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Cellulose-Chitosan Functional Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020425. [PMID: 36679314 PMCID: PMC9863338 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a detailed review of recent research and achievements in the field of combining two extremely important polysaccharides; namely, cellulose and chitosan. The most important properties of the two polysaccharides are outlined, giving rise to the interest in their combination. We present various structures and forms of composite materials that have been developed recently. Thus, aerogels, hydrogels, films, foams, membranes, fibres, and nanofibres are discussed, alongside the main techniques for their fabrication, such as coextrusion, co-casting, electrospinning, coating, and adsorption. It is shown that the combination of bacterial cellulose with chitosan has recently gained increasing attention. This is particularly attractive, because both are representative of a biopolymer that is biodegradable and friendly to humans and the environment. The rising standard of living and growing environmental awareness are the driving forces for the development of these materials. In this review, we have shown that the field of combining these two extraordinary polysaccharides is an inexhaustible source of ideas and opportunities for the development of advanced functional materials.
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Shamsuri AA, Abdan K, Kaneko T. A Concise Review on the Physicochemical Properties of Biopolymer Blends Prepared in Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2021; 26:E216. [PMID: 33406627 PMCID: PMC7796285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An enhancement of environmental concern lately has improved the awareness of researchers in employing eco-friendly solvents for processing biopolymers. Recently, ionic liquids have been utilized to prepare biopolymer blends as they are non-volatile and recyclable. Biopolymers such as cellulose, chitin, chitosan, keratin, lignin, silk, starch, and zein are widely used for the preparation of biopolymer blends via dissolution in ionic liquids, followed by coagulation procedure. In this concise review, three types of ionic liquids based on imidazolium cations combined with different counter anions that are frequently utilized to prepare biopolymer blends are described. Moreover, three types of biopolymer blends that are prepared in ionic liquids were classified, specifically polysaccharide/polysaccharide blends, polysaccharide/polypeptide blends, and polysaccharide/bioplastic blends. The physicochemical properties of biopolymer blends prepared in different imidazolium-based ionic liquids are also concisely reviewed. This paper may assist the researchers in the polymer blend area and generate fresh ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khalina Abdan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Energy and Environment Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi District 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan;
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Khalil HPSA, Jummaat F, Yahya EB, Olaiya NG, Adnan AS, Abdat M, N. A. M. N, Halim AS, Kumar USU, Bairwan R, Suriani AB. A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2043. [PMID: 32911705 PMCID: PMC7565330 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers have been used as a replacement material for synthetic polymers in scaffold forming due to its biocompatibility and nontoxic properties. Production of scaffold for tissue repair is a major part of tissue engineering. Tissue engineering techniques for scaffold forming with cellulose-based material is at the forefront of present-day research. Micro- and nanocellulose-based materials are at the forefront of scientific development in the areas of biomedical engineering. Cellulose in scaffold forming has attracted a lot of attention because of its availability and toxicity properties. The discovery of nanocellulose has further improved the usability of cellulose as a reinforcement in biopolymers intended for scaffold fabrication. Its unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties offer some important advantages over synthetic polymer materials. This review presents a critical overview of micro- and nanoscale cellulose-based materials used for scaffold preparation. It also analyses the relationship between the method of fabrication and properties of the fabricated scaffold. The review concludes with future potential research on cellulose micro- and nano-based scaffolds. The review provides an up-to-date summary of the status and future prospective applications of micro- and nanocellulose-based scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. P. S. Abdul Khalil
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (N.G.O.); (U.S.U.K.)
| | - Fauziah Jummaat
- Management Science University Medical Centre, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Section 13, Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Esam Bashir Yahya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (N.G.O.); (U.S.U.K.)
| | - N. G. Olaiya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (N.G.O.); (U.S.U.K.)
| | - A. S. Adnan
- Management Science University Medical Centre, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Section 13, Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia;
- CKD Resource Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, USM, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Munifah Abdat
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23311, Indonesia;
| | - Nasir N. A. M.
- Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus USM, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.N.A.M.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Ahmad Sukari Halim
- Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus USM, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.N.A.M.); (A.S.H.)
| | - U. Seeta Uthaya Kumar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (N.G.O.); (U.S.U.K.)
| | - Rahul Bairwan
- Department of Aeronautical engineering, School of Aeronautics, Neemrana 301705, Rajasthan, India;
| | - A. B. Suriani
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, UPSI, Tanjung Malim 35900, Perak, Malaysia;
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A review on blending of corn starch with natural and synthetic polymers, and inorganic nanoparticles with mathematical modeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 122:969-996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wong CY, Wong WY, Loh KS, Daud WRW, Lim KL, Loh KS, Walvekar R, Khalid M. Comparative Study On Water Uptake And Ionic Transport Properties Of Pre- And Post Sulfonated Chitosan/PVA polymer Exchange Membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/458/1/012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Effect of deep eutectic solvent in proton conduction and thermal behaviour of chitosan-based membrane. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yang J, Kwon GJ, Hwang K, Kim DY. Cellulose⁻Chitosan Antibacterial Composite Films Prepared from LiBr Solution. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10101058. [PMID: 30960983 PMCID: PMC6403986 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose and chitosan solutions were prepared in 60% LiBr and mixed with a different weight ratio. The washing and drying of the prepared cellulose–chitosan composite films were performed under identical conditions. The color of the liquefied mixtures and films was initially transparent but changed from colorless to brownish yellow depending on the ratio of chitosan in the solution. The cross section observed in the SEM results indicated that the film developed with a higher ratio of chitosan was more robust and possessed greater antibacterial properties. FT-IR analysis of the films showed that hydrogen bonds between cellulose and chitosan in composite films were successfully achieved and retained excellent mechanical properties. The proper ratio of chitosan in the cellulose solution can increase the tensile strength and improve the elongation of the films; however, the E-modulus property was consistently reduced. The antibacterial activity and mechanical properties of the films were greatly improved as the amount of chitosan in the film increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwook Yang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Ilsan, Biomedical Campus, Goyang-si, Ilsandong-gu 10326, Korea.
| | - Gu-Joong Kwon
- The Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon Campus, 1 Gangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Kyojung Hwang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Ilsan, Biomedical Campus, Goyang-si, Ilsandong-gu 10326, Korea.
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Ilsan, Biomedical Campus, Goyang-si, Ilsandong-gu 10326, Korea.
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Taheri M, Ghiaci M, Shchukarev A. Cross-linked chitosan with a dicationic ionic liquid as a recyclable biopolymer-supported catalyst for cycloaddition of carbon dioxide with epoxides into cyclic carbonates. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03665e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A dicationc ionic liquid was synthesized and immobilized on chitosan as a catalyst for cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides for synthesis of cyclic carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Taheri
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Iran
- College of Pardis
| | - Mehran Ghiaci
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Iran
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Santos-López G, Argüelles-Monal W, Carvajal-Millan E, López-Franco YL, Recillas-Mota MT, Lizardi-Mendoza J. Aerogels from Chitosan Solutions in Ionic Liquids. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9120722. [PMID: 30966024 PMCID: PMC6418601 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan aerogels conjugates the characteristics of nanostructured porous materials, i.e., extended specific surface area and nano scale porosity, with the remarkable functional properties of chitosan. Aerogels were obtained from solutions of chitosan in ionic liquids (ILs), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BMIMAc), and 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate (EMIMAc), in order to observe the effect of the solvent in the structural characteristics of this type of materials. The process of elaboration of aerogels comprised the formation of physical gels through anti-solvent vapor diffusion, liquid phase exchange, and supercritical CO₂ drying. The aerogels maintained the chemical identity of chitosan according to Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) spectroscopy, indicating the presence of their characteristic functional groups. The internal structure of the obtained aerogels appears as porous aggregated networks in microscopy images. The obtained materials have specific surface areas over 350 m²/g and can be considered mesoporous. According to swelling experiments, the chitosan aerogels could absorb between three and six times their weight of water. However, the swelling and diffusion coefficient decreased at higher temperatures. The structural characteristics of chitosan aerogels that are obtained from ionic liquids are distinctive and could be related to solvation dynamic at the initial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Santos-López
- Grupo de Investigación en Biopolímeros-CTAOA. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Waldo Argüelles-Monal
- Polímeros Naturales. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Unidad Guaymas, Guaymas, Sonora 85480, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan
- Grupo de Investigación en Biopolímeros-CTAOA. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Yolanda L López-Franco
- Grupo de Investigación en Biopolímeros-CTAOA. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Maricarmen T Recillas-Mota
- Polímeros Naturales. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Unidad Guaymas, Guaymas, Sonora 85480, Mexico.
| | - Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza
- Grupo de Investigación en Biopolímeros-CTAOA. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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Bendaoud A, Kehrbusch R, Baranov A, Duchemin B, Maigret JE, Falourd X, Staiger MP, Cathala B, Lourdin D, Leroy E. Nanostructured cellulose-xyloglucan blends via ionic liquid/water processing. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 168:163-172. [PMID: 28457437 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the properties of cellulose (CE)/xyloglucan (XG) biopolymer blends are investigated, taking inspiration from the outstanding mechanical properties of plant cell walls. CE and XG were first co-solubilized in an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, in order to blend these biopolymers with a varying CE:XG ratio. The biopolymers were then regenerated together using water to produce solid blends in the form of films. Water-soluble XG persisted in the films following regeneration in water, indicating an attractive interaction between the CE and XG. The final CE:XG ratio of the blends was close to the initial value in solutions, further suggesting that intimate mixing takes place between CE and XG. The resulting CE/XG films were found to be free of ionic liquid, transparent and with no evidence of phase separation at the micron scale. The mechanical properties of the blend with a CE:XG ratio close to one revealed a synergistic effect for which a maximum in the elongation and stress at break was observed in combination with a high elastic modulus. Atomic force microscopy indicates a co-continuous nanostructure for this composition. It is proposed that the non-monotonous variation of the mechanical performance of the films with XG content is due to this observed nanostructuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bendaoud
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Rene Kehrbusch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Anton Baranov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | | | - Jean Eudes Maigret
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Xavier Falourd
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Mark P Staiger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Bernard Cathala
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Denis Lourdin
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- LUNAM Université, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, CRTT, 37, Boulevard de l'Université, 44606 St. Nazaire Cedex, France.
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Udoetok IA, Wilson LD, Headley JV. Self-Assembled and Cross-Linked Animal and Plant-Based Polysaccharides: Chitosan-Cellulose Composites and Their Anion Uptake Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:33197-33209. [PMID: 27802018 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled and cross-linked chitosan/cellulose glutaraldehyde composite materials (CGC) were prepared with enhanced surface area and variable morphology. FTIR, CHN, and 13C solid state NMR studies provided support for the cross-linking reaction between the amine groups of chitosan and glutaraldehyde; whereas, XRD and TGA studies provided evidence of cellulose-chitosan interactions for the composites. SEM, equilibrium swelling, and nitrogen adsorption studies corroborate the enhanced surface area and variable morphology of the cross-linked biopolymers. Equilibrium sorption studies at alkaline conditions with phenolic dyes, along with single component and mixed naphthenates in aqueous solution revealed variable uptake properties with the composites. The Freundlich isotherm model revealed that the composite at the highest levels of cross-linker, CGC3, had the highest sorption affinity (KF; L mmol/g) for phenolphthalein (phth) followed by ortho-nitrophenyl acetic acid (ONPAA) and para-nitrophenol (PNP), as follows: Phth (5.03 × 10-1) > ONPAA (2.28 × 10-1) > PNP (8.49 × 10-2). The Sips isotherm model provided a good description of the sorption profile of single component and naphthenate mixtures. The monolayer uptake capacity (Qm; mg g-1) is given in parentheses: 2-hexyldecanoic acid (S1; 115 mg/g) > 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (S3; 40.5 mg/g) > trans-4-pentylcyclohexylcarboxylic acid (S2; 13.7 mg/g). By comparison, the Qm values for CGC3 with naphthenate mixtures (24.1 and 27.4 mg/g) according to UV spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS). The sorbent materials generally show greater uptake with naphthenates that possess lower vs higher double bond equivalence (DBE) values. Kinetic studies revealed that the sorption of phth adopted behavior described by the pseudo-second order model, while uptake for S3 and naphthenate mixtures adopted pseudo-first order behavior. This study contributes to a greater understanding of the sorption properties of the two types of abundant biopolymers and their composites by illustrating their tunable sorption properties. The key role of hydrophobic interactions for CGC materials was evidenced by the controlled sorptive uptake of carboxylate anions with variable molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inimfon A Udoetok
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Lee D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada , 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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Multifilament cellulose/chitin blend yarn spun from ionic liquids. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 131:34-40. [PMID: 26256157 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose and chitin, both biopolymers, decompose before reaching their melting points. Therefore, processing these unmodified biopolymers into multifilament yarns is limited to solution chemistry. Especially the processing of chitin into fibers is rather limited to distinctive, often toxic or badly removable solvents often accompanied by chemical de-functionalization to chitosan (degree of acetylation, DA, <50%). This work proposes a novel method for the preparation of cellulose/chitin blend fibers using ionic liquids (ILs) as gentle, removable, recyclable and non-deacetylating solvents. Chitin and cellulose are dissolved in ethylmethylimidazolium propionate ([C2mim](+)[OPr](-)) and the obtained one-pot spinning dope is used to produce multifilament fibers by a continuous wet-spinning process. Both the rheology of the corresponding spinning dopes and the structural and physical properties of the obtained fibers have been determined for different biopolymer ratios. With respect to medical or hygienic application, the cellulose/chitin blend fiber show enhanced water retention capacity compared to pure cellulose fibers.
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