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Stearns R, Bowen K, Taylor RL, Moritz J, Matak K, Tou J, Freshour A, Jaczynski J, Boltz T, Li X, Long C, Shen C. Microbial profile of broiler carcasses processed at a university scale mobile poultry processing unit. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103576. [PMID: 38430779 PMCID: PMC10912918 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chicken and chicken products have been associated with foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Poultry comprises an important segment of the agricultural economy (75 million birds processed as of 2019) in West Virginia (WV). The risk of pathogens on processed chickens has risen with the increased popularity of mobile poultry processing units (MPPUs). This study evaluated the microbial safety of broilers processed in a MPPU in WV. This study assessed aerobic plate counts (APCs), E. coli counts and the presence/absence of Salmonella and Campylobacter on 96 broiler carcasses following each MPPU step of scalding, eviscerating, and chilling. Samples were either chilled in ice water only (W) or ice water with 5 ppm chlorine (CW). The highest number of bacteria recovered from carcasses were APCs (4.21 log10CFU/mL) and E. coli (3.77 log10CFU/mL; P = 0.02). A total reduction of 0.30 (P = 0.10) and 0.63 (P = 0.01) log10CFU/mL for APCs and E. coli, respectively, occurred from chilling carcasses in CW. Overall, results show that E. coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from the initial scalding to the chilling step. However, Salmonella frequency doubled (15.63-34.38%) after the evisceration step, indicating that washing carcasses after evisceration may be a critical control point in preventing cross-contamination by Salmonella. Proper chilling is also an important microbial mitigation step in MPPU processing. Results indicate that Campylobacter was more resistant to chilling than Salmonella. Campylobacter was not completely inactivated until carcasses were chilled in CW, whereas W was sufficient to reduce Salmonella on carcasses. The results led to the conclusion that although 5 ppm chlorine (Cl2) achieved more bacterial reductions than water alone, the reductions were not always significant (P > 0.05). Further MPPU studies are needed to verify more effective chilling and processing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stearns
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kristina Bowen
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Robert L Taylor
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Joe Moritz
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kristen Matak
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Janet Tou
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Annette Freshour
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jacek Jaczynski
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Timothy Boltz
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Egg and Poultry Production Safety Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Carly Long
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Cangliang Shen
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Yusuf M, Ajayi A, Essiet UU, Oduyebo O, Isaac Adeleye A, Ifeanyi Smith S. Comparative Molecular Analysis and Antigenicity Prediction of an Outer Membrane Protein (ompC) of Non-typhoidal Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Different Food Animals in Lagos, Nigeria. Bioinform Biol Insights 2023; 17:11779322231176131. [PMID: 37313034 PMCID: PMC10259129 DOI: 10.1177/11779322231176131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections occur globally with high morbidity and mortality. The public health challenge caused is exacerbated by increasing rate of antibiotic resistance and absence of NTS vaccine. In this study, we characterized the outer membrane protein C (OmpC) serovars isolated from different food animals and predicted antigenicity. ompC of 27 NTS serovars were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Sequence data were analysed and B-cell epitope prediction was done by BepiPred tool. T-cell epitope prediction was done by determining peptide-binding affinities of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II using NetMHC pan 2.8 and NetMHC-II pan 3.2, respectively. ompC sequence analysis revealed conserved region among ompCs of Salmonella Serovars. A total of 66.7% of ompCs were stable with instability index value < 40 and molecular weight that ranged from 27 745.47 to 32 714.32 kDa. All ompCs were thermostable and hydrophilic with the exception of S. Pomona (14p) isolate that had ompC with GRAVY value of 0.028 making it hydrophobic. Linear B-cell epitope prediction revealed ability of ompC to elicit humoral immunity. Multiple B-cell epitopes that were exposed and buried were observed on several positions on the ompC sequences. T-cell epitope prediction revealed epitopes with strong binding affinity to MHC-I and -II. Strong binding to human leukocyte antigen (HLA-A) ligands, including HLA-A03:1, HLA-A24:02 and HLA-A26:01 in the case of MHC-I were observed. While binding affinity to H-2 IAs, H-2 IAq and H-2 IAu (H-2 mouse molecules) were strongest in the case of MHC-II. ompCs of NTS serovars isolated from different food animal sources indicated ability to elicit humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Hence, ompCs of NTS serovars are potential candidate for production of NTS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morufat Yusuf
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
| | - Abraham Ajayi
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Utibeima Udo Essiet
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Oyin Oduyebo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Nigeria
| | | | - Stella Ifeanyi Smith
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mountain Top University, Ibafo, Nigeria
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Prejit, Pratheesh PT, Nimisha S, Jess V, Asha K, Agarwal RK. Expression and purification of an immunogenic SUMO-OmpC fusion protein of Salmonella Typhimurium in Escherichia coli. Biologicals 2019; 62:22-26. [PMID: 31668855 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is found to be a major causes of food borne diseases globally. Poultry products contaminated with this pathogen is one of the major sources of infections in humans. Outer membrane protein C (OmpC) of Salmonella Typhimurium is a promising DNA vaccine candidate to mitigate Salmonella infection in poultry. However, the large-scale production of bioactive recombinant OmpC (rOmpC) protein is hindered due to the formation of inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. The objective of this work was to attain high level expression of rOmpC protein, purify and evaluate its functional properties. The ompC gene was optimized and fused with small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) gene for high level expression as soluble protein. The fusion protein with ~58 kDa molecular weight was observed on SDS-PAGE gel. The expression levels of rOmpC fusion protein reached maximum of 38% of total soluble protein (TSP) after 8 h of 0.2% rhamnose induction. Protein purification was carried out using nickel nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) purification column. Western blot were performed to analyse expression and immunoreactivity of rOmpC fusion protein. The results indicate that SUMO fusion system is ideal for large scale production of functional rOmpC fusion protein expression in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prejit
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, CV&AS, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India; Centre for One Health Education, Advocacy, Research and Training, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India.
| | - Prakasam Thanka Pratheesh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, CV&AS, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India
| | - Soman Nimisha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, CV&AS, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India
| | - Vergis Jess
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, CV&AS, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India; Centre for One Health Education, Advocacy, Research and Training, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Karthikeyan Asha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, CV&AS, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Agarwal
- National Salmonella Centre (Vet), Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P, India
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