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Koster L, Vogel J, Springer CM, Hecht S. Radiographic lung congestion scores in dogs with acute congestive heart failure caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1983-1991. [PMID: 37694988 PMCID: PMC10658542 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, lung congestion scores are predictive of recurrence of acute congestive heart failure (CHF) and are superior to cardiac biomarkers in predicting survival. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this retrospective study was to determine if a modified lung congestion score (LCS) in dogs diagnosed with acute CHF because of myxomatous mitral valve disease was associated with time until recurrence or death. ANIMALS Complete medical records were available for a total of 94 dogs between 2010 and 2019, but only 35 dogs fulfilled the criteria for inclusion. METHODS This retrospective study used descriptive statistics to describe the cumulative and corrected LCS. Correlations were used to examine the association of the corrected LCS and time until recurrence or death, selected echocardiographic variables, and timing of furosemide administration. RESULTS The mean LCS was 8.4 (SD 3.3) and corrected LCS was 0.48 (SD 0.19). The pattern was predominantly symmetric (40% of dogs) and focal (caudal) but more commonly right-sided when asymmetric (40% vs 20%). The median number of days after initial diagnosis of acute CHF to readmission and death was 150 days (range 4-572), and 266 days (range 5-965), respectively. No significant association between the dog's corrected LCS and number of days until readmission (r = .173, P = .42) nor survival (r = .109, P = .56) was found. There was a negative significant correlation (r = -.71, P < .001) between the time interval of furosemide administration and corrected LCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Koster
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Tennessee College of Veterinary MedicineKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Jenna Vogel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Tennessee College of Veterinary MedicineKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Cary M. Springer
- Office of Information TechnologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Tennessee College of Veterinary MedicineKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
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Disseminated Pulmonary Mycosis Caused by Candida tropicalis in an 11-Year-Old Male Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Case Rep Pediatr 2022; 2022:7089907. [PMID: 36193209 PMCID: PMC9526550 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7089907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infection is a major threat to chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients. We present a rare case of invasive mycosis in a CGD boy. An 11-year-old preadolescent boy presented with fever, hypoxia, and dyspnea. Physical examination revealed left neck enlarged lymph nodes with healed scars. The chest revealed bilateral diminished air entry with bilateral coarse crackles. Peripheral blood leukocyte count was 28.260/μL with 84% neutrophil, 11% lymphocyte, and 4.4% monocyte. The patient's condition deteriorated regardless of the empirical antibacterial against MRSA and suspected tuberculosis. A sputum sample was submitted for mycological investigation, and budding yeasts with pseudohyphae were detected in the direct smear and were isolated in pure culture using Sabouraud agar. Candida tropicalis was identified from cultural and microscopic features and confirmed by the Vitek 2 automated system. This result confirmed the invasive mycosis, obviously due to the underlying primary immunodeficiency, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Amphotericin was added, and he also received IV methylprednisolone for seven days. The patient improved and was weaned off oxygen with no fever. However, the patient was referred to a higher center for further workup, which confirmed CGD's diagnosis. He is on the list for HLA-identical bone marrow transplantation (BMT).
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Gomez Y, Gull T, Merrill KM, Royal AB. What is your diagnosis? BAL fluid from a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:356-358. [PMID: 32246491 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara Gull
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kristen M Merrill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Angela B Royal
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
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4
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Elad D. Disseminated canine mold infections. Vet J 2019; 243:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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5
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McAtee BB, Cummings KJ, Cook AK, Lidbury JA, Heseltine JC, Willard MD. Opportunistic Invasive Cutaneous Fungal Infections Associated with Administration of Cyclosporine to Dogs with Immune-mediated Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1724-1729. [PMID: 28887897 PMCID: PMC5697195 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Opportunistic invasive fungal infections (OIFIs) occur in dogs administered immunosuppressive medications. However, the epidemiology of OIFIs among dogs undergoing immunosuppressive treatment is poorly understood. The aims of this study were to (1) estimate the incidence of OIFIs among dogs diagnosed with certain immune‐mediated diseases and treated with immunosuppressive drugs, and (2) determine if administration of particular drug(s) was a risk factor for OIFIs. Hypothesis Dogs receiving cyclosporine treatment (alone or as part of a multidrug protocol) are at higher risk of developing OIFIs. Animals One hundred and thirteen client‐owned dogs diagnosed with select immune‐mediated diseases: 42 with IMHA, 29 with ITP, 34 with IMPA, and 8 with Evans syndrome. Methods Retrospective cohort study. Medical records of dogs presenting to the Texas A&M University, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between January 2008 and December 2015, and treated for 1 or more of IMHA, IMPA, ITP, or Evans syndrome were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs that did not develop an OIFI were excluded if they died, were euthanized, or were lost to follow‐up within 120 days of initiation of immunosuppressive treatment. Results Fifteen dogs of 113 (13%) were diagnosed with an OIFI based on 1 or more of cytology, culture, or histopathology. The odds of developing an OIFI were greater among dogs that were treated with cyclosporine (OR = 7.1, P = 0.017; 95% CI, 1.5–34.4) and among male dogs (OR = 5.1, P = 0.018; 95% CI, 1.4–17.9). Conclusions and Clinical Importance OIFIs were significantly more likely in male dogs and those receiving cyclosporine. It is important to consider OIFIs as a potential complication of immunosuppressive treatment, particularly cyclosporine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B McAtee
