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Dodd SAS, Adolphe J, Dewey C, Khosa D, Abood SK, Verbrugghe A. Efficacy of vitamin D 2 in maintaining serum total vitamin D concentrations and bone mineralisation in adult dogs fed a plant-based (vegan) diet in a 3-month randomised trial. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:391-405. [PMID: 37671585 PMCID: PMC10784131 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Dogs are considered omnivores based on their evolution consuming diets including animal tissue. Few feeding trials evaluating the nutritional suitability of exclusively plant-based (vegan) diets in dogs have been published, and the efficacy of vitamin D2 in maintaining canine serum vitamin D levels has not been clearly determined. A blinded dietary trial included sixty-one healthy desexed adult dogs: thirty-one fed an experimental extruded vegan diet (PLANT) and thirty fed a commercial extruded meat-based diet (MEAT) for 3 months. Dogs were screened via veterinary examination and routine laboratory analyses prior to enrolment, at baseline and exit timepoints. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and blood was collected for vitamin D profiling. All dogs maintained health parameters, body weight and composition throughout the study. Dogs maintained on PLANT demonstrated a significant reduction in platelet count, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol, though values remained within normal reference ranges. Dogs fed PLANT also demonstrated a shift from vitamin D3 to vitamin D2 metabolites, though total vitamin D analogue levels were unchanged, with the exception of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Bone mineral content and density did not differ from baseline values. Health status was maintained in dogs fed PLANT and vitamin D2 appeared efficacious in maintaining serum total vitamin D concentrations and bone mineralisation. Findings support the hypothesis that PLANT was comparable to MEAT for maintenance of healthy adult dogs for at least 3 months and identified areas where further research is warranted to elucidate the potential risks and benefits of plant-based (vegan) diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. S. Dodd
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Adolphe
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Cate Dewey
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Deep Khosa
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Abood
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Dodd S, Khosa D, Dewey C, Verbrugghe A. Owner perception of health of North American dogs fed meat- or plant-based diets. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:36-46. [PMID: 35717887 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some dog owners elect to feed their dog a plant-based food either as part of or for their entire dietary intake. Being omnivores or facultative carnivores, a strictly plant-based diet is not the natural type of food dogs evolved to consume, leaving some question as to whether this feeding management strategy is safe and healthy for dogs. OBJECTIVES This study surveyed owner perceptions of health and wellbeing of dogs and compared between those fed meat-based and plant-based diets. METHODS A web-based questionnaire was distributed to pet owners to collect data on dog characteristics, husbandry, health and wellbeing. Univariate comparisons between diet groups was made by chi square analyses or Kaplan-Meier tests as appropriate, with a significance cut-off value of 0.05. Multivariate models were negative binomial and logistic regression for count and categorical data, respectively. RESULTS Owners feeding plant-based diets to their dog reported fewer health disorders, specifically with respect to ocular or gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders. Dog longevity was reported to be greater for dogs fed plant-based diets. Owners feeding plant-based diets to their dogs relied less on veterinary associates for nutrition information, versus dog owners feeding meat-based diets. CONCLUSIONS Dog owners feeding a plant-based diet did not perceive adverse health effects in their dogs. The results might suggest an association between feeding a plant-based diet and perceived health and longevity, however inherent bias and limitations associated with surveys of owner perception must be considered, and objective research is required to determine if plant-based diets truly affect canine health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dodd
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Deep Khosa
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cate Dewey
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Olivindo RFG, Zafalon RVA, Teixeira FA, Vendramini THA, Pedrinelli V, Brunetto MA. Evaluation of the nutrients supplied by veterinary diets commercialized in Brazil for obese dogs undergoing a weight loss program. