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Lacchini E, Erffelinck ML, Mertens J, Marcou S, Molina-Hidalgo FJ, Tzfadia O, Venegas-Molina J, Cárdenas PD, Pollier J, Tava A, Bak S, Höfte M, Goossens A. The saponin bomb: a nucleolar-localized β-glucosidase hydrolyzes triterpene saponins in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:705-719. [PMID: 36683446 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants often protect themselves from their own bioactive defense metabolites by storing them in less active forms. Consequently, plants also need systems allowing correct spatiotemporal reactivation of such metabolites, for instance under pathogen or herbivore attack. Via co-expression analysis with public transcriptomes, we determined that the model legume Medicago truncatula has evolved a two-component system composed of a β-glucosidase, denominated G1, and triterpene saponins, which are physically separated from each other in intact cells. G1 expression is root-specific, stress-inducible, and coregulated with that of the genes encoding the triterpene saponin biosynthetic enzymes. However, the G1 protein is stored in the nucleolus and is released and united with its typically vacuolar-stored substrates only upon tissue damage, partly mediated by the surfactant action of the saponins themselves. Subsequently, enzymatic removal of carbohydrate groups from the saponins creates a pool of metabolites with an increased broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The evolution of this defense system benefited from both the intrinsic condensation abilities of the enzyme and the bioactivity properties of its substrates. We dub this two-component system the saponin bomb, in analogy with the mustard oil and cyanide bombs, commonly used to describe the renowned β-glucosidase-dependent defense systems for glucosinolates and cyanogenic glucosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Lacchini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Marie-Laure Erffelinck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Jan Mertens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Shirley Marcou
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Francisco Javier Molina-Hidalgo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Oren Tzfadia
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Jhon Venegas-Molina
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Pablo D Cárdenas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Aldo Tava
- CREA Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
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Zhang C, Luo Q, Tang W, Ma J, Yang D, Chen J, Gao F, Sun H, Xie Y. Transcriptome Characterization and Gene Changes Induced by Fusarium solani in Sweetpotato Roots. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050969. [PMID: 37239329 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is an important root crop that is infected by Fusarium solani in both seedling and root stages, causing irregular black or brown disease spots and root rot and canker. This study aims to use RNA sequencing technology to investigate the dynamic changes in root transcriptome profiles between control check and roots at 6 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 5 days post-inoculation (hpi/dpi) with F. solani. The results showed that the defense reaction of sweetpotato could be divided into an early step (6 and 24 hpi) without symptoms and a late step to respond to F. solani infection (3 and 5 dpi). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to F. solani infection were enriched in the cellular component, biological process, and molecular function, with more DEGs in the biological process and molecular function than in the cellular component. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the main pathways were metabolic pathways, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and carbon metabolism. More downregulated genes were identified than upregulated genes in the plant-pathogen interaction and transcription factors, which might be related to the degree of host resistance to F. solani. The findings of this study provide an important basis to further characterize the complex mechanisms of sweetpotato resistance against biotic stress and identify new candidate genes for increasing the resistance of sweetpotato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengling Zhang
- Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Qinchuan Luo
- Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Jukui Ma
- Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Dongjing Yang
- Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Jingwei Chen
- Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Houjun Sun
- Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuzhou 221131, China
| | - Yiping Xie
- Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuzhou 221131, China
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