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Anurova MN, Demina NB, Bakhrushina EO. Permeability Enhancers in Transdermal Delivery System Technology (Review). Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Seetharam AA, Choudhry H, Bakhrebah MA, Abdulaal WH, Gupta MS, Rizvi SMD, Alam Q, Siddaramaiah, Gowda DV, Moin A. Microneedles Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Cancer: A Recent Update. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1101. [PMID: 33212921 PMCID: PMC7698361 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) are tiny needle like structures used in drug delivery through layers of the skin. They are non-invasive and are associated with significantly less or no pain at the site of administration to the skin. MNs are excellent in delivering both small and large molecules to the subjects in need thereof. There exist several strategies for drug delivery using MNs, wherein each strategy has its pros and cons. Research in this domain lead to product development and commercialization for clinical use. Additionally, several MN-based products are undergoing clinical trials to evaluate its safety, efficacy, and tolerability. The present review begins by providing bird's-eye view about the general characteristics of MNs followed by providing recent updates in the treatment of cancer using MNs. Particularly, we provide an overview of various aspects namely: anti-cancerous MNs that work based on sensor technology, MNs for treatment of breast cancer, skin carcinoma, prostate cancer, and MNs fabricated by additive manufacturing or 3 dimensional printing for treatment of cancer. Further, the review also provides limitations, safety concerns, and latest updates about the clinical trials on MNs for the treatment of cancer. Furthermore, we also provide a regulatory overview from the "United States Food and Drug Administration" about MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravindram Attiguppe Seetharam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore 570015, India; (A.A.S.); (M.S.G.)
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism & Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, Cancer & Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.C.); (W.H.A.)
| | - Muhammed A. Bakhrebah
- Life Science & Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism & Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, Cancer & Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.C.); (W.H.A.)
| | - Maram Suresh Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore 570015, India; (A.A.S.); (M.S.G.)
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81481, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Qamre Alam
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Siddaramaiah
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore 570016, India;
| | - Devegowda Vishakante Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore 570015, India; (A.A.S.); (M.S.G.)
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81481, Saudi Arabia;
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Atipairin A, Chunhachaichana C, Nakpheng T, Changsan N, Srichana T, Sawatdee S. Development of a Sildenafil Citrate Microemulsion-Loaded Hydrogel as a Potential System for Drug Delivery to the Penis and Its Cellular Metabolic Mechanism. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111055. [PMID: 33158184 PMCID: PMC7694282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil citrate is used to treat mild to moderate erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. However, it has low oral bioavailability, numerous adverse effects, and delayed onset of action. These problems may be resolved by transdermal delivery to the penis. Hence, sildenafil citrate was formulated as a microemulsion system using isopropyl myristate, Tween 80, PEG400, and water (30:20:40:10). The hydrogel used in the microemulsion was 2% w/w poloxamer 188. The sildenafil microemulsion-loaded hydrogels were characterised for their appearance, particle size, pH, spreadability, swelling index, viscosity, sildenafil drug content, membrane permeation, epithelial cell cytotoxicity, and in vitro drug metabolism. The optimised formulated microemulsion showed the lowest droplet size and highest solubility of sildenafil citrate. The in vitro skin permeation of the sildenafil citrate microemulsion-loaded hydrogel was significantly higher than that of the sildenafil suspension, with a 1.97-fold enhancement ratio. The formulated microemulsion exhibited a 100% cell viability, indicating its safety for skin epithelial cells. The major metabolic pathway of sildenafil citrate loaded in the microemulsion formulation was hydroxylation. Furthermore, loading sildenafil in the microemulsion reduced the drug metabolite by approximately 50% compared to the sildenafil in aqueous suspension. The sildenafil citrate-loaded isopropyl myristate-based microemulsion hydrogels were physically and chemically stable over 6 months of storage. The sildenafil citrate microemulsion-loaded hydrogel showed in vitro results suitable for used as a transdermal drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apichart Atipairin
- Drug and Cosmetics Excellence Center, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand;
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Charisopon Chunhachaichana
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; (C.C.); (T.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Titpawan Nakpheng
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; (C.C.); (T.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Narumon Changsan
- College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathumtani 12000, Thailand;
| | - Teerapol Srichana
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; (C.C.); (T.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Somchai Sawatdee
- Drug and Cosmetics Excellence Center, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand;
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +66-7567-2818; Fax: +66-7567-2814
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Guillot AJ, Cordeiro AS, Donnelly RF, Montesinos MC, Garrigues TM, Melero A. Microneedle-Based Delivery: An Overview of Current Applications and Trends. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060569. [PMID: 32575392 PMCID: PMC7355570 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microneedle arrays (MNA) are considered as one of the most promising resources to achieve systemic effects by transdermal delivery of drugs. They are designed as a minimally invasive, painless system which can bypass the stratum corneum, overcoming the potential drawbacks of subcutaneous injections and other transdermal delivery systems such as chemical enhancers, nano and microparticles, or physical treatments. As a trendy field in pharmaceutical and biomedical research, its applications are constantly evolving, even though they are based on very well-established techniques. The number of molecules administered by MNA are also increasing, with insulin and vaccines administration being the most investigated. Furthermore, MNA are being used to deliver cells and applied in other organs and tissues like the eyes and buccal mucosae. This review intends to offer a general overview of the current state of MNA research, focusing on the strategies, applications, and types of molecules delivered recently by these systems. In addition, some information about the materials and manufacturing processes is presented and safety data is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Guillot
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vincent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (A.J.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Ana Sara Cordeiro
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (A.S.C.); (R.F.D.)
