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Rauch-Schmücking H, Bohner J, Goeritz F, Bakker D, Stalder G, Stenvinkel P, Johnson RJ, Shiels PG, Redtenbacher I, Azogu-Sepe I, Burgener IA, Painer-Gigler J. CYSTOCENTESIS AND URINALYSIS IN ZOOMEDICINE: AN UNDERESTIMATED TOOL FOR LARGE FELID STANDARD HEALTH CHECKS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:555-564. [PMID: 39255196 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent disease among felids; yet its origin is still poorly understood, and the disease often remains asymptomatic for years, underscoring the need for early diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of urinalysis in accurately staging CKD, particularly as routine health checks in large felids often overlook its significance. In this research, ultrasound-guided cystocentesis (UGC) was performed on 50 captive nondomestic felids during routine veterinary health checks under general anesthesia. Urinalysis included microscopic examination of the sediment, measurement of urine specific gravity (USG) and protein to creatinine ratio (UPC). Additional serum kidney markers, such as creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine, were compared with USG and UPC to assess their diagnostic value as urinary biomarkers. The results demonstrated proteinuria (UPC > 0.4) or borderline proteinuria (UPC 0.2-0.4) in 49% of the animals. Among these cases, 62% were of renal origin, and 38% were postrenal causes. USG was significantly higher in felids with borderline proteinuria compared to those with proteinuria. A moderate, but significant negative correlation between serum parameters and USG was observed, emphasizing the importance of assessing both diagnostic parameters during kidney evaluations. Additionally, felids with CKD have an increased risk of urinary tract infections, necessitating microscopic urinalysis and bacterial culture analysis. Abnormalities, including hematuria, pyuria, crystalluria, and bacteriuria, were found in approximately 38% of cases through microscopical examination of urine. No complications associated with UGC were observed and abnormal findings were detected in 60% of the cases. Based on these results, the authors recommend the inclusion of UGC and urinalysis as standard diagnostic tools in general health checks for nondomestic felids. This approach provides valuable insights into the early detection and staging of CKD, supporting early intervention and supportive medical care to prolong renal health in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Rauch-Schmücking
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1160, Austria
| | - Julia Bohner
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1160, Austria
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Goeritz
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denyse Bakker
- Lammermoor Veterinary Clinic, Krugersdorp 1747, South Africa
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1160, Austria
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul G Shiels
- School of Molecular Biosciences, MVLS, University of Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Idu Azogu-Sepe
- Serengeti-Park Department of Research, Serengeti-Park Hodenhagen GmbH, Hodenhagen 29693, Germany
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Johanna Painer-Gigler
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1160, Austria,
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Gil L, Wsol M, Fernández-Barredo S, Navarro PF. Urinary Electrophoretograms Performed by Capillary Electrophoresis: Comparison between Dogs and Cats. Gels 2023; 9:544. [PMID: 37504423 PMCID: PMC10379986 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophoresis of urine to evaluate different urinary proteins has been used in recent years in veterinary medicine, as it can be a useful laboratory tool in the early detection of kidney damage. However, urinary capillary electrophoresis (UCE) has not been reported in healthy cats. In healthy dogs, reference intervals have been established and can be compared with pathological samples as these provide an easily interpretable pattern. The electrophoretogram in this study is divided into five fractions (F1-F5) by serum (albumin; alpha1-globulin; alpha2-globulin; beta-globulin; and gamma-globulin). Urine samples from 14 healthy cats were obtained by eco-guided cystocentesis. UCE was run in all samples and compared to 123 dog electrophoretograms from a previously published study. Fraction 2 (alpha1-globulin) was statistically decreased in cats (G1) compared to dogs (G2). Fraction 4 (beta-globulin) was statistically augmented in cats compared to the canine population (G2). Fraction 5 (gamma-globulin) was statistically decreased in cats (G1) compared to dogs (G2). No statistical correlation was found between each cat's serum and urinary fractions. The results of the present study suggest that UCE patterns in cats are similar to the ones described in dogs. UCE can be a non-invasive new diagnostic tool in cats as pathological patterns can be compared to normal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Martyna Wsol
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Paula Fátima Navarro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