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:355-367. [PMID: 35112401 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During a weight loss program, energy restriction is performed, which can result in nutrient intake below the minimum recommendations if a proper diet is not offered. A common recommendation for dogs undergoing energy restriction is to use a veterinary diet formulated for the management of obesity to potentially reduce the likelihood of nutritional deficiencies. The objective of this study was to perform bromatological and essential mineral analysis in veterinary diets for the management of canine obesity available in the Brazilian market and to analyse whether these diets provide the recommended amount of nutrients per kg of metabolic body weight (kg BW0.75 ) for animals undergoing energy restriction. Samples of all veterinary diets for the management of canine obesity available in the Brazilian pet food market were analysed (n = 8). The nutrient supply per kg BW0.75 was calculated and compared with the NRC recommended allowance and FEDIAF recommendations by descriptive statistics. For this purpose, the weight loss energy requirement equations of 70 kcal/target body weight0.75 and 63 kcal/target body weight0.75 were used, in which target body weight corresponds to 10%-40% of the initial body weight according to the body condition score. The manufacturers' intake recommendations were also evaluated and compared to the NRC and FEDIAF recommendations. Almost all of the diets (n = 7/8) had at least one nutrient below the NRC and FEDIAF recommendations when target weight of minus 10%, 20% or 30% was considered, and all diets had at least one nutrient deficiency when the target weight was minus 40%. When the energy intake was restricted a further 10%, all diets had at least one nutrient below recommendations at the minus 30% target weight. The nutrients for which the recommendations were not met were as follows: calcium, magnesium, potassium, selenium, sodium, protein and fat. When compared to the manufacturers' recommendations, nutrient deficiencies were observed in all of the diets when compared to the NRC and in 7/8 when compared to FEDIAF, and all diets had at least one deficiency when compared to both NRC and FEDIAF after an extra 10% calorie restriction. It was concluded that the majority of veterinary diets formulated for weight loss/obesity management in Brazil did not meet all the recommendations of the analysed nutrients, which reinforces that diets for weight loss should be used according to veterinary prescription and should ideally be prescribed by nutrition specialists that can better understand the limitations of the diet's composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F G Olivindo
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael V A Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Alves Teixeira
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vivian Pedrinelli
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hajek V, Zablotski Y, Kölle P. Computer-aided ration calculation (Diet Check Munich © ) versus blood profile in raw fed privately owned dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:345-354. [PMID: 34236742 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many dog owners create nutritionally imbalanced raw meat-based diets (RMBD) with information from the Internet and pseudo-scientific books, some even use pre-prepared frozen raw feed from online shops, local butchers or other providers. The risk of nutritional imbalances is therefore present. Blood profiles for dogs fed RMBD are promoted by laboratories as a simple tool for the owner to check the nutritional supply situation. Veterinarian nutrition specialists seem to be consulted less frequently and, in most cases, when blood analyses show deviations from reference ranges. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a RMBD blood profile reflects possible malnutrition according to a computer-aided ration check and to assess its clinical relevance. Using standardized questionnaires, the average daily rations of 104 dogs, 83 of which were fed raw diets versus 21 commercially fed dogs, were analysed using Diet Check Munich©, based on the National Research Council values. Afterwards, the SYNLAB.vet GmbH 'Barfer-Profil' test including calcium, phosphate, calcium/phosphate ratio, vitamin A, vitamin D, copper, zinc and iodine with additional parameters taurine, urea, uric acid and creatinine was carried out. No significant correlation between nutrient supply and associated blood parameters could be detected. Diet calculation revealed significantly more nutritional imbalances in the RMBD group than in the control group. Low plasma taurine could be detected only in the RMBD group. After participating, 30% of the dog owners (RMBD group) decided to adjust their dogs' diets at the nutrition consultation of the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine of the LMU Munich. Based on these results, for most parameters a RMBD blood profile is not an appropriate tool to monitor a dog's nutrition and computer-aided ration calculation remains the gold standard for detecting nutritional imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hajek
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Kölle
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Pros and Cons of Commercial Pet Foods (Including Grain/Grain Free) for Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:529-550. [PMID: 33773644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Commercial pet food in the United States includes a diverse range of products. There is a tremendous amount of variation among companies regarding the financial resources invested into producing their products, research, and marketing. Commercial pet food is a regulated industry at both the state and federal levels, and many of the same standards applied to the human food industry apply to pet food. Many foods that both pets and people consume are processed; however, the type and extent of processing do not correlate with the nutritional value. Commercial pet food does not meet the needs of every pet.
