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Wang Y, Shi X, Efferth T, Shang D. Artificial intelligence-directed acupuncture: a review. Chin Med 2022; 17:80. [PMID: 35765020 PMCID: PMC9237974 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture is widely used around the whole world nowadays and exhibits significant efficacy against many chronic diseases, especially in pain-related diseases. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), its implementation into acupuncture has achieved a series of significant breakthroughs in many areas of acupuncture practice, such as acupoints selection and prescription, acupuncture manipulation identification, acupuncture efficacy prediction, and so on. The paper will discuss the significant theoretical and technical achievements in AI-directed acupuncture. AI-based data mining methods uncovered crucial acupoint combinations for treating various diseases, which provide a scientific basis for acupoints prescription in clinical practice. Furthermore, the rapid development of modern TCM instruments facilitates the integration of modern medical instruments, AI techniques, and acupuncture. This integration significantly improves the quantification, objectification, and standardization of acupuncture as well as the delivery of clinical personalized acupuncture therapy. Machine learning-based clinical efficacy prediction of acupuncture can help doctors screen patients who may benefit from acupuncture treatment. However, the existing challenges require additional work for developing AI-directed acupuncture. Some include a better understanding of ancient Chinese philosophy for AI researchers, TCM acupuncture theory-based explanation of the knowledge discoveries, construction of acupuncture databases, and clinical trials for novel knowledge validation. This review aims to summarize the major contribution of AI techniques to the discovery of novel acupuncture knowledge, the improvement for acupuncture safety and efficacy, the development and inheritance of acupuncture, and the major challenges for the further development of AI-directed acupuncture. The development of acupuncture can progress with the help of AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiuming Shi
- Renaissance College, University of New Brunswick, 3 Bailey Drive, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dong Shang
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China. .,College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Hoffman JM, Song S, Brugger K, Valencak TG. Untapped research opportunities in China: promising future avenues and potential concerns for aging companion animals. GeroScience 2022; 44:1295-1299. [PMID: 34427857 PMCID: PMC9213577 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Companion animals have recently been proposed as ideal translational models of human aging due to their shared susceptibility for certain diseases, similar environments, and sophisticated veterinary medicine diagnostics, all of which are not possible in rodent laboratory models. Here, we introduce and propose the study of companion animals in China as a largely untapped resource in academic and veterinary aging research. Pet ownership rates along with economic gains in the pet industry have skyrocketed over the last decade in China. Yet, the majority of research institutions still focus on agricultural animal research, not companion animals. In this perspective, we compare available pet ownership rates between the USA, the European Union, and China before focusing on the potential of companion animal aging research in China. In addition, we highlight some ethical considerations that must be addressed before large-scale companion animal aging research can be completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama At Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Shanshan Song
- 3000 Animal Hospital Center, 103 T5 EFC, Cangqian Street, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Katharina Brugger
- Unit for Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa G Valencak
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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3
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Tahir AH, Li JJ, Tang Y. Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms Involved in Electro-Acupuncture Therapy for Visceral Hypersensitivity. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:696843. [PMID: 34658755 PMCID: PMC8511820 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.696843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the important characteristic features of clinically significant gastrointestinal disorders is visceral hypersensitivity (VH). Pain sensitization or VH is a big challenge for clinicians and becomes a very thorny work in clinical practices; the therapeutic efficacy for VH results in limited success. A popular second therapy that is being approved for the induction of analgesia and attenuates VH with fewer side effects includes electro-acupuncture (EA). Different peripheral and spinal neurological chemicals, including neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and cytokines, and different signaling pathways were associated with EA treatment in VH. Despite the higher acceptance of EA, the underlying mechanism still needs to be further explored. In this paper, we review the available literature to find the peripheral and spinal mechanisms involved in EA to relieve VH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hassan Tahir
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina and International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Jia Li
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina and International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina and International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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4
