients divided depending on the CA 19.9 blood levels. But a tendency to a statistically significant difference was found in comparing the mean percentage of ablation volume between two subgroups of patients with a decrease of CA 19.9 levels with less or more than 20% reduction of tumor markers and between two subgroups with less or more than 30% reduction of CA 19.9 levels. CONCLUSIONS RFA of unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma induces reduction of CA 19.9 blood levels in about half of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko D'Onofrio
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Emilio Barbi
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Girelli
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Tinazzi Martini
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Robertis
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Ciaravino
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Salvia
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Butturini
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Isabella Frigerio
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Teresa Milazzo
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Crosara
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Paiella
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Pederzoli
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Bassi
- 1 Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy ; 2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of Surgery, Casa di Cura Dott. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy ; 4 Department of Surgery, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Pandya GJ, Shelat VG. Radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: The past, the present and the future. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:6-11. [PMID: 25685272 PMCID: PMC4309949 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive cancers with a grim overall 5-year survival rate of 5%. Advances in surgical techniques, critical care, molecular diagnosis, diagnostic imaging, endosonology and adjuvant therapy have improved outcomes; but still more needs to be achieved. There is an urgent need to discover new avenues that may impact survival. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has attracted attention as an adjunctive treatment in PDAC. A review of English literature in PubMed was done using the MESH terms for PDAC and RFA. All the articles were reviewed and core information was tabulated for reference. After a comprehensive review of all articles the data was evaluated to discover the role of RFA in PDAC management. Indications, contraindications, feasibility, success rate, safety, complications and impact on survival were reviewed and are discussed further. RFA appears to be an attractive option for non-metastatic locally advanced PDAC. RFA is feasible but has a significant morbidity. At the present time the integration of RFA into the management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is evolving. It should be considered as having a complimentary role to current standard therapy in the multimodal management care model. It is likely that indications and patient selection for pancreatic RFA will expand.
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Gómez FM, Patel PA, Stuart S, Roebuck DJ. Systematic review of ablation techniques for the treatment of malignant or aggressive benign lesions in children. Pediatr Radiol 2014; 44:1281-9. [PMID: 24821394 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-014-3001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ablation techniques are widely used for solid malignant tumors in adults. There is no large series assessing the effectiveness of local ablative therapies in the treatment of malignant or aggressive benign lesions in children. OBJECTIVE To review the existing evidence on the techniques and results of ablation for pediatric solid malignant or aggressive benign tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched MEDLINE for papers published between 1995 and 2012 that reported outcomes of radiofrequency, microwave and cryoablation, interstitial laser therapy, irreversible electroporation and percutaneous ethanol injection for patients younger than 18 years old. Data collection included factors related to the patient, tumor biology, ablation technique and cancer-specific endpoints. Additional series of predominantly adults including data on patients younger than 18 years old were also identified. RESULTS We identified 28 patients treated by ablation in 29 regions: 5 patients undergoing ablation for liver lesions, 9 patients for lung metastases, 11 patients for bone and/or soft tissue and 4 patients for kidney or pancreas. The ablation was performed to treat primary tumors, local recurrences and metastases. The histology of the tumors was osteosarcoma in 6 patients, Wilms tumor in 3, rhabdomyosarcoma in 3, hepatoblastoma in 3, desmoid tumor in 3, adrenocortical carcinoma in 2 and a single case each of leiomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, paraganglioma, solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm, sacrococcygeal teratoma, hepatic adenoma, juxtaglomerular cell tumor and plantar fibromatosis. Eighteen of the patients (64%) experienced a complication, but only 6 (21%) of these needed treatment other than supportive care. CONCLUSIONS Although ablative techniques are feasible and promising treatments for certain pediatric tumors, large multicenter prospective trials will be needed to establish efficacy.
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Moir J, White SA, French JJ, Littler P, Manas DM. Systematic review of irreversible electroporation in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2014; 40:1598-604. [PMID: 25307210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2014.08.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel procedure to combat pancreatic cancer, whereby high voltage pulses are delivered, resulting in cell death. This represents an ideal alternative to other thermal treatment modalities, as there is no overriding heat effect, therefore reducing the risk of injury to vessels and ducts. METHODS Multiple databases were searched to January 2014. Primary outcome measures were survival and associated morbidity. 41 articles were initially identified; of these 4 studies met the inclusion criteria, yielding 74 patients in total. RESULTS 94.5% of patients had locally advanced tumours, the remainder had metastatic disease. Treated tumour size ranged from 1 to 7 cm. IRE approach included open (70.3%), laparoscopic (2.7%) and percutaneous (27%; ultrasound-guided 30%, CT-guided 70%) Morbidity ranged from 0 to 33%; due to the high number of simultaneous procedures performed (resection/bypass) it was difficult to ascertain IRE-related complications. However no significant bleeding occurred when IRE-alone was performed. Survival statistics suggest a prognostic benefit. Reported survival included: 6 month survival of 40% (n = 5) and 70% (n = 14); PFS and OS 14 and 20 months respectively (n = 54). Results of most interest showed a significant survival benefit in matched IRE vs non-IRE groups (PFS 14 vs 6 mths; p = 0.01, OS 20 vs 11 mths; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Initial evidence suggests IRE incurs a prognostic benefit with minimal morbidity. More high quality research is required to determine the role IRE may play in the multi-modal management of pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moir
- HPB Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK.
| | - S A White
- HPB Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - J J French
- HPB Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - P Littler
- HPB Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - D M Manas
- HPB Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
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