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Zafalon RVA, Perini MP, Vendramini THA, Pedrinelli V, Rentas MF, Morilha IB, Fiuza Henríquez LB, Conti RMC, Brunetto MA. Vitamin-mineral supplements do not guarantee the minimum recommendations and may imply risks of mercury poisoning in dogs and cats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250738. [PMID: 33901261 PMCID: PMC8075222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of using the vitamin-mineral supplements to guarantee the minimum nutritional recommendations for pets in homemade foods, and hypothesizing that these products may contribute to toxic metals contamination, the present study aimed to determine the concentrations of essential minerals and toxic metals in vitamin-mineral supplements available in the Brazilian market and calculate if the amount recommended by the manufacturer guarantees the minimum recommendations of NRC (2006) and FEDIAF (2020), as well as calculating the amount of toxic metals that animals would consume, according to the amounts recommended by the manufacturer. Seven vitamin-mineral supplements were analyzed. The determination of essential minerals and toxic metals was performed using ICP-OES. Comparisons were made with the minimum recommendations for essential minerals, and with the maximum tolerated levels of toxic metals established by the FDA (2011), descriptively. Most of the vitamin-mineral supplements, in the quantities recommended by the manufacturers, do not guarantee the minimum recommendations of NCR (2006) and FEDIAF (2020) for the following elements: calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc. Only one supplement had detectable selenium concentrations. Three supplements provided more than 0.02mg of mercury/kg of body weight, the safe upper limit used to establish the maximum tolerated level of this element. It is concluded that most vitamin-mineral supplements do not meet the minimum recommendations for most essential minerals and, if formulated by untrained professionals, even with supplementation, homemade foods may still be nutritionally deficient. Furthermore, some vitamin-mineral supplements analyzed may imply risks of mercury poisoning in pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vessecchi Amorim Zafalon
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pamplona Perini
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Vivian Pedrinelli
- Veterinary Nutrology Service (VNS), Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Fragoso Rentas
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Isabela Benelli Morilha
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ben Fiuza Henríquez
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Renata Maria Consentino Conti
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
- Veterinary Nutrology Service (VNS), Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Zafalon RVA, Ruberti B, Rentas MF, Amaral AR, Vendramini THA, Chacar FC, Kogika MM, Brunetto MA. The Role of Vitamin D in Small Animal Bone Metabolism. Metabolites 2020; 10:E496. [PMID: 33287408 PMCID: PMC7761812 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs and cats have differences in vitamin D metabolism compared to other mammalian species, as they are unable to perform vitamin D cutaneous synthesis through sun exposure. Therefore, they are dependent on the dietary intake of this nutrient. The classic functions of vitamin D are to stimulate intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, renal calcium and phosphate reabsorption and regulate bone mineral metabolism. Thus, it is an important nutrient for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. This review highlights the evidence of the direct and indirect actions of vitamin D on bone mineral metabolism, the consequences of nutritional imbalances of this nutrient in small animals, as well as differences in vitamin D metabolism between different size dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vessecchi Amorim Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
| | - Bruna Ruberti
- Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (B.R.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Mariana Fragoso Rentas
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
| | - Andressa Rodrigues Amaral
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
| | - Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
| | - Fernanda Chicharo Chacar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of South of Minas Gerais, IFSULDEMINAS, Muzambinho 37890-000, Brazil;
| | - Marcia Mery Kogika
- Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (B.R.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
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Kazimierska K, Biel W, Witkowicz R. Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines. Molecules 2020; 25:E5173. [PMID: 33172044 PMCID: PMC7664208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present work are to estimate the nutritional value and to evaluate and compare the levels of macroelements (Ca, P, K, Na, Mg), microelements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu), heavy metals (Co, Cd, Pb, Mo, Cr, Ni), and their ratios in extruded complete foods for adult dogs, their compatibility with nutritional guidelines, as well as food profile similarity. Basic composition was determined according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Analyses for elements were performed using an atomic absorption spectrometer. All the evaluated dry dog foods met the minimum recommended levels for protein and fat. Eighteen tested dog foods (60%) did not meet at least one recommendation of nutritional guidelines. Four dog foods exceeded the legal limit of Fe and five foods exceeded the legal limit of Zn; in one of them, Zn level was almost twice higher. Dog foods with insect protein exceeded the legal limit for Mn content. Eight dog foods had an inappropriate Ca:P ratio. Heavy metals were below detection limit in all analyzed dog foods. The results seem to show the need for regular feed analyses of the elemental composition in raw materials before introducing supplementation and for the monitoring of the mineral composition of finished pet food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kazimierska