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - A K Cook
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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6
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Wooff PJ, Dees DD, Teixeria L. Aspergillus spp. panophthalmitis with intralenticular invasion in dogs: report of two cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 21:182-187. [PMID: 27641998 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This case series describes the ocular, clinical and histologic manifestations of disseminated Aspergillosis in two dogs. Two dogs presented for severe unilateral panophthalmitis and secondary glaucoma with positive Aspergillus spp. titers. Case 1 showed no clinicopathologic systemic symptoms of fungal dissemination, however, case 2 was affected with acute renal failure. The affected eye of case 1 did not respond to medical therapy and was enucleated for comfort. The affected eye of case 2 responded to aggressive topical and systemic medical therapies, however, the patient was euthanized for acute renal failure. Globes were collected for histologic evaluation at the time of death. Histology of both revealed panophthalmitis with presence of significant intraocular hemorrhage, multifocal fungal granulomas, retinal and optic nerve changes consistent with secondary glaucoma, rupture of the anterior lens capsule, and fungal invasion and colonization of the intralenticular space. These cases represent a unique and devastating ocular manifestation of disseminated Aspergillosis. Cases presenting with uveitis and secondary glaucoma of unknown origin, especially with confirmed or suspected lens capsular rupture, should have serologic testing for this infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Wooff
- Guardian Veterinary Centre, 5620 99th Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T6E 1V2, USA
| | - Darryl D Dees
- Eye Care for Animals, 12419 Metric Blvd, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Leandro Teixeria
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Madison-Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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7
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Vanherberghen M, Bureau F, Peters IR, Day MJ, Lynch A, Fievez L, Billen F, Clercx C, Peeters D. Cytokine and transcription factor expression by Aspergillus fumigatus-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in dogs with sino-nasal aspergillosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:111-20. [PMID: 23759303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The causal agent of sino-nasal aspergillosis is usually Aspergillus fumigatus, which is a saprophytic and ubiquitous fungus that causes a severe rhinosinusitis in apparent healthy dogs. Affected dogs do not have systemic immuno-suppression. It has been shown previously that dogs affected by this disease have local over-expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and Th1 cytokines in nasal mucosal tissue. The aim of the present study was to assess the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from affected and unaffected dogs to antigen-specific stimulation with heat-inactivated Aspergillus spp. conidia, by quantifying gene expression for specific Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cytokines and their related transcription factors. Quantification of IL-4 and IFN-γ protein in culture supernatant was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PBMC from dogs with SNA produced adequate mRNA encoding IFN-γ and IFN-γ protein. The expression of IL-17A mRNA was significantly greater in PBMC of affected compared with unaffected dogs. The amount of IL-10 mRNA in PBMC from affected dogs decreased after antigen-specific challenge. These results suggest that the incapacity of affected dogs to clear these fungal infections is not related to a defect in Th1 immunity or to an overwhelming regulatory reaction, but rather to an uncontrolled pro-inflammatory reaction driven by Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vanherberghen
- Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium.
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Burrough E, Deitz K, Kinyon J, Andreasen C, Frana T, Sutton D, Thompson E, Fu J, Wickes B, Hostetter J. Disseminated aspergillosis in a dog due to Aspergillus alabamensis. Med Mycol Case Rep 2012; 1:1-4. [PMID: 24371723 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated aspergillosis is uncommon in dogs and often associated with Aspergillus terreus. A case of disseminated disease in an English springer spaniel is reported from which Aspergillus alabamensis was recovered by culture and identified by molecular means suggesting a potential role for this agent as a primary pathogen of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Krysta Deitz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joann Kinyon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Claire Andreasen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Timothy Frana
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Deanna Sutton
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thompson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jianmin Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Brian Wickes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jesse Hostetter
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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9
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Aspergillus versicolor, a new causative agent of canine disseminated aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 50:187-91. [PMID: 22031699 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.05388-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated aspergillosis in dogs has been associated with Aspergillus terreus or A. deflectus infection. We report a case of disseminated A. versicolor infection presenting as diskospondylitis, osteomyelitis, and pyelonephritis. The diagnosis was made based on clinical, radiographic, and pathological findings. The etiologic agent was identified by fungal culture and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing. This is the first description of canine aspergillosis caused by A. versicolor.
