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ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND DIRECT ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT IN CAPTIVE CHIMPANZEES ( PAN TROGLODYTES) DURING TWO PHASES OF AN ANESTHETIC PROTOCOL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:479-489. [PMID: 34130390 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of α-2 agonists on echocardiographic findings in great apes are not well documented, and knowledge of these effects would expand the understanding of cardiac examinations of chimpanzees under anesthesia with protocols using these drugs. Ten adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), four males and six females, underwent echocardiographic examinations after anesthesia with dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and ketamine (phase 1). Four animals required isoflurane to achieve an adequate plane of anesthesia. Atipamezole was used to antagonize dexmedetomidine, and all remaining animals were placed on isoflurane (phase 2), and then a second echocardiogram was performed. Direct arterial blood pressure was monitored during the anesthetic event. Measurements and recordings were assessed for statistically significant differences between the two phases and sex. There were no significant differences between phases or sex for any two-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of systolic function, although interventricular septum thickness at end systole approached a significant decrease from phase 1 to phase 2 (P = 0.058) when sex was considered a between-subject factor. Left ventricular outflow tract (P = 0.017) and pulmonary artery (P = 0.028) velocities increased after reversal of the dexmedetomidine. Diastolic transmitral flow was consistent with grade 3 diastolic dysfunction (median early to late ventricular filling velocities (E/A) of 2.02, interquartile range [IQR], 1.53-2.13) with a nonsignificant decrease of E velocity and increase in A velocity and decreased E/A after reversal. Trace mitral and tricuspid regurgitation were common findings in the sample population. Arterial blood pressure significantly decreased between phase 1 and phase 2 (P < 0.01). All chimpanzees entered a hypotensive state (mean arterial pressure < 60 mm Hg) during phase 2. Although limited by the small number of chimpanzees, this study showed an increase in afterload, potential diastolic dysfunction, and a decrease in blood pressure after the antagonism of dexmedetomidine. Additional studies to further assess the effects of α-2 agonists in chimpanzees are warranted.
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Rowe G, Kelm NQ, Beare JE, Tracy E, Yuan F, LeBlanc AJ. Enhanced beta-1 adrenergic receptor responsiveness in coronary arterioles following intravenous stromal vascular fraction therapy in aged rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:4561-4578. [PMID: 31296794 PMCID: PMC6660031 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Our past study showed that a single tail vein injection of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) into old rats was associated with improved dobutamine-mediated coronary flow reserve. We hypothesize that i.v. injection of SVF improves coronary microvascular function in aged rats via alterations in beta adrenergic microvascular signaling. Female Fischer-344 rats aged young (3 months, n=32) and old (24 months, n=30) were utilized, along with two cell therapies intravenously injected in old rats four weeks prior to sacrifice: 1x107 green fluorescent protein (GFP+) SVF cells (O+SVF, n=21), and 5x106 GFP+ bone-marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (O+BM, n=6), both harvested from young donors. Cardiac ultrasound and pressure-volume measurements were obtained, and coronary arterioles were isolated from each group for microvessel reactivity studies and immunofluorescence staining. Coronary flow reserve decreased with advancing age, but this effect was rescued by the SVF treatment in the O+SVF group. Echocardiography showed an age-related diastolic dysfunction that was improved with SVF to a greater extent than with BM treatment. Coronary arterioles isolated from SVF-treated rats showed amelioration of the age-related decrease in vasodilation to a non-selective β-AR agonist. I.v. injected SVF cells improved β-adrenergic receptor-dependent coronary flow and microvascular function in a model of advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Rowe
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Natia Q. Kelm
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jason E. Beare
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Evan Tracy
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Fangping Yuan
