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Matić S, Caruso AG, D’Errico C, Botto CS, Noris E, Trkulja V, Panno S, Davino S, Moizio M. Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe corylacearum: An emerging problem on hazelnut in Italy. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301941. [PMID: 38805419 PMCID: PMC11132447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Erysiphe corylacearum has recently been reported in northern Italy (Piedmont) and other European countries as the causal agent of a new emerging powdery mildew on hazelnut. This disease is much more dangerous than the common hazelnut powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia guttata as it significantly reduces yield and quality of hazelnuts. This study aimed to perform morphological and molecular characterization of the fungal isolates from powdery mildew-infected plants in the Piedmont Italian region. Additionally, genetic diversity studies and pathogenicity tests were conducted. Thirty-six fungal isolates originating from symptomatic hazelnut plants exhibiting specific powdery mildew symptoms on the superior leaf side were identified morphologically as E. corylacearum. Single- and multilocus sequence typing of five loci (ITS, rpb2, CaM, GAPDH and GS) assigned all isolates as E. corylacearum. Multilocus and GAPDH phylogenetic studies resulted in the most efficient characterization of E. corylacearum. Studied fungal isolates were able to cause new emerging powdery mildew disease by fulfilling Koch's postulates. The emergence of powdery mildew disease in Italy revealed the E. corylacearum subgrouping, population expansion, and high nucleotide similarity with other recently identified E. corylacearum hazelnut isolates. To contain this harmful disease and inhibit the fungus spread into new geographical zones, it will be necessary to implement more rigorous monitoring in neighboring hazelnut plantations near infected hazelnuts, use sustainable fungicides and search for new biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Matić
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea G. Caruso
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara D’Errico
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Camilla Sacco Botto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Vojislav Trkulja
- Agricultural Institute of Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Stefano Panno
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Davino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Moizio
- SAGEA Centro di Saggio s.r.l., Castagnito d’Alba (CN), Italy
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Daba G, Daelemans R, Berecha G, Geerinck MWJ, Verreth C, Crauwels S, Lievens B, Honnay O. Genetic diversity and structure of the coffee leaf rust fungus Hemileia vastatrix across different coffee management systems in Ethiopia. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:525-534. [PMID: 37507629 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Although coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by Hemileia vastatrix, poses an increasing threat to coffee production in Ethiopia, little is known regarding its genetic diversity and structure and how these are affected by coffee management. Here, we used genetic fingerprinting based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers to genotype H. vastatrix samples from different coffee shrubs, across 40 sites, covering four coffee production systems (forest coffee, semi plantation coffee, home garden coffee, and plantation coffee) and different altitudes in Ethiopia. In total, 96 H. vastatrix samples were successfully genotyped with three primer combinations, producing a total of 79 scorable bands. We found 35.44% of amplified bands to be polymorphic, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.45, suggesting high genetic diversity among our CLR isolates. We also found significant isolation-by-distance across the samples investigated and detected significant differences in fungal genetic composition among plantation coffee and home garden coffee and a marginally significant difference among plantation coffee and forest coffee. Furthermore, we found a significant effect of altitude on CLR genetic composition in the forest coffee and plantation systems. Our results suggest that both spore dispersal and different selection pressures in the different coffee management systems are likely responsible for the observed high genetic diversity and genetic structure of CLR isolates in Ethiopia. When selecting Ethiopian coffee genotypes for crop improvement, it is important that these genotypes carry some resistance against CLR. Because our study shows large variation in genetic composition across relatively short geographical distances, a broad selection of rust isolates must be used for coffee resistance screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerba Daba
- Division of Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University, PO Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), B-3001, Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Robin Daelemans
- Division of Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), B-3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Gezahegn Berecha
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University, PO Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Margot W J Geerinck
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), B-3001, Louvain, Belgium
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, B-3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Christel Verreth
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, B-3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Sam Crauwels
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), B-3001, Louvain, Belgium
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, B-3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), B-3001, Louvain, Belgium
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, B-3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Division of Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), B-3001, Louvain, Belgium
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Le CTM, Okane I, Ono Y, Tsuda Y, Yamaoka Y. Incidence of Coffee Leaf Rust in Vietnam, Possible Original Sources and Subsequent Pathways of Migration. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:872877. [PMID: 35449887 PMCID: PMC9016365 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.872877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This research focused on the incidence and population genetics of coffee leaf rust (CLR) fungus, Hemileia vastatrix, to estimate the possible original source(s) and subsequent migration pathways of wind-borne and human-aided spores in three main coffee production regions (Northwest, Central Highlands, and Southeast) in Vietnam. In southern Vietnam (Central Highlands and Southeast), Coffea canephora covers the majority area, while Catimor lines of C. arabica accounts for 95% of the coffee plantations in northwestern Vietnam. Field surveys conducted at eighty-five plantations, show coffee leaf samples infected by the rust fungus across forty-one plantations. Catimor varieties exhibited high levels of susceptibility with severe rust symptoms, while robusta varieties had varying degrees of susceptibility. We analyzed 863-869 base pairs of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from 83 samples (41 sequences from Vietnam, 2 from Thailand, and the remaining 40 from American countries); and fifty-two haplotypes consisting of 123 polymorphic sites were detected. Although the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicates significant genetic differentiation in the H. vastatrix populations in Vietnam, there was no clear genetic structure with respect to the three geographic areas surveyed. Based on the haplotype network, NeighborNet analysis, and geographical distribution patterns of the haplotypes, five haplotypes were identified as early established, from which most other haplotypes in Vietnam were derived. The early established haplotypes were found in the highest frequency in Northwest Vietnam. This finding corresponds to the earliest record of CLR in Vietnam. The phylogenetic network analysis also illustrated that H. vastatrix had expanded from the northwest to southern Vietnam. Pairwise genetic distance analysis and the geophylogenetic tree also suggests that CLR was first established in the Northwest. In addition, some scattered individuals on the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) diagram and several separated haplotypes in the phylogenetic networks indicated that other branches of CLR in Vietnam were initiated in the Central Highlands. Hemileia vastatrix from these branches have been spreading in southern Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cham Thi Mai Le
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Division of Microbial Technology, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Izumi Okane
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ono
- College of Education, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tsuda
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Ueda, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamaoka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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