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Adamama-Moraitou KK, Pardali D, Day MJ, Denning DW, Papazoglou L, Papastefanou A, Rallis TS. Aspergillus fumigatus Bronchopneumonia in a Hellenic Shepherd Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47:e13-8. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 3 yr old intact female Hellenic shepherd dog was referred due to depression, partial anorexia, fever, and a mild productive cough of 2 mo duration. Thoracic radiographs showed increased opacity of all of the left lung lobes. Upon bronchoscopy, a sanguineous, purulent discharge was detected in the tracheal lumen with hyperplastic tissue narrowing the left main stem bronchus. Cultures were positive for bacteria (Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp.) but negative for fungi. Due to the severity of the lesions, a complete left lung pneumonectomy was performed. Histopathological examination of the excised lung tissues revealed a severe granulomatous bronchopneumonia with numerous alveolar macrophages laden with structures stained positively by periodic acid-Schiff and Grocott stain that had morphology consistent with fungi. PCR and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 from genetic material extracted from paraffin-embedded pulmonary tissue confirmed the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Itraconazole was administrated for 5.5 mo and the dog was clinically normal 26 mo after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina K. Adamama-Moraitou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece (K.A., D.P., L.P., A.P., T.R.); School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK (M.D.); and School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (D.D.)
| | - Dimitra Pardali
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece (K.A., D.P., L.P., A.P., T.R.); School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK (M.D.); and School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (D.D.)
| | - Michael J. Day
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece (K.A., D.P., L.P., A.P., T.R.); School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK (M.D.); and School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (D.D.)
| | - David W. Denning
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece (K.A., D.P., L.P., A.P., T.R.); School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK (M.D.); and School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (D.D.)
| | - Lysimachos Papazoglou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece (K.A., D.P., L.P., A.P., T.R.); School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK (M.D.); and School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (D.D.)
| | - Anastasia Papastefanou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece (K.A., D.P., L.P., A.P., T.R.); School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK (M.D.); and School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (D.D.)
| | - Timoleon S. Rallis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece (K.A., D.P., L.P., A.P., T.R.); School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK (M.D.); and School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (D.D.)
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Rogers CL, Gibson C, Mitchell SL, Keating JH, Rozanski EA. Disseminated candidiasis secondary to fungal and bacterial peritonitis in a young dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:193-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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MATSUDA K, SAKAGUCHI K, KOBAYASHI S, TOMINAGA M, HIRAYAMA K, KADOSAWA T, TANIYAMA H. Systemic Candidiasis and Mesenteric Mast Cell Tumor with Multiple Metastases in a Dog. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:229-32. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya MATSUDA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Kanako SAKAGUCHI
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Shintaro KOBAYASHI
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Makiko TOMINAGA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Kazuko HIRAYAMA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Tsuyoshi KADOSAWA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Hiroyuki TANIYAMA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
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13
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Kramer K, Haist V, Roth C, Schröder C, Siesenhop U, Baumgärtner W, Wohlsein P. Systemic Candida albicans Infection in Two Alpacas (Lama pacos). J Comp Pathol 2008; 139:141-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schultz R, Johnson E, Wisner E, Brown N, Byrne B, Sykes J. Clinicopathologic and Diagnostic Imaging Characteristics of Systemic Aspergillosis in 30 Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:851-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Blanco JL, Garcia ME. Immune response to fungal infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:47-70. [PMID: 18565595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune mechanisms of defence against fungal infections are numerous, and range from protective mechanisms that were present early in evolution (innate immunity) to sophisticated adaptive mechanisms that are induced specifically during infection and disease (adaptive immunity). The first-line innate mechanism is the presence of physical barriers in the form of skin and mucous membranes, which is complemented by cell membranes, cellular receptors and humoral factors. There has been a debate about the relative contribution of humoral and cellular immunity to host defence against fungal infections. For a long time it was considered that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was important, but humoral immunity had little or no role. However, it is accepted now that CMI is the main mechanism of defence, but that certain types of antibody response are protective. In general, Th1-type CMI is required for clearance of a fungal infection, while Th2 immunity usually results in susceptibility to infection. Aspergillosis, which is a disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus, has been the subject of many studies, including details of the immune response. Attempts to relate aspergillosis to some form of immunosuppression in animals, as is the case with humans, have not been successful to date. The defence against Aspergillus is based on recognition of the pathogen, a rapidly deployed and highly effective innate effector phase, and a delayed but robust adaptive effector phase. Candida albicans, part of the normal microbial flora associated with mucous surfaces, can