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (A.S.C.); (R.F.D.)
| | - M. Carmen Montesinos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vincent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Center of Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.C.M.); (T.M.G.)
| | - Teresa M. Garrigues
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vincent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (A.J.G.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.M.); (T.M.G.)
| | - Ana Melero
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vincent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (A.J.G.); (A.M.)
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Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Mohammed Buheazaha T, Salman AlHomoud H, Al-Nasif HA, Sarafroz M. A comparative ex vivo permeation evaluation of a novel 5-Fluorocuracil nanoemulsion-gel by topically applied in the different excised rat, goat, and cow skin. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1024-1040. [PMID: 32256163 PMCID: PMC7105695 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) can't be given orally because of very low bioavailability and produces serious adverse effects. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to develop, evaluate, and comparative effects by different nanoformulations of topical application on chemoprevention of skin cancer in different types of skin. MATERIAL AND METHODS Castor oil (oil), Transcutol HP (surfactant), and Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 (co-surfactant) have taken on the basis of nonionic property and highest nanoemulsion (NE)-region. Aqueous micro titration method with ultra-sonication method (based on high energy) was used for the preparation of 5-FU-NE. Optimized-5-FU-NE was stable thermodynamically, and their characterizations was performed on the basis of globule size, zeta potential, refractive index, and viscosity. Optimized-NE has been converted into 5-FU-NE-Gel with the help of Carbopol® 934 and also performed their permeation studies in the different skins (cow, goat, and rat, ex vivo) using Logan transdermal diffusion cell (DHC-6T). Optimized-5-FU-NE and 5-FU-NE-Gel were evaluated cytotoxic studies (in vitro) on the melanoma cell lines. RESULTS The permeation of 5-FU from 5-FU-NE-Gel nanoformulation for rat skin model was 1.56 times higher than the 5-FU-NE and 12.51 times higher than the 5-FU-S for the cow and goat skin model. The values of steady state flux and permeability coefficient for 5-FU-NE-Gel of rat skin were higher i.e. 12.0244 ± 1.12 µgcm-2h-1 and 1.2024 ± 0.073 × 10-2 µg cm-2h-1, respectively. Optimized-5-FU-NE and 5-FU-NE-Gel nanoformulation were found to be physically stable. SK-MEL-5 cancer cells have showed the results based on cytotoxicity studies (in vitro) that 5-FU as Optimized-5-FU-NE-Gel is much more efficacious than 5-FU-NE followed by free 5-FU. Localization of 5-FU from 5-FU-NE-Gel was higher with higher permeation in rat skin. CONCLUSION 5-FU-NE-Gel is found to be for the better to treatment of cutaneous malignancies. It can be developed 5-FU-NE-Gel could be a promising vehicle for the skin cancer chemoprevention.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-Fluorouracil
- 5-FU-NE-Gel, 5-Fluorouracil Nanoemulsion Gel
- 5-Fluorouracil
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- BCS, Biopharmaceutical Classification System
- Cytotoxic activity
- DDTC, Diethyldithiocarbamate
- DSC, Differential Scanning Calorimetry
- Different skin permeation, chemoprevention
- Electrospray Ionization, ESI
- Er, Enhancement Ratio
- FT-IR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- Kp, Permeability Coefficient
- Local accumulation efficiency
- NE, Nanoemulsion
- Nanoemulsion
- Nanoemulsion-gel
- PBS, phosphate buffered solution
- PDI, Polydispersity Index
- RI, Refractive index
- SEM, Scanning Electron Microscope
- TEM, Transmission Electron Microscope
- Transdermal delivery
- UHPLC-MS/MS, Ultra high performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy
- ZP, Zeta Potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taysser Mohammed Buheazaha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Salman AlHomoud
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Ali Al-Nasif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Sarafroz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Sita V G, Vavia P. Bromocriptine Nanoemulsion-Loaded Transdermal Gel: Optimization Using Factorial Design, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:80. [PMID: 31975311 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-1620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromocriptine mesylate (BCM), a dopaminergic agonist administered orally, exhibits retarded bioavailability owing to poor absorption and extreme first-pass metabolism. The objective of the current study was to develop, characterize, and statistically optimize BCM nanoemulsion (BCM-NE) loaded into a gel (BCM-NE gel) to evaluate its potential for improved permeation of BCM through the transdermal route, thereby improving its pharmacokinetic profile. BCM-NE was prepared by o/w spontaneous emulsification method and the effects of different formulation variables on the critical attributes of NE like globule size were investigated by implementing factorial design. The optimized formulation exhibited a mean globule size of 160 ± 6.5 nm, zeta potential of - 20.4 ± 1.23 mV, and drug content of 99.45 ± 1.9%. Ex vivo permeation studies across rat skin exhibited a significant enhancement in permeation, i.e., enhancement ratio (ER) of ~ 7.4 and 5.86 for BCM-NE and BCM-NE gel, respectively, when compared with aqueous BCM suspension gel. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies performed in rats demonstrated a higher and prolonged drug release of BCM from BCM-NE gel when compared to oral aqueous BCM suspension. The AUC0-t for BCM-NE gel and BCM suspension was found to be 562.54 ± 77.55 and 204.96 ± 51.93 ng/ml h, respectively. The relative bioavailability (%F) of BCM was shown to be enhanced 274% by BCM-NE gel. Histopathological studies demonstrated the safety and biocompatibility of the developed system. All the above results proved that the BCM-NE gel could be a superior and patient-compliant alternative to oral delivery in the management of PD.
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Sawarkar S, Ashtekar A. Transdermal vitamin D supplementation—A potential vitamin D deficiency treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:28-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Sawarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai Mumbai India
| | - Ashwini Ashtekar
- Department of Pharmaceutics SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai Mumbai India
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Haque T, Talukder MMU. Chemical Enhancer: A Simplistic Way to Modulate Barrier Function of the Stratum Corneum. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:169-179. [PMID: 30023318 PMCID: PMC6046426 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin could be a prime target to deliver drugs into the human body as it is the largest organ of human body. However, the main challenge of delivering drug into the skin is the stratum corneum (SC), the outer layer of epidermis, which performs the main barrier function of the skin. Scientists have developed several techniques to overcome the barrier properties of the skin, which include other physical and chemical techniques. The most common and convenient technique is to use special formulation additives (chemical enhancers, CEs) which either drags the drug molecule along with it or make changes in the SC structure, thereby allowing the drug molecule to penetrate in to the SC. The main focus is to deliver drugs in the certain layers of the skin (for topical delivery) or ensuring proper percutaneous absorption (for transdermal delivery). However, skin drug delivery is still very challenging as different CEs act in different ways on the skin and they have different types of interaction with different drugs. Therefore, proper understanding on the mechanism of action of CE is mandatory. In this article, the effect of several CEs on skin has been reviewed based on the published articles. The main aim is to compile the recent knowledge on skin-CE interaction in order to design a topical and transdermal formulation efficiently. A properly designed formulation would help the drug either to deposit into the target layer or to cross the barrier membrane to reach the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnuva Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, East West University, A/2, Jahurul Islam City Gate, Aftab Nagar Main Rd, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
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Kaur L, Singh K, Paul S, Singh S, Singh S, Jain SK. A Mechanistic Study to Determine the Structural Similarities Between Artificial Membrane Strat-M™ and Biological Membranes and Its Application to Carry Out Skin Permeation Study of Amphotericin B Nanoformulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1606-1624. [PMID: 29488196 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type of biological membrane used in skin permeation experiment significantly affects skin permeation and deposition potential of tested formulations. In this study, a comparative study has been carried out to evaluate the potential of a synthetic membrane (Strat-M™) with rat, human, and porcine ear skin to carry out skin permeation study of nanoformulations of a high molecular weight drug, amphotericin B. Results demonstrated that the permeation of this high molecular weight drug through Strat-M™ showed close similitude to human skin. Value of correlation coefficient (R2) of log diffusion between Strat-M™ and human skin was found to be 0.99 which demonstrated the similarities of Strat-M™ membrane to the human skin. In similarity factor analysis, the value of f2 was also found to be 85, which further demonstrated the similarities of Strat-M™ membrane to human skin. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis of synthetic and biological membranes depicted almost similar morphological features (thickness, pore size, surface morphology, and diameter) of synthetic membrane with human skin. The results of the study demonstrated Strat-M™ as a better alternative to carry out skin permeation experiment due to the consistent results, reproducibility, easy availability, and minimum variability with human skin.