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Alimi OA, Abubakar AA, Yakubu AS, Aliyu A, Abulkadir SZ. Veterinary acutherapy in management of musculoskeletal disorders: An eye-opener to the developing countries' veterinarians. Open Vet J 2020; 10:252-260. [PMID: 33282695 PMCID: PMC7703614 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners believed that the maintenance of the health status of any individual or animal is by the harmonious flow of Chi (life force) along a pathway known as the meridian. Interruption or blockage of Chi brings about disorders, pain, and diseases. Acutherapy, therefore, aims at correcting the interruption or blockage of the harmonious flow of Chi along the meridian to restore the healthy condition of the body system. This correction could be accomplished by either acupuncture or acupressure, and are both collectively referred to as acutherapy. This form of therapy has been used in both humans and animals for several decades. It is, however, just gaining popularity in the treatment of humans and is still not yet in practice among veterinarians for animal patients in most developing countries like Nigeria. This review, therefore, is aimed at exposing veterinarians from the developing countries to the general application of acutherapy with emphasis on the musculoskeletal system and associated pain where it is most applied. It is highly recommended that the universities, where Veterinary Medicine is studied in developing countries, should endeavor to train their veterinary surgeons in this area and see to how acutherapy can be included in the curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawale Alimi Alimi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.,Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Adamu Abdul Abubakar
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Abubakar Sadiq Yakubu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Aliyu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Salman Zubairu Abulkadir
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.,Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
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5
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Yang T, Shmalberg J, Hochman L, Miscioscia E, Brumby M, McKenna K, Roth A. Comparison of Point Placement by Veterinary Professionals with Different Levels of Acupuncture Training in a Canine Cadaver Model. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2017; 10:360-370. [PMID: 29078972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinary acupuncture is becoming increasingly implemented for various disease processes, with growing numbers of veterinarians pursuing advanced training to meet the rising demand for this relatively new intervention. Accurate acupoint placement remains challenging, with individual practitioners relying on varying methods of point identification, often compounded by the transpositional nature of points for companion animals. The aim of this study was to assess for differences in acupuncture needle placement of select points between veterinary professionals with three different levels of acupuncture training in an academic teaching environment. Seven participants placed a total of six acupoints on a canine cadaver. Digital radiography was used to document each participant's point placement. Each participant's point location was then compared to a control "correct" point, and the distance between the two points was measured. A significant difference in placement accuracy was identified between the participants when grouped by training level (p = 0.03). These results indicate that veterinary patients receiving acupuncture treatment from veterinarians with different levels of training may subsequently experience varying effects, although further studies are warranted on more specific acupoint description as well as the clinical implications of needle placement accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Yang
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Justin Shmalberg
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Lindsay Hochman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erin Miscioscia
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Meghan Brumby
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelsey McKenna
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amber Roth
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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6
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Sheta E, Ragab S, Farghali H, El-Sherif A. Successful practice of electroacupuncture analgesia in equine surgery. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2014; 8:30-9. [PMID: 25660442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture analgesia was used for surgery in horses and donkeys. A KWD-808 electrical stimulator was used to incrementally induce a dense, dispersed wave output at frequencies from 20 to 55 Hz, which was maintained at a frequency of 55 Hz, and to change the amplitude of the wave to the best grading number for the suggested operation in each animal. Induction of analgesia lasted for 20-30 minutes, and the effect of analgesia was maintained for 20-45 minutes depending on the type of surgery performed. The exhibited clinical signs, physical examination data, and the responses of all animals were used for evaluating the periods of analgesia. Although the majority of the cases (95%) had no response to strong surgical pain, they experienced significant increases in heart rates and respiratory rates during induction. The lack of pain, relaxed surgical procedures, reduced intraoperative bleeding, and improved healing without complications were all definite benefits of using electroacupuncture analgesia in surgery. Thus, this study has provided surgical evidence supporting the effectiveness of electroacupuncture analgesia, as well as confirming its reliability, in the field of equine anesthesia and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldessouky Sheta
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Safwat Ragab
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haithem Farghali
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Abstract
Research in complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) has increased dramatically in recent years. Acupuncture represents the most commonly practiced and extensively researched of all the CAVM modalities. Acupuncture is considered a valid therapeutic mode of treatment that can be integrated into Western veterinary medicine for the treatment of large, small, and zoological companion animal patients, especially in the area of analgesia. This article is intended to provide a guide for the zoological companion animal practitioner to gain a basic understanding of acupuncture and its potential for use in the zoological companion animal patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn A Koski
- Companion Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine Wellness Service, University of California, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8747, USA.
