Cytogenetic study in children with down syndrome among kosova Albanian population between 2000 and 2010

Insomnia Symptoms Are Associated with Measures of Functional Deterioration and Dementia Status in Adults with Down Syndrome at High Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

Background

While obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and insomnia symptoms in neurotypical populations are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), their association with dementia in adults with Down syndrome (DS) remains less clear, even though these symptoms are prevalent and treatable in DS. Understanding their associations with AD-related dementia status, cognitive impairment, and functional deterioration may lead to interventions to slow decline or disease progression in adults with DS.

Objective

To characterize differences in OSA and insomnia symptom expression by dementia status, and to determine which sleep factors support dementia diagnosis.

Methods

Multimodal consensus conference was used to determine dementia status in 52 adults with DS (52.2 ± 6.4 years, 21 women). Cognitive impairment, adaptive behavior skills, and symptoms of OSA and insomnia were quantified using validated assessments for adults with DS and their primary informants.

Results

A sex by dementia status interaction demonstrated that older women with DS and dementia had more severe terminal insomnia but not OSA symptoms relative to older women with DS who were cognitively stable (CS). Greater insomnia symptom severity was associated with greater functional impairments in social and self-care domains adjusting for age, sex, premorbid intellectual impairment, and dementia status.

Conclusions

Insomnia symptoms are more severe in women with DS with dementia than in women with DS and no dementia, and regardless of dementia status or sex, more severe insomnia symptoms are associated with greater impairment in activities of daily living. These findings underscore the potential importance of early insomnia symptom evaluation and treatment in women with DS at risk of developing AD.

Chromosomal Abnormalities in Patients with Intellectual Disability: A 21-Year Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND

Intellectual disability (ID) has been defined as a considerably reduced ability to understand new or complex information and to learn new skills. It is associated with life-long intellectual and adaptive functioning impairments that have a profound impact on individuals, families, and society. It affects about 3% of the general population. ID often comes out with other mental conditions like attention deficit, hyperactivity, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and it can be part of a malformation syndrome that affects other organs. It may be syndromic (S-ID) or non-syndromic (NS-ID).

OBJECTIVE

The aims of this study were to identify the profile of intellectually disable patients being referred for cytogenetic analysis in Morocco, to determine the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in a Moroccan group, and to compare the results with those of analogous studies from other countries.

PARTICIPANTS

We included data from Moroccan patients with NS-ID and others with S-ID (mostly Down syndrome cases) who have been referred between 1996 and 2016. 1,626 patients were involved in this study, 1,200 were referred with a clinical diagnosis of Down syndrome, 37 were clinically diagnosed for ASD with ID, and 389 were suspected of NS-ID.

RESULTS

We identified 1,200 cases of Down syndrome. In 1,096 analyses (91.3%), a cytogenetic variant of trisomy 21 was identified: standard trisomy 21 in 1,037 cases (94.6%), a translocation in 34 cases (3.10%), and mosaicism in 25 cases (2.3%). The cytogenetic analysis among ASD with ID cases did not reveal any specific chromosomal abnormalities. The present study also shows that chromosomal abnormalities were present in 6.43% of the patients with NS-ID (25 abnormal karyotypes out of 389 NS-ID cases). Autosomal structural abnormalities were the largest proportion of chromosomal aberrations.

CONCLUSION

The high rate of chromosomal abnormalities found in the Moroccan patients studied demonstrates the capital importance of cytogenetic evaluation in patients who show ID or any clinical development abnormality.

The Dental Needs and Treatment of Patients with Down Syndrome

Down syndrome is a common disorder with many oral conditions and systemic manifestations. Dentists need to take a holistic approach including behavioral, oral, and systemic issues. This review of the literature focuses on oral anomalies, systemic interaction, management, and recommendations.

Mosaicism for trisomy 21: a review

The clinical and cytogenetic findings associated with mosaicism for trisomy 21/Down syndrome are the focus of this review. The primary topics discussed in this overview of the extant literature include the history of this condition and its diagnosis, the incidence of mosaicism, the meiotic and/or mitotic chromosomal malsegregation events resulting in mosaicism, the observation of mosaicism in the parents of children with the non-mosaic form of Down syndrome, and the variation in phenotypic outcome for both constitutional and acquired traits present in people with mosaicism for trisomy 21/Down syndrome, including cognition, fertility, and overall phenotypic findings. Additional topics reviewed include the social conditions of people with mosaicism, as well as age-related and epigenetic alterations observed in people with mosaicism for trisomy 21/Down syndrome. .