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Markowitz DM. Self and other-perceived deception detection abilities are highly correlated but unassociated with objective detection ability: Examining the detection consensus effect. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17529. [PMID: 39080371 PMCID: PMC11289100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Subjective lying rates are often strongly and positively correlated. Called the deception consensus effect, people who lie often tend to believe others lie often, too. The present paper evaluated how this cognitive bias also extends to deception detection. Two studies (Study 1: N = 180 students; Study 2: N = 250 people from the general public) had participants make 10 veracity judgments based on videotaped interviews, and also indicate subjective detection abilities (self and other). Subjective, perceived detection abilities were significantly linked, supporting a detection consensus effect, yet they were unassociated with objective detection accuracy. More overconfident detectors-those whose subjective detection accuracy was greater than their objective detection accuracy-reported telling more white and big lies, cheated more on a behavioral task, and were more ideologically conservative than less overconfident detectors. This evidence supports and extends contextual models of deception (e.g., the COLD model), highlighting possible (a)symmetries in subjective and objective veracity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Markowitz
- Department of Communication, Michigan State University, 404 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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2
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Bagnall R, Russell A, Brosnan M, Maras K. Autistic adults' inclination to lie in everyday situations. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 28:718-731. [PMID: 37572035 PMCID: PMC10913365 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231183911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Differences in social communication and understanding others' mental states may mean that autistic adults are less likely to deceive others than non-autistic individuals. We investigated whether autistic and non-autistic adults differ in their inclination to lie and which psychological factors are involved in the inclination to lie. We found that autistic and non-autistic groups reported a similar inclination to lie, and the extent to which participants viewed lying as acceptable helped to explain their inclination to deceive others. However, the other underlying psychological factors associated with deception inclination differed between autistic and non-autistic groups. Autistic adults' belief about their ability to lie and also how quickly they could lie helped to explain whether they were more or less inclined to lie. For non-autistic adults, their memory and ability to understand others' mental states helped to explain their lie inclination. We discuss these findings and recommend areas for future research.
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Armas-Vargas E, Marrero RJ, Hernández-Cabrera JA. Psychometric properties of the CEMA-A questionnaire: motives for lying. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1289209. [PMID: 38179499 PMCID: PMC10765548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1289209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research on the motives for lying lacks factorial models that allow grouping of motives into specific categories. The objective of this study is to confirm the factorial structure of the questionnaire of motives for lying (CEMA-A). Participants were 1,722 adults residing in the Canary Islands (Spain) who completed the CEMA-A and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R). The four-dimensional structure of the questionnaire was confirmed (χ2 = 1460.97, df = 325, p = 0.001; CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.93; NFI = 0.93; NNFI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.05, CI = 0.051-0.057; SRMR = 0.04). The four factors of the CEMA-A were Intrapersonal Motivation-Emotionality, Interpersonal Motivation-Sociability, Egoism/Hardness Motivation, and Malicious Motivation, with an internal consistency between 0.79 and 0.91. Invariance analyses confirmed the equivalence of the instrument for men and women. The CEMA-A factors positively correlated with Neuroticism and Psychoticism, and negatively with Dissimulation. Extraversion was not related to any of the factors, and only displayed a low negative correlation with Intrapersonal Motivation-Emotionality. Analysis of variance showed that men scored higher in Egoism/Hardness and Malicious Motivation. The CEMA-A has proven capable of apprehending the motives for lying and has adequate psychometric criteria for use in various populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Armas-Vargas
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rosario J. Marrero
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juan A. Hernández-Cabrera
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Sprigings S, Brown CJV, ten Brinke L. Deception is associated with reduced social connection. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 1:19. [PMID: 38665248 PMCID: PMC11041808 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-023-00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Lies can have major consequences if undetected. Research to date has focused primarily on the consequences of deception for receivers once lies are discovered. We advance deception research and relationship science by studying the social consequences of deception for the sender-even if their lies remain undetected. In a correlational study of video conversations (Study 1; N = 776), an experimental study of text conversations (Study 2; N = 416), and a survey of dispositional tendencies (Study 3; N = 399), we find consistent evidence that people who lie tend to assume that others are lying too, and this impedes their ability to form social connections. The findings provide insight into how (dis)honesty and loneliness may go together, and suggest that lies-even when undetected-harm our relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sprigings
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - Cameo J. V. Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - Leanne ten Brinke
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC Canada
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Szabó E, Körmendi A, Kurucz G, Cropley D, Olajos T, Pataky N. Personality Traits as Predictors of Malevolent Creative Ideation in Offenders. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12070242. [PMID: 35877312 PMCID: PMC9311653 DOI: 10.3390/bs12070242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malevolent creativity, which can be defined as creativity that is deliberately planned to damage others, is a concept that explains how the capacity to generate novel and effective outcomes (creativity) may, on occasion, be misapplied. The present study used 130 male inmates of the Oradea Maximum Security Penitentiary in Romania to explore the ability of a set of personality variables (the dark triad, self-efficacy, and self-esteem) to predict malevolent creative ideation. The findings indicate that Machiavellianism and self-efficacy were significant predictors of malevolent creative ideation in the form of lying, while only Machiavellianism was a significant predictor of malevolent creative ideation in the form of hurting people. In addition, the present study found significant differences among subgroups in the sample, with more experienced offenders showing higher levels of malevolent creative ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Szabó
- Oradea Penitentiary, Parcul Traian 3, 410033 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Attila Körmendi
- Department of Personality and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Psychology, University of Debrecen, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (T.O.)