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego, 71270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Wioletta Biel
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego, 71270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Robert Witkowicz
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 21 Mickiewicza, 31120 Krakow, Poland;
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Clinical, CT and ultrasonographic features of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in a juvenile dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Dodd S, Cave N, Abood S, Shoveller AK, Adolphe J, Verbrugghe A. An observational study of pet feeding practices and how these have changed between 2008 and 2018. Vet Rec 2020; 186:643. [PMID: 32554799 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pet owners have many feeding options, some may be considered unconventional by veterinary practitioners. Provision of appropriate nutrition is a basic requirement, with adverse health outcomes possible when a pet diet is inadequate. OBJECTIVE To capture dog and cat feeding practices, with a special focus on countries with large English-speaking populations, and to compare with data published over the previous 10 years. METHODS An electronic questionnaire was provided for dog and cat owners online. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, and comparisons made with data from nine peer-reviewed articles published over the previous 10 years. RESULTS Responses from 3673 English-speaking dog and cat owners in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the USA were included. In previous publications, conventional (commercial, heat-processed) products were the predominant method of feeding. In recent publications, feeding unconventional (raw, homemade, vegetarian) diets appeared more prevalent. In the present study, most (79 per cent dogs, 90 per cent cats) pets were offered conventional food. However a few (13 per cent dogs, 32 per cent cats) pets were fed conventional foods exclusively. Many pets were offered homemade (64 per cent dogs, 46 per cent cats) and/or raw (66 per cent dogs, 53 per cent cats) foods. Different feeding practices were associated with geographical location. CONCLUSION As an increased risk of nutrient insufficiency and associated conditions have been attributed to unconventional feeding practices, veterinarians must be aware of pet feeding trends and educate clients about the nutritional needs of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dodd
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick Cave
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Abood
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna-Kate Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Hall G, Breheny C, Khan Z, Schwarz T, Mellanby RJ. Severe nutritional deficiencies and osteopenia in a dog fed a homemade raw diet. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Hall
- The Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushUK
| | - Craig Breheny
- The Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushUK
| | - Zohra Khan
- The Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushUK
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- The Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushUK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushUK
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Zafalon RVA, Risolia LW, Vendramini THA, Ayres Rodrigues RB, Pedrinelli V, Teixeira FA, Rentas MF, Perini MP, Alvarenga IC, Brunetto MA. Nutritional inadequacies in commercial vegan foods for dogs and cats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227046. [PMID: 31951617 PMCID: PMC6968870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the macronutrients composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, and essential minerals content of all vegan foods for dogs and cats available in the Brazilian market, and to compare results with FEDIAF (2019) and AAFCO (2019) recommendations. Four vegan pet foods were assessed (three for dogs and one for cats). The comparisons were made in a descriptive manner. All foods met the minimum recommendations for macronutrients. Arachidonic acid was not reported in any food label. Regarding the FEDIAF recommendations, one food for dogs had low calcium, another had low potassium and a third had low sodium. The cat food presented potassium content lower than recommended. The Ca:P ratio did not meet the minimum recommendation of FEDIAF (2019) and AAFCO (2019) in any of the dog’s foods analyzed, and the cat food also did not present the minimum recommendation based on FEDIAF (2019). Copper concentrations exceeded the legal limit in all foods. Zinc concentrations exceeded this limit in two foods (one for dogs and one for cats) and iron levels exceeded the legal limit in one dog food. One of the dog foods did not meet the minimum recommendation for methionine and the cat food did not meet the minimum recommendation for arginine. In addition, when the amount of nutrients consumed by animals with low energy requirements was simulated, in addition to the same non-conformities described above, it was observed that the cat food does not meet the minimum recommended of protein and taurine in unit/Kg0.67. It was concluded that all foods analyzed had one or more nutrients below the recommended levels and some presented zinc and copper excess, therefore, these foods should not be recommended for dogs and cats, because dietary deficiencies found may lead to health risks for dogs and cats. Furthermore, manufacturers should review their formulations to ensure the nutritional adequacy of these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larissa Wünsche Risolia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vivian Pedrinelli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Fabio Alves Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Mariana Fragoso Rentas