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Amanda J. LeBlanc
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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RANA MDSOHEL, RAHMAN MDMIZANUR, JUYENA NASRINSULTANA. Anaesthetic responses and reflexes to propofol and its combination in swine. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i10.84078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effectiveness of propofol alone (P), and the combination of xylazine-propofol (XP), xylazineketamine (XK), xylazine-thiopentone (XT), anaesthetic protocols were studied in randomly selected 16 healthy indigenous pigs of either sexes, age 12 to 15 months and weight ranging from 12 to 16 kg. The responses of propofol and the combinations in different stages of anaesthesia were closely monitored. Various reflex responses and muscle tenacity were also observed concurrently during the period of anaesthesia. The study found the shortest (0.29±0.02 min) induction period with XT anaesthesia and the longest (2.95±0.21 min) by XK; whereas, induction of anaesthesia with P and XP was 0.4±0.08 and 0.41±0.08 min respectively. The time required for maximum depth of anaesthesia was the shortest in P (7.50±0.65 min) than the combinations. However, the anaesthetic protocol with XP produced the highest (65.25±3.30 min) duration of anaesthesia than the shortest (10.75±1.75 min) extent with P. Moreover, time to recovery from anaesthesia was higher (83.25±2.14 min) in XT and shorter (18.50±1.32 min) in P protocol. Good muscle relaxation was observed in XP, XK and XT combinations. Palpebral, conjunctival, jaw, tail and digital reflexes were almost absent in XP and XT combinations. The study concluded that propofol itself is a safe anaesthetic for short surgical interventions and its combination with xylazine is to be recommended for prolonged surgical procedures in swine.
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Shao Q, Cheng HJ, Callahan MF, Kitzman DW, Li WM, Cheng CP. Overexpression myocardial inducible nitric oxide synthase exacerbates cardiac dysfunction and beta-adrenergic desensitization in experimental hypothyroidism. Int J Cardiol 2015; 204:229-41. [PMID: 26681542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF). Recent evidence links hypothyroidism to the pathology of HF. However, the precise mechanisms are incompletely understood. The alterations and functional effects of cardiac NOS in hypothyroidism are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that hypothyroidism increases cardiomyocyte inducible NOS (iNOS) expression, which plays an important role in hypothyroidism-induced depression of cardiomyocyte contractile properties, [Ca(2+)]i transient ([Ca(2+)]iT), and β-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness. METHODS AND RESULTS We simultaneously evaluated LV functional performance and compared myocyte three NOS, β-adrenergic receptors (AR) and SERCA2a expressions and assessed cardiomyocyte contractile and [Ca(2+)]iT responses to β-AR stimulation with and without pretreatment of iNOS inhibitor (1400 W, 10(-5)mol/L) in 26 controls and 26 rats with hypothyroidism induced by methimazole (~30 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks in the drinking water). Compared with controls, in hypothyroidism, total serum T3 and T4 were significantly reduced followed by significantly decreased LV contractility (EES) with increased LV time constant of relaxation. These LV abnormalities were accompanied by concomitant significant decreases in myocyte contraction (dL/dtmax), relaxation (dR/dtmax), and [Ca(2+)]iT. In hypothyroidism, isoproterenol (10(-8)M) produced significantly smaller increases in dL/dtmax, dR/dtmax and [Ca(2+)]iT. These changes were associated with decreased β1-AR and SERCA2a, but significantly increased iNOS. Moreover, only in hypothyroidism, pretreatment with iNOS inhibitor significantly improved basal and isoproterenol-stimulated myocyte contraction, relaxation and [Ca(2+)]iT. CONCLUSIONS Hypothyroidism produces intrinsic defects of LV myocyte force-generating capacity and relaxation with β-AR desensitization. Up-regulation of cardiomyocyte iNOS may promote progressive cardiac dysfunction in hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Shao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Heng-Jie Cheng
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States; Wake Forest, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael F Callahan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Dalane W Kitzman
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Wei-Min Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Che Ping Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States.