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8
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Fifteen-day acupuncture treatment relieves diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2010; 3:95-103. [PMID: 20633522 DOI: 10.1016/s2005-2901(10)60018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to investigate the effects of acupuncture on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. We compared 42 cases treated with acupuncture with 21 cases exposed to sham acupuncture and observed the effects on nerve conduction velocity and a variety of subjective symptoms associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Three of the six measures of motor nerves, and two measures of sensory function, demonstrated significant improvement (p < 0.05) over the 15-day treatment period in the acupuncture group, while no motor or sensory function significantly improved in the sham acupuncture group. There were also significant differences in vibration perception threshold between the groups (p < 0.05) and when compared to the baseline levels (p < 0.01) in the acupuncture group. Acupuncture was significantly more effective than sham for treatment of numbness of the lower extremities, spontaneous pain in the lower extremities, rigidity in the upper extremities and alterations in temperature perception in the lower extremities after therapy. Our pilot study has, therefore, provided evidence that acupuncture may be clinically useful for the radical treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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9
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Tong Y, Jia Q, Sun Y, Hou Z, Wang Y. Acupuncture in the Treatment of Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 15:905-9. [PMID: 19678782 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2009.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Tong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qingmei Jia
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhaohui Hou
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
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10
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Laser acupuncture for acute inflammatory, visceral and neuropathic pain relief: An experimental study in the laboratory rat. Res Vet Sci 2009; 88:159-65. [PMID: 19560793 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Laser acupuncture is defined as the stimulation of traditional acupuncture points with low-intensity, non-thermal laser irradiation. We explored the clinical efficacy of a very low level diode laser wavelength 670 nm (Biolite LP020, RGM, Genoa, Italy), used to stimulate acupoints ST36 Zu San Li and TH5 Waiguan, on well-established experimental models of acute and persistent pain in the rat, e.g. acute inflammatory pain, muscle pain, visceral pain and neuropathic pain. We report the anti-edema and anti-hyperalgesia effects of laser acupuncture in models of acute inflammatory pain, e.g. CFA-induced inflammation and myofascial pain. We also indicate that spontaneous pain and thermal hyperalgesia are reduced in a neuropathic pain model, e.g. axotomy. On the contrary, no effects due to laser-acupuncture were observed on discomfort indices in a model of visceral pain, e.g. cystitis due to cyclophosphamide. We thus provide evidences that acupoints stimulation using a very low intensity laser irradiation can control pain and edema in specific experimental conditions.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Narda G. Robinson
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado
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12
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Hayashi AM, Matera JM, Fonseca Pinto ACBDC. Evaluation of electroacupuncture treatment for thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:913-8. [PMID: 17867976 DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.6.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate use of electroacupuncture combined with standard Western medical treatment versus Western medical treatment alone for treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease in dogs. DESIGN Prospective controlled study. ANIMALS 50 dogs with signs of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups and classified as having grade 1 to 5 neurologic dysfunction. Dogs in group 1 received electroacupuncture stimulation combined with standard Western medical treatment; those in group 2 received only standard Western medical treatment. A numeric score for neurologic function was evaluated at 4 time points to evaluate effects of treatments. RESULTS Time (mean +/- SD) to recover ambulation in dogs with grade 3 and 4 dysfunction in group 1 (10.10 +/- 6.49 days) was significantly lower than in group 2 (20.83 +/- 11.99 days). Success (able to walk without assistance) rate for dogs with grade 3 and 4 dysfunction in group 1 (10/10 dogs) was significantly higher than that of similarly affected dogs in group 2 (6/9 dogs). Dogs without deep pain perception (grade 5 dysfunction) had a success (recovery of pain sensation) rate of 3 of 6 and 1 of 8 in groups 1 and 2, respectively, but the difference was not significant. Overall success rate (all dysfunction grades) for group 1 (23/26; 88.5%) was significantly higher than for group 2 (14/24; 58.3%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Electroacupuncture combined with standard Western medical treatment was effective and resulted in shorter time to recover ambulation and deep pain perception than did use of Western treatment alone in dogs with signs of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayne Murata Hayashi
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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