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pamplona Perini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Isabella Corsato Alvarenga
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Dodd S, Barry M, Grant C, Verbrugghe A. Abnormal bone mineralization in a puppy fed an imbalanced raw meat homemade diet diagnosed and monitored using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 105 Suppl 2:29-36. [PMID: 31144390 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 4-month-old male Old English Sheepdog was presented for evaluation of a raw meat-based homemade diet after a 1-month history of progressive lameness. Marked dietary deficiencies were detected, which included calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. Hypovitaminosis D and hypocalcaemia were diagnosed by serum analysis. Evidence of severe diffuse osteopenia was noted on survey radiographs. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to quantify bone mineral content and density and compare to published reference ranges. The puppy's initial bone mineralization was markedly subnormal, with bone mineral density 66% lower than expected, and bone mineral content 40% lower than expected. Subsequent DEXA scans were performed at intervals during the puppy's recovery to document the rate of bone re-mineralization and guide therapeutic recommendations. Marked improvement was achieved within 4 months through exercise control and feeding of a diet appropriately formulated for large breed puppy growth and development. This report reinforces the necessity of thorough dietary history and highlights the potential for malnutrition in pets fed homemade and raw meat-based diets. Use of DEXA has rarely been reported in clinical cases, yet can be a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring cases with abnormal bone mineralization. Further studies using DEXA to track bone mineralization in healthy puppies are encouraged to develop a more robust reference range of bone mineralization in growing dogs of varying sizes, weights and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dodd
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen Barry
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitlin Grant
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Dodd SAS, Cave NJ, Adolphe JL, Shoveller AK, Verbrugghe A. Plant-based (vegan) diets for pets: A survey of pet owner attitudes and feeding practices. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210806. [PMID: 30645644 PMCID: PMC6333351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
People who avoid eating animals tend to share their homes with animal companions, and moral dilemma may arise when they are faced with feeding animal products to their omnivorous dogs and carnivorous cats. One option to alleviate this conflict is to feed pets a diet devoid of animal ingredients-a 'plant-based' or 'vegan' diet. The number of pet owners who avoid animal products, either in their own or in their pets' diet, is not currently known. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of meat-avoiding pet owners, identify concerns regarding conventional animal- and plant-based pet food, and estimate the number of pets fed a plant-based diet. A questionnaire was disseminated online to English-speaking pet owners (n = 3,673) to collect data regarding pet owner demographics, diet, pet type, pet diet, and concerns regarding pet foods. Results found that pet owners were more likely to be vegetarian (6.2%; 229/3,673) or vegan (5.8%; 212/3,673) than previously reported for members of the general population. With the exception of one dog owned by a vegetarian, vegans were the only pet owners who fed plant-based diets to their pets (1.6%; 59/3,673). Of the pet owners who did not currently feed plant-based diets but expressed interest in doing so, a large proportion (45%; 269/599) desired more information demonstrating the nutritional adequacy of plant-based diets. Amongst all pet owners, the concern most commonly reported regarding meat-based pet foods was for the welfare of farm animals (39%; 1,275/3,231). The most common concern regarding strictly plant-based pet foods was regarding the nutritional completeness of the diet (74%; 2,439/3,318). Amongst vegans, factors which predicted the feeding of plant-based diets to their pets were concern regarding the cost of plant-based diets, a lack of concern regarding plant-based diets being unnatural, and reporting no concern at all regarding plant-based diets for pets. Given these findings, further research is warranted to investigate plant-based nutrition for domestic dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. S. Dodd
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick J. Cave
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Schmitt S, Mack J, Kienzle E, Alexander LG, Morris PJ, Colyer A, Dobenecker B. Faecal calcium excretion does not decrease during long-term feeding of a low-calcium diet in adult dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e798-e805. [PMID: 29134690 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to a previous meta-analysis, adult dogs do not notably increase calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract when calcium intake is decreased. This results in a negative calcium balance even with a moderate calcium reduction. In this study we wanted to verify (i) whether a negative calcium balance occurs at a calcium intake equivalent to NRC (2006) (Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats, 2006, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC) minimal requirements, and if so (ii) whether the negative calcium balance