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Wu J, You J, Wang S, Ye Y, Wang X, Jia J, Zou Y. Letter to the editor: When what you see might not be what you get: prudent considerations of anesthetics for murine echocardiography. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1612-3. [PMID: 26078381 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00286.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieyun You
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxu Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ketamine may be related to minor troponin elevations in children undergoing minor procedures in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33:904-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Beam DM, Neto-Neves EM, Stubblefield WB, Alves NJ, Tune JD, Kline JA. Comparison of isoflurane and α-chloralose in an anesthetized swine model of acute pulmonary embolism producing right ventricular dysfunction. Comp Med 2015; 65:54-61. [PMID: 25730758 PMCID: PMC4396930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death, and a model is needed for testing potential treatments. In developing a model, we compared the hemodynamic effects of isoflurane and α-chloralose in an acute swine model of PE because the choice of anesthesia will likely affect the cardiovascular responses of an animal to PE. At baseline, swine that received α-chloralose (n = 6) had a lower heart rate and cardiac output and higher SpO2, end-tidal CO2, and mean arterial pressure than did those given isoflurane (n = 9). After PE induction, swine given α-chloralose compared with isoflurane exhibited a lower heart rate (63 ± 10 compared with 116 ± 15 bpm) and peripheral arterial pressure (52 ± 12 compared with 61 ± 12 mm Hg); higher SpO2 (98% ± 3% compared with 95% ± 1%), end-tidal CO2 (35 ± 4 compared with 32 ± 5), and systolic blood pressure (121 ± 8 compared with 104 ± 20 mm Hg); and equivalent right ventricular:left ventricular ratios (1.32 ± 0.50 compared with 1.23 ± 0.19) and troponin I mean values (0.09 ± 0.07 ng/mL compared with 0.09 ± 0.06 ng/mL). Isoflurane was associated with widely variable fibrinogen and activated partial thromboplastin time. Intraexperiment mortality was 0 of 6 animals for α-chloralose and 2 of 9 swine for isoflurane. All swine anesthetized with α-chloralose survived with sustained pulmonary hypertension, RV-dilation-associated cardiac injury without the confounding vasodilatory or coagulatory effects of isoflurane. These data demonstrate the physiologic advantages of α-chloralose over isoflurane for anesthesia in a swine model of severe submassive PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren M Beam
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Evandro M Neto-Neves
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - William B Stubblefield
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nathan J Alves
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Kline
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Li X, Shao D, Wang G, Jiang T, Wu H, Gu B, Cao K, Zhang J, Qi L, Chen Y. Effects of different LAD-blocked sites on the development of acute myocardial infarction and malignant arrhythmia in a swine model. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:1271-7. [PMID: 25276369 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.07.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of various left anterior descending (LAD) artery-blocked sites on the development of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and malignant arrhythmia in a swine model. METHODS Twenty-two pigs underwent occlusion of the coronary artery with balloon angioplasty were randomly divided into three groups according to the blocked site of the balloon: middle-site-blocked LAD group, bottom-third-blocked LAD group and control group. Then, the development of AMI and malignant arrhythmia, including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation during the process of model creation, were recorded. Changes of the hemodynamics, blood gas analysis, electrocardiography, and myocardial enzymes were analyzed in each group before and after occlusion. RESULTS Middle-site-LAD blockage resulted in a larger infarction size and the corresponding incidence of ventricular fibrillation was significantly higher than that of the bottom-third-blocked group (P<0.05). After the occlusion, the QTc interval of the Middle-site-blocked LAD group was significantly longer than that in the other groups (P<0.01). Moreover, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) were significantly lower, but partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) increased, in the Middle-site-blocked-LAD group compared with that in the bottom-third-blocked group (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the two LAD-blocked groups showed significantly higher levels of Mb, CK-MB, LDH, AST and cTnT (P<0.01) four hours after the artery occlusion. However, these indexes were not significantly different between the two LAD-blocked groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Location of LAD blockages in swine models may affect the development of AMI and malignant arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Li
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China ; 3 Emergency Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 5 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Danbing Shao
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China ; 3 Emergency Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 5 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Gannan Wang
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China ; 3 Emergency Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 5 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China ; 3 Emergency Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 5 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Honghao Wu
