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Nakada LYK, Franco RMB, Fiuza VRDS, Santos LUD, Branco N, Guimarães JR. Pre-ozonation of source water: Assessment of efficacy against Giardia duodenalis cysts and effects on natural organic matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:764-770. [PMID: 30296764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan Giardia duodenalis is one of the parasites of primary concern in drinking water treatment plants, due to its resistance to chlorination. Another matter of concern regarding chlorination of drinking water is the formation of disinfection by-products in the presence of precursors such as natural organic matter (NOM). In this study, the effects of ozonation (5 mg L-1) on G. duodenalis cysts in raw surface water from a drinking water treatment plant were evaluated, and the presence and alteration of NOM were assessed, as an indicative of the potential to prevent total organic halogen (TOX) formation during post-chlorination. Following ozone treatment, the presence of damaged cysts was observed by direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and confirmed by the molecular approach propidium monoazide-polymerase chain reaction (PMA-PCR). Using an animal model, analysis of the intestinal tissues revealed that 80% of the animals inoculated with ozonated water were positive for trophozoites. This study shows that analysis of intestinal fragments is imperative to accurately assess animal infection following inoculation of treated cysts. More importantly, considering the low infective dose of Giardia cysts in susceptible hosts, an ozone dosage usually applied in drinking water treatment plants did not completely inactivate G. duodenalis cysts in surface water. Nonetheless, the results suggest that competitive reactions with NOM have occurred, and the applied ozone dosage has proven useful to remove NOM reactivity, and thus prevent halogenated DBP formation during post-chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Yuri Kondo Nakada
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Biology. Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Institute of Biosciences, Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Universitário, 79070900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Urbano Dos Santos
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Padre Anchieta University Centre, Rua Bom Jesus de Pirapora - até, 848/849, Vila Vianelo, 13207270, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilson Branco
- University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Biology. Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Guimarães
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Durigan M, Ciampi-Guillardi M, Rodrigues RCA, Greinert-Goulart JA, Siqueira-Castro ICV, Leal DAG, Yamashiro S, Bonatti TR, Zucchi MI, Franco RMB, de Souza AP. Population genetic analysis of Giardia duodenalis: genetic diversity and haplotype sharing between clinical and environmental sources. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28074554 PMCID: PMC5387310 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated intestinal protozoan responsible for infections in various hosts including humans and several wild and domestic animals. Few studies have correlated environmental contamination and clinical infections in the same region. The aim of this study was to compare groups of Giardia duodenalis from clinical and environmental sources through population genetic analyses to verify haplotype sharing and the degree of genetic similarity among populations from clinical and environmental sources in the metropolitan region of Campinas. The results showed high diversity of haplotypes and substantial genetic similarity between clinical and environmental groups of G. duodenalis. We demonstrated sharing of Giardia genotypes among the different populations studied. The comparison between veterinary and human sequences led us to identify new zoonotic genotypes, including human isolates from genetic assemblage C. The application of a population genetic analysis in epidemiological studies allows quantification of the degree of genetic similarity among populations of Giardia duodenalis from different sources of contamination. The genetic similarity of Giardia isolates among human, veterinary, and environmental groups reinforced the correlation between clinical and environmental isolates in this region, which is of great importance for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Durigan
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maisa Ciampi-Guillardi
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia - ESALQ - Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo C A Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliane A Greinert-Goulart
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isabel C V Siqueira-Castro
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Diego A G Leal
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yamashiro
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Taís R Bonatti
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria I Zucchi
- APTA - Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Pólo Regional Centro Sul, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Regina M B Franco
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Anete P de Souza
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Durigan M, Abreu AG, Zucchi MI, Franco RMB, de Souza AP. Genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis: multilocus genotyping reveals zoonotic potential between clinical and environmental sources in a metropolitan region of Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115489. [PMID: 25536055 PMCID: PMC4275228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is a flagellate protozoan that parasitizes humans and several other mammals. Protozoan contamination has been regularly documented at important environmental sites, although most of these studies were performed at the species level. There is a lack of studies that correlate environmental contamination and clinical infections in the same region. The aim of this study is to evaluate the genetic diversity of a set of clinical and environmental samples and to use the obtained data to characterize the genetic profile of the distribution of G. duodenalis and the potential for zoonotic transmission in a metropolitan region of Brazil. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The genetic assemblages and subtypes of G. duodenalis isolates obtained from hospitals, a veterinary clinic, a day-care center and important environmental sites were determined via multilocus sequence-based genotyping using three unlinked gene loci. Cysts of Giardia were detected at all of the environmental sites. Mixed assemblages were detected in 25% of the total samples, and an elevated number of haplotypes was identified. The main haplotypes were shared among the groups, and new subtypes were identified at all loci. Ten multilocus genotypes were identified: 7 for assemblage A and 3 for assemblage B. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE There is persistent G. duodenalis contamination at important environmental sites in the city. The identified mixed assemblages likely represent mixed infections, suggesting high endemicity of Giardia in these hosts. Most Giardia isolates obtained in this study displayed zoonotic potential. The high degree of genetic diversity in the isolates obtained from both clinical and environmental samples suggests that multiple sources of infection are likely responsible for the detected contamination events. The finding that many multilocus genotypes (MLGs) and haplotypes are shared by different groups suggests that these sources of infection may be related and indicates that there is a notable risk of human infection caused by Giardia in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Durigan
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anete Pereira de Souza
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Plant Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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