will persist for up to 6 months on a low-calcium diet. After a pre-feeding period of at least 18 weeks with calcium intake slightly exceeding maintenance requirements (200 mg/kg body weight0.75 ), 12 dogs (6 Beagles, 6 Foxhound crossbreds) were fed a low-calcium diet for 28 weeks. One dog was removed from the trial for reasons unrelated to the study at week 23. Calcium intake amounted to 60 mg/kg body weight0.75 corresponding to the minimal requirement for maintenance in dogs (NRC, 2006 (Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats, 2006, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC)). Digestion trials were carried out at week 7, 14, 21 and 28 of the low calcium feeding period. At these time points, and at week 18 of the pre-trial, blood samples were taken and analysed for calcium, ionised calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, serum crosslaps and bone alkaline phosphatase. Apparent calcium digestibility was negative throughout the study, suggesting a negative calcium balance. There was no systematic decrease in faecal calcium excretion. Serum calcium, ionised calcium and phosphorus remained within the reference range. Serum crosslaps increased continuously from baseline to week 28 of trial, with averages increasing from 0.102 ng/ml to 0.279 ng/ml, suggesting osteoclastic activity, indicative of calcium mobilisation from the skeleton. The study supports the theory of a lack of adaptation of intestinal calcium absorption from diets with relatively low calcium content in dogs. This agrees with clinical findings in dogs eating low-calcium diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schmitt
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - J Mack
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - E Kienzle
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - L G Alexander
- WALTHAM® Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, UK
| | - P J Morris
- WALTHAM® Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, UK
| | - A Colyer
- WALTHAM® Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, UK
| | - B Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Siebert D, Schmidt S, Hänse M, Coenen M. [The importance of nutrition counselling in veterinary practice]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2016; 44:158-162. [PMID: 27029520 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-150551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collection of epidemiological data about the importance of nutrition counselling and current nutritional knowledge of veterinary surgeons. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 707 veterinarians were interviewed based on a standardized questionnaire. The survey was divided into three sections and comprised the topics person and working environment, level of education and current knowledge regarding nutrition, as well as the significance of nutrition in daily practice. RESULTS The majority of respondents (91.3%) worked in a practice with up to four veterinarians, where most of the participants (89.3%) treated up to 50 patients daily. On a scale from 1 to 5, the veterinarians evaluated their knowledge with a mean of 2.59 (± 0.798) and the importance of nutrition with a mean of 2.02 (± 0.818). Nutrition consulting was provided for at least half of the patients by 37.3% of the participants. The counselling was performed in different ways. The main reasons for a lack of consultancy despite a current indication were time and labor (37.1%) as well as the low willingness of customers to pay (34.6%). The majority of veterinarians were interested in further training concerning nutrition counselling. CONCLUSION Nutrition consulting is an important part of daily veterinary practice but there is a demand for further training. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although the importance of nutrition is clear, only some of the veterinary surgeons perform consulting on a regular basis. In particular, in case of an existing indication, a nutrition consulting is advisable to ensure maximum success of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Siebert
- Dr. med. vet. Diana Siebert, futalis GmbH, Angerstraße 40-42, 04177 Leipzig, E-Mail:
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Seneviratne M, Subasinghe DWD, Watson PJ. A survey of pet feeding practices of dog owners visiting a veterinary practice in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:106-116. [PMID: 29067184 PMCID: PMC5645862 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Sri Lanka, home‐cooked diets are often fed due to the cost and poor availability of commercial diets. Milk has traditionally been a popular food to give to dogs in this country. There is a recent perceived increase in the number of owners choosing commercial diets for their pets. This study aimed to determine how dog owners visiting a single veterinary practice in Colombo fed their pets. We hoped that this would help achieve a general understanding of pet feeding practices in Sri Lanka and gain some basic demographic information on the owned dog population. The study was conducted via questionnaires distributed to pet owners visiting a first opinion and referral practice in Colombo. Hundred questionnaires were collected and analysed, 69% of study dogs were neutered, 42% of dogs were fed only home‐cooked food, while 18% were fed only commercial food. About 40% of dogs were fed a mixture of commercial and home‐cooked food, 49% of dogs were fed milk as a separate meal in addition to their normal diet and 57% of dogs received dietary supplements. Dogs consuming commercial food for more than half their intake were no less likely (P = 0.75) to receive dietary supplements than dogs fed homemade food for more than half their diet. This study provides some basic information regarding the feeding practices and demographics of the owned dog population in one Sri Lankan city, Colombo, highlighting some areas of concern.