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Pérez-Sánchez AP, Perini-Perera S, Del-Angel-Caraza J, Quijano-Hernández IA, Recillas-Morales S. Proteinuria and Electrophoretic Pattern in Dogs with Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081399. [PMID: 37106962 PMCID: PMC10135081 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals with chronic pathologies, the detection of proteinuria via the proteinuria: creatininuria ratio (UPC) and urinary protein electrophoresis allows for the early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The objective of this work was to identify and determine the magnitude of proteinuria and its electrophoretic pattern characterization in dogs with chronic diseases pathophysiologically related to proteinuria. With the studied patients, five groups were formed. The control group (CG) contained non-proteinuric cases. The cases with proteinuria were classified into four groups according to the concurrent disease: chronic inflammatory diseases (IG), neoplasms (NG), heart diseases (HG), and endocrine diseases (EG). For the statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were used. Data from 264 dogs were obtained; in the disease groups, proteinuria was observed in more than 30% as the only finding of kidney disease, evidencing a greater risk factor for proteinuria in the HG group (OR 4.047, CI 1.894-8.644, p < 0.0001). In the HG, NG, and EG groups, a higher frequency of glomerular pattern (GEP) related to glomerular hypertension was observed; in the IG, a higher frequency of mixed pattern (MEP) was observed. These findings are secondary to the hyperfiltration process that affects the glomerulus and the renal tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Pamela Pérez-Sánchez
- Hospital Veterinario para Pequeñas Especies de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50130, Mexico
| | - Sofía Perini-Perera
- Hospital Veterinario para Pequeñas Especies de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50130, Mexico
- Hospital Veterinario de Pequeños Animales, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
| | - Javier Del-Angel-Caraza
- Hospital Veterinario para Pequeñas Especies de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50130, Mexico
| | - Israel Alejandro Quijano-Hernández
- Hospital Veterinario para Pequeñas Especies de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50130, Mexico
| | - Sergio Recillas-Morales
- Hospital Veterinario para Pequeñas Especies de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50130, Mexico
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Garcia-Torres M, López MC, Tasker S, Lappin MR, Blasi-Brugué C, Roura X. Review and statistical analysis of clinical management of feline leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:253. [PMID: 35818075 PMCID: PMC9272864 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited information about feline leishmaniosis (FeL) management in clinical practice. Leishmania infantum is the species of Leishmania most frequently reported in both dogs and cats in countries of the Mediterranean region (henceforth ‘Mediterranean countries’), Central and South America, and Iran. This study was conducted to provide veterinary clinicians with an updated overview of evidence-based information on leishmaniosis in cats. Methods A review was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Case reports of FeL caused by L. infantum were sought for the period 1912 to 1 June 2021. Results Sixty-three case reports are included in this review. Fifty-nine out of the 63 cats were from Europe, mostly from Mediterranean countries (88.9%). Most of them were domestic short-haired cats (90%) with a mean age of 7.9 years, and had access to the outdoors (77.3%). Sixty-six percent of the cats had comorbidities, of which feline immunodeficiency virus infection was the most frequent (37.7%). Dermatological lesions (69.8%) was the most frequent clinical sign, and hyperproteinemia (46.3%) the most frequent clinicopathological abnormality. Serology was the most performed diagnostic method (76.2%) and was positive for 93.7% of cats. Medical treatment was applied in 71.4% of cats, and allopurinol was the most used drug (74.4%). Survival time was greater for treated cats (520 days; 71.4% of cats) than non-treated cats (210 days; 25.4%). Conclusions The majority of the cats had comorbidities, of which feline immunodeficiency virus was the most frequent. Dermatological lesions were frequently reported, and systemic clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities were also common. Serology may be useful for the diagnosis of FeL in clinical practice, and a positive titer of ≥ 1/40 may be a useful cut-off for sick cats. The reported treatments and dosages varied, but there was a good clinical response and longer survival in most of the cats treated with allopurinol monotherapy. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garcia-Torres
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK.,Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull, UK
| | - Michael Rex Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Carles Blasi-Brugué
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Urinary Protein/Creatinine Ratio in Feline Medicine: Reasons to Perform It and Its Role in Clinical Practice-A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121575. [PMID: 35739913 PMCID: PMC9219505 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at understanding the reasons veterinarians conduct a urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) in cats, correlating it with signalment, dipstick proteinuria tests, and urine specific gravity (USG) and assessing its role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnosis and monitoring. A retrospective study was conducted, including medical data from cats consulted between 2016 and 2018 in a veterinary teaching hospital and submitted to at least one UPCR measurement. A total of 140 cats were included: 35% non-proteinuric (UPCR < 0.2), 25% borderline proteinuric (0.2 < UPCR < 0.4), and 40% overtly proteinuric (UPCR > 0.4). In contrast to other studies, there was no association between UPCR and male reproductive status. UPCR was mainly requested for CKD diagnosis and monitoring. Correlation between UPCR and combined results from dipstick tests and USG was low and inconsistent. Proteinuric CKD cats had a worse outcome at both 6 (odds ratio (OR 4.04) and 12 months (OR 4.36)), and this finding was more pronounced for severely proteinuric cases in which the OR for death was 4.36 and 6.00 at 6 and at 12 months, respectively. In addition to reinforcing the negative prognostic value of proteinuria, this study stresses the low and the inconsistent agreement between UPCR and the combined results of dipstick tests and USG in cats.
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