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Bavarsad N, Akhgari A, Seifmanesh S, Salimi A, Rezaie A. Statistical optimization of tretinoin-loaded penetration-enhancer vesicles (PEV) for topical delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 24:7. [PMID: 26926453 PMCID: PMC4772491 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-016-0142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to develop and optimize deformable liposome for topical delivery of tretinoin. Methods Liposomal formulations were designed based on the full factorial design and prepared by fusion method. The influence of different ratio of soy phosphatidylcholine and transcutol (independent variables) on incorporation efficiency and drug release in 15 min and 24 h (responses) from liposomal formulations was evaluated. Liposomes were characterized for their vesicle size and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate changes in their thermal behavior. The penetration and retention of drug was determined using mouse skin. Also skin histology study was performed. Results Particle size of all formulations was smaller than 20 nm. Incorporation efficiency of liposomes was 79–93 %. Formulation F7 (25:5) showed maximum drug release. Optimum formulations were selected based on the contour plots resulted by statistical equations of drug release in 15 min and 24 h. Solubility properties of transcutol led to higher skin penetration for optimum formulations compared to tretinoin cream. There was no significant difference between the amount of drug retained in the skin by applying optimum formulations and cream. Histopatological investigation suggested optimum formulations could decrease the adverse effect of tretinoin in liposome compared to conventional cream. Conclusion According to the results of the study, it is concluded that deformable liposome containing transcutol may be successfully used for dermal delivery of tretinoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Bavarsad
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Akhgari
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somayeh Seifmanesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Anayatollah Salimi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Annahita Rezaie
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Alsaqr A, Rasoully M, Musteata FM. Investigating transdermal delivery of vitamin D3. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:963-72. [PMID: 25609377 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal delivery of therapeutic amounts of vitamin D3 is proposed to overcome its variable oral bioavailability, especially for people who suffer from fat malabsorption. The main challenge for this delivery route is to overcome the barrier properties of skin, especially for very lipophilic compounds such as vitamin D3. In this study, the effect of different penetration enhancers, such as oleic acid, dodecylamine, ethanol, oleic acid in propylene glycol, isopropyl myristate, octyldodecanol, and oleyl alcohol in propylene glycol were evaluated in vitro for their effectiveness in delivering vitamin D3 through polyamide filter, polydimethylsiloxane membrane, and porcine skin. A diffusion cell was used to study the transdermal permeability of vitamin D3. Ointment formulations of vitamin D3 were prepared containing the most widely used penetration enhancers, oleic acid, and dodecylamine. The ointment containing oleic acid as chemical penetration enhancer did not improve delivery compared to control. On the other hand, the formulation containing dodecylamine as a penetration enhancer did improve the transdermal delivery of vitamin D3. However, statistical significance and an amount high enough for nutritional supplementation purposes were reached only when the skin was pretreated with 50% ethanol. In these conditions, the ointment delivered an amount of 760-ng vitamin D3 per cm(2) of skin. The research shows promise that transdermal delivery could be an effective administration route for vitamin D3 when ethanol and dodecylamine are used as penetration enhancers.
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