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Kölle P, Schmidt M. [Raw-meat-based diets (RMBD) as a feeding principle for dogs]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2015; 43:409-19; quiz 420. [PMID: 26593644 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-150782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BARF (Bone And Raw Food) is an increasing trend for feeding dogs in Germany. This article provides an overview of the history and principles of this type of feeding. Risks of feeding raw-meat diets include infections of dogs with parasites, bacteria and viruses. Some of these pathogenic organisms also have zoonotic potential. Additionally, raw-meat diets often show nutritional imbalances. Over-supplementation and deficiencies of nutrients are frequently found, especially regarding calcium, the trace elements copper, zinc and iodine, vitamins A and D and the calcium : phosphorus ratio. This malnutrition can cause clinical symptoms. Therefore, checking and optimising the diet by a specialized veterinarian is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kölle
- PD Dr. Petra Kölle, Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, E-Mail:
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Johnson LN, Linder DE, Heinze CR, Kehs RL, Freeman LM. Evaluation of owner experiences and adherence to home-cooked diet recipes for dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:23-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Tufts University; North Grafton MA 01536 USA
| | - D. E. Linder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Tufts University; North Grafton MA 01536 USA
| | - C. R. Heinze
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Tufts University; North Grafton MA 01536 USA
| | - R. L. Kehs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Tufts University; North Grafton MA 01536 USA
| | - L. M. Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Tufts University; North Grafton MA 01536 USA
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Abstract
The goal of this article was to provide veterinary practitioners with an overview of the types of alternative dietary options available to pet owners and a practical method by which to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of these various options. Our approach to categorizing the alternative dietary options is based on the nutritional adequacy of these dietary options, because patients will be at risk for nutrition-related diseases if fed a nutritionally incomplete or improperly balanced diet long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Parr
- Clinical Nutrition Service, Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; On Parr Nutrition, Inc, Guelph, ON N1G4S7, Canada.
| | - Rebecca L Remillard
- Nutrition Service, Small and Large Animal Nutrition, Molecular Biomedical Science Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Veterinary Nutritional Consultations, Inc, 1002 Capps Farm Road, Hollister, NC 27844, USA; Consultant Rayne Clinical Nutrition LLC, Po Box 481813, Kansas City, MO 64148, USA
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21
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Aptekmann K, Mendes-Junior A, Suhett W, Guberman U. Manejo nutricional de cães e gatos domiciliados no estado do Espírito Santo - Brasil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtiveram-se informações sobre o manejo nutricional adotado para cães e gatos domiciliados, avaliou-se o grau de conhecimento dos proprietários e correlacionaram-se esses dados com fatores socioeconômicos dos entrevistados. Um questionário foi respondido por 496 proprietários de cães e/ou gatos. Verificou-se que os proprietários reconhecem que a alimentação está diretamente relacionada com a saúde animal e se preocupam com a qualidade do alimento fornecido. A ração seca é considerada a melhor opção para a alimentação de cães e gatos e é o tipo de alimento mais utilizado pelos proprietários. Os cães são alimentados preferencialmente duas vezes ao dia, e os gatos recebem alimento à vontade. Os proprietários buscam informações sobre a alimentação dos animais principalmente com veterinários ou estudantes de veterinária e lojas agropecuárias ou pet shops. Em geral, os proprietários de maior escolaridade têm preferência pela ração seca. O custo com a alimentação dos animais é considerado alto, especialmente para os proprietários que fornecem rações terapêuticas. Dessa forma, não são todos que podem arcar com esse custo. Observou-se que os proprietários que fornecem esse tipo de ração são os que apresentam maior poder aquisitivo. O tipo de alimento fornecido ao animal, ração ou comida caseira, não é influenciado pelo ambiente no qual o proprietário reside (rural ou urbano).