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China ; 3 Emergency Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 5 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bing Gu
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China ; 3 Emergency Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 5 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kejiang Cao
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China ; 3 Emergency Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 5 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China ; 3 Emergency Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 5 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lianwen Qi
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China ; 3 Emergency Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 5 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Chen
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China ; 3 Emergency Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 5 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Knowlen GG, Weller RE, Perry RL, Baer JF, Gozalo AS. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in owl monkeys (Aotus spp.). Comp Med 2013; 63:279-287. [PMID: 23759531 PMCID: PMC3690434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a common postmortem finding in owl monkeys. In most cases the animals do not exhibit clinical signs until the disease is advanced, making antemortem diagnosis of subclinical disease difficult and treatment unrewarding. We obtained echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and thoracic radiographs from members of a colony of owl monkeys that previously was identified as showing a 40% incidence of gross myocardial hypertrophy at necropsy, to assess the usefulness of these modalities for antemortem diagnosis. No single modality was sufficiently sensitive and specific to detect all monkeys with cardiac hypertrophy. Electrocardiography was the least sensitive method for detecting owl monkeys with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Thoracic radiographs were more sensitive than was electrocardiography in this context but cannot detect animals with concentric hypertrophy without an enlarged cardiac silhouette. Echocardiography was the most sensitive method for identifying cardiac hypertrophy in owl monkeys. The most useful parameters suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy in our owl monkeys were an increased average left ventricular wall thickness to chamber radius ratio and an increased calculated left ventricular myocardial mass. Parameters suggestive of dilative cardiomyopathy were an increased average left ventricular myocardial mass and a decreased average ratio of left ventricular free wall thickness to left ventricular chamber radius. When all 4 noninvasive diagnostic modalities (physical examination, echocardiography, electrocardiography, and thoracic radiography) were used concurrently, the probability of detecting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in owl monkeys was increased greatly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant G Knowlen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | | | - Ruby L Perry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Janet F Baer
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Alfonso S Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Deng X, Zhong Y, Gu L, Shen W, Guo J. MiR-21 involve in ERK-mediated upregulation of MMP9 in the rat hippocampus following cerebral ischemia. Brain Res Bull 2013; 94:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Jung B, Odening KE, Dall’Armellina E, Föll D, Menza M, Markl M, Schneider JE. A quantitative comparison of regional myocardial motion in mice, rabbits and humans using in-vivo phase contrast CMR. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012; 14:87. [PMID: 23270566 PMCID: PMC3579745 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically manipulated animals like mice or rabbits play an important role in the exploration of human cardiovascular diseases. It is therefore important to identify animal models that closely mimic physiological and pathological human cardiac function. METHODS In-vivo phase contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) was used to measure regional three-directional left ventricular myocardial motion with high temporal resolution in mice (N=18), rabbits (N=8), and humans (N=20). Radial, long-axis, and rotational myocardial velocities were acquired in left ventricular basal, mid-ventricular, and apical short-axis locations. RESULTS Regional analysis revealed different patterns of motion: 1) In humans and rabbits, the apex showed slower radial velocities compared to the base. 2) Significant differences within species were seen in the pattern of long-axis motion. Long-axis velocities during systole were fairly homogeneously distributed in mice, whereas humans showed a dominant component in the lateral wall and rabbits in the base. 3) Rotational velocities and twist showed the most distinct patterns in both temporal evolution and relative contribution of base, mid-ventricle and apex, respectively. Interestingly, a marked difference in rotational behavior during early-systole was found in mice, which exhibited clockwise rotation in all slice locations compared to counter-clockwise rotation in rabbits and humans. CONCLUSIONS Phase contrast CMR revealed subtle, but significantly different regional myocardial motion patterns in mice, rabbits and humans. This finding has to be considered when investigating myocardial motion pattern in small animal models of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Jung
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja E Odening
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Föll
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marius Menza
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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