| | - Győző Kurucz
- Department of Work and Organization Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Psychology, University of Debrecen, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - David Cropley
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Timea Olajos
- Department of Personality and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Psychology, University of Debrecen, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (T.O.)
| | - Nóra Pataky
- Department of Pedagogical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Psychology, University of Debrecen, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary;
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Escolà-Gascón Á. New techniques to measure lie detection using COVID-19 fake news and the Multivariable Multiaxial Suggestibility Inventory-2 (MMSI-2). COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Curtis DA, Hart CL. Pathological Lying: Theoretical and Empirical Support for a Diagnostic Entity. PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2020; 2:62-69. [PMID: 36101870 PMCID: PMC9176035 DOI: 10.1176/appi.prcp.20190046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Drew A. Curtis
- Department of Psychology and Sociology Angelo State University San Angelo Texas
| | - Christian L. Hart
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy Texas Woman's University Denton
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BUTEAN I, MONE I, VISU-PETRA L, OPRE A. Predictors of Individual Differences in Lie Acceptability in Adolescence: Exploring the Influence of Social Desirability, Callous Unemotional Traits and Somatization. JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-BASED PSYCHOTHERAPIES 2020. [DOI: 10.24193/jebp.2020.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
"Lie acceptability is defined as an attitude toward lying that can vary along a continuum, from considering that lying is completely unacceptable, to a most lenient view upon deception. The present research focused on identifying factors associated with individual differences in lie acceptability in a sample of Romanian adolescents (N =167, 14-19 years). We investigated associations between variables with a preliminary documented theoretical and/or empirical association with lie acceptability (callous-unemotional traits or social desirability), along with exploratory age-specific measures of somatization. Our results revealed that male adolescents who displayed high callousness, uncaring, or somatization tended to view lying as more acceptable. Social desirability did not predict lie acceptability above and beyond these individual predictors. The implications of these findings for attempts to reduce problematic deceptive behavior in adolescence are discussed."
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia BUTEAN
- "Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Republicii Str. 37, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Regional Centre for Resources and Educational Assistance, Cluj-Napoca"
| | - Ionuț MONE
- Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Republicii Str. 37, 400015, Cluj-Napoca,
| | - Laura VISU-PETRA
- "Research in Individual Differences and Legal Psychology (RIDDLE) Lab, Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Republicii Str. 37, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania"
| | - Adrian OPRE
- Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Republicii Str. 37, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Vrij A, Fisher RP. Unraveling the Misconception About Deception and Nervous Behavior. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1377. [PMID: 32625154 PMCID: PMC7314921 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we attempt to unravel the misconception about deception and nervous behavior. First we will cite research demonstrating that observers believe lie tellers display more nervous behaviors than truth tellers; that observers pay attention to nervous behaviors when they attempt to detect deception; and that lie tellers actually feel more nervous than truth tellers. This is all in alignment with a lie detection approach based on spotting nervous behaviors. We then will argue that the next, vital, step is missing: Research has found that lie tellers generally do not display more than truth tellers the nervous behaviors laypersons and professionals appear to focus on. If observers pay attention to nervous behaviors but lie tellers do not come across as being nervous, lie detection performance is expected to be poor. Research has supported this claim. We finally discuss ideas for research into lie detection based on non-verbal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald P Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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The Dark Triad and the Detection of Parental Judicial Manipulators. Development of a Judicial Manipulation Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082843. [PMID: 32326146 PMCID: PMC7216058 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This research examines the relationship between dark triad and the use that some parents make of their children in order to attack the other parent after a couple break-up. We examined whether parents who are willing to lie about issues concerning the other parent and their children during a couple break-up process show higher levels of dark triad traits. Across two different samples of divorced participants (N = 1085 and N = 249), we measured dark triad traits and willingness to engage in judicial manipulation. The objective of this study was to build a judicial manipulation scale to measure willingness to lie and use children to harm the other parent that could be used in professional practice. Results show significant correlations for judicial manipulation and dark triad traits and confirm the psychometric properties of reliability and validity of a proposed scale. We found that dark triad traits are adequate indicators of judicial manipulation. We discuss the importance of the scale to help the judicial system to determine which parent is the most appropriate to be designated as the legal custodial parent.
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Littrell S, Risko EF, Fugelsang JA. The Bullshitting Frequency Scale: Development and psychometric properties. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 60:248-270. [PMID: 32304103 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent psychological research has identified important individual differences associated with receptivity to bullshit, which has greatly enhanced our understanding of the processes behind susceptibility to pseudo-profound or otherwise misleading information. However, the bulk of this research attention has focused on cognitive and dispositional factors related to bullshit (the product), while largely overlooking the influences behind bullshitting (the act). Here, we present results from four studies focusing on the construction and validation of a new, reliable scale measuring the frequency with which individuals engage in two types of bullshitting (persuasive and evasive) in everyday situations. Overall, bullshitting frequency was negatively associated with sincerity, honesty, cognitive ability, open-minded cognition, and self-regard. Additionally, the Bullshitting Frequency Scale was found to reliably measure constructs that are (1) distinct from lying and (2) significantly related to performance on overclaiming and social decision tasks. These results represent an important step forward by demonstrating the utility of the Bullshitting Frequency Scale as well as highlighting certain individual differences that may play important roles in the extent to which individuals engage in everyday bullshitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Littrell
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan F Risko
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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