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Hutchinson D, Freeman LM, McCarthy R, Anastasio J, Shaw SP, Sutherland-Smith J. Seizures and severe nutrient deficiencies in a puppy fed a homemade diet. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:477-83. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.4.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Larsen JA, Parks EM, Heinze CR, Fascetti AJ. Evaluation of recipes for home-prepared diets for dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:532-8. [PMID: 22332622 DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.5.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate recipes of diets recommended for animals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), compare nutritional profiles for those recipes to requirements for adult dogs and cats, and assess their appropriateness for the management of CKD. DESIGN Evaluation study. SAMPLE Recipes of 67 home-prepared diets promoted for use in dogs (n = 39 recipes) and cats (28) with CKD. PROCEDURES Recipes were analyzed with computer software to determine calories, macronutrient calorie distribution, and micronutrient concentrations and were assessed for appropriateness for the management of CKD. RESULTS Assumptions were required for the analysis of every recipe, and no recipe met all National Research Council nutrient recommended allowances (RA) for adult animals. Compared with RAs, concentrations of crude protein or at least 1 amino acid were low in 30 of 39 (76.9%) canine recipes and 12 of 28 (42.9%) feline recipes. Choline was most commonly below the RA in both canine (37/39 [94.9%]) and feline (23/28 [82.1%]) recipes; selenium (34/39 [87.2%] canine and 9/28 [32.1 %] feline recipes), zinc (24/39 [61.5%] canine and 19/28 [67.9%] feline recipes), and calcium (22/39 [56.4%] canine and 7/28 [25.0%] feline recipes) concentrations were also frequently below recommendations. The median phosphorus concentration in canine and feline recipes was 0.58 and 0.69 g/1,000 kcal, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Many problems with nutritional adequacy were detected, and use of the recipes could result in highly variable and often inappropriate diets. Many recipes would not meet nutritional and clinical needs of individual patients and should be used cautiously for long-term feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Cortadellas O, Fernández-del Palacio MJ, Talavera J, Bayón A. Serum phosphorus concentrations in dogs with leishmaniosis at different stages of chronic kidney disease. Vet Rec 2009; 164:487-90. [PMID: 19377087 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.16.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Serum phosphorus concentrations were measured in 155 dogs with leishmaniosis at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and in 54 healthy dogs. CKD was classified into six stages, as follows: stage 0 (dogs with no evidence of CKD), serum creatinine (SCr) less than 125 micromol/l and urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) less than 0.2; stage 1A, SCr less than 125 micromol/l and UPC 0.2 to 0.5; stage 1B, SCr less than 125 micromol/l and UPC over 0.5; stage 2, SCr 125 micromol/l to 180 micromol/l; stage 3, SCr 181 micromol/l to 440 micromol/l; stage 4, SCr over 440 micromol/l. The dogs' serum phosphorus concentrations correlated significantly with the severity of CKD (P<0.001), and hyperphosphataemia (>1.8 mmol/l) affected 12 per cent, 11.8 per cent, 50 per cent, 76.9 per cent and 100 per cent of the dogs at stages 1A, 1B, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cortadellas
- Clínica Veterinaria Germanías, Avinguda de la Republica Argentina, Valencia, Spain.
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Laflamme DP, Abood SK, Fascetti AJ, Fleeman LM, Freeman LM, Michel KE, Bauer C, Kemp BLE, Doren JRV, Willoughby KN. Pet feeding practices of dog and cat owners in the United States and Australia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:687-94. [PMID: 18312173 DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.5.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy P Laflamme
- Nestlé Purina Petcare Research, Checkerboard Sq, St Louis, MO 63164, USA
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