be present as congenital candidiasis or as acquired defects of cell-mediated immunity. Resistance to this yeast is associated with Th1 CMI, whereas Th2 immunity is associated with susceptibility to systemic infection. Dermatophytes produce skin alterations in humans and other animals, and the essential role of the CMI response is to destroy the fungi and produce an immunoprotective status against re-infection. The resolution of the disease is associated with a delayed hypersensitive response. There are many effective veterinary vaccines against dermatophytoses. Malassezia pachydermatis is an opportunistic yeast that needs predisposing factors to cause disease, often related to an atopic status in the animal. Two species can be differentiated within the genus Cryptococcus with immunologic consequences: C. neoformans infects predominantly immunocompromised hosts, and C. gattii infects non-immunocompromised hosts. Pneumocystis is a fungus that infects only immunosupressed individuals, inducing a host defence mechanism similar to that induced by other fungal pathogens, such as Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Blanco
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Sinonasal aspergillosis is a frequent cause of nasal discharge that occurs in otherwise healthy, young to middle-aged dogs. A local immune dysfunction is suspected in affected animals, and the role of increased interleukin-10 mRNA expression in the nasal mucosa of affected dogs is currently under investigation. Despite recent advances in imaging techniques, the "gold standard" for diagnosing the disease is direct visualization of fungal plaques during endoscopy or observation of fungal elements on cytology or histopathologic examination. Treatment can be challenging; however, the use of topical enilconazole or clotrimazole through noninvasive techniques has increased the success of treatment and decreased the morbidity and duration of hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Peeters
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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17
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Kuwamura M, Ide M, Yamate J, Shiraishi Y, Kotani T. Systemic candidiasis in a dog, developing spondylitis. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:1117-9. [PMID: 17085895 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old male Shiba dog initially presented with pain of an undetermined origin and hypersensitivity to touch. Seven days later, the dog developed ataxia, hind-leg weakness and knuckling. The dog died on 20 days after presentation. Postmortem examination revealed a mass in the body of thoracic vertebra. Histopathologically, the mass consisted of granulomatous inflammation, including fungal organisms that were immunohistochemically positive for Candida albicans. Similar granulomatous lesions were observed in the systemic lymph nodes, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, prostate gland, thyroid glands and heart. This case was diagnosed as systemic candidiasis with spondylitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Brown MR, Thompson CA, Mohamed FM. Systemic candidiasis in an apparently immunocompetent dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005; 17:272-6. [PMID: 15945387 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Candida spp. are ubiquitous dimorphic fungi that normally inhabit the alimentary, upper respiratory, and genital mucosae of mammals. Cell-mediated immunity appears to be an important limitation to the pathologic spread of these fungi. Prolonged immunosuppression, cytotoxic chemotherapy causing neutropenia, diabetes mellitus, long-term glucocorticoid therapy, and prolonged antimicrobial therapy have resulted in an increased incidence of both localized and disseminated candidiasis. This report describes a systemic Candida spp. infection in a dog with no obvious underlying deficiency in host resistance. Cytopathology, histopathology, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical staining were used to determine the etiology of the causative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raquel Brown
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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Abstract
Candida albicans is a common cause of nosocomial infections in humans, but there are few reports of systemic candidiasis in dogs. This report describes an 11-year-old spayed female Scottish Terrier with systemic candidiasis. The diagnosis was made on the basis of results of microbiologic culture of specimens from urine and venous catheters and histologic examination of tissues obtained post mortem. Factors that predisposed the dog of this report to systemic candidiasis included diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid and broad-spectrum antimicrobial administration, venous and urinary catheterization, and administration of nutrition parenterally. The development of pyrexia and leukocytosis in dogs with risk factors that predispose to Candida spp infections warrants evaluation via microbial culture of specimens from urine and vascular catheters used in those dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C Heseltine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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García ME, Caro A, Fragío C, Blanco I, Blanco JL. A clinical case of canine mycotic pneumonia. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2001; 48:501-6. [PMID: 11710675 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A bronchopneumonic process diagnosed as mycotic in origin is described. The dog fully recovered after 120 days of treatment with ketoconazole. Determination of the serological level of anti-IgG against Aspergillus was very useful in the follow-up, because the clinical improvement of the animal was evident long before the antibody level dropped significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E García
- Departamento Patologia Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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Chatzipanagiotou S, Takou K, Perogamvros A. Cutaneous purulent aspergillosis in a young man with chronic granulomatous disease. Mycoses 1998; 41:379-82. [PMID: 9916460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case of cutaneous purulent aspergillosis in a 19-year-old man with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) treated successfully with a 6-month regimen of itraconazole. The therapeutic effect of the drug was seen after 1 month of administration. Surgical treatment of the skin lesions, although first planned, was not necessary.
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