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He JW, Liu GC, Dong PX, Dong ZW, Zhao RP, Wang W, Li XY. Molecular cloning, characterization, and evolution analysis of the luciferase genes from three sympatric sibling fireflies (Lampyridae: Lampyrinae, Diaphanes). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1053-1067. [PMID: 34347281 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Firefly adult bioluminescence functions as signal communication between sexes. How sympatric sibling species with similar glow pattern recognize their conspecific mates remains largely unknown. To better understand the role of the luciferases of sympatric fireflies in recognizing mates, we cloned the luciferase genes of three sympatric forest dwelling fireflies (Diaphanes nubilus, Diaphanes pectinealis, and Diaphanes sp2) and evaluated their enzyme characteristics. Our data show that the amino acid (AA) sequences of all three luciferases are highly conserved, including the identities (D. nubilus vs D. pectinealis: 99%; D. nubilus vs Diaphanes sp2: 98.5%; D. pectinealis vs Diaphanes sp2: 99.4%) and the protein structures. Three recombinant luciferases produced in vitro all possess significant luminescence activity at pH 7.8, and similar maximum emission spectrum (D. nubilus: 562 nm; D. pectinealis and Diaphanes sp2: 564 nm). They show the highest activity at 10 °C (D. pectinealis, Diaphanes sp2) and 15 °C (D. nubilus), and completely inactivation at 45 °C. Their KM for D-luciferin and ATP were 2.7 μM and 92 μM (D. nubilus), 3.7 μM and 49 μM (D. pectinealis), 3.5 μM and 46 μM (Diaphanes sp2). Phylogenetic analyses support that D. nubilus is sister to D. pectinealis with Diaphanes sp2 at their base, which further cluster with Pyrocoelia. All combined data indicate that sympatric Diaphanes species have similar luciferase characteristics, suggesting that other strategies (e.g., pheromone, active time, etc.) may be adopted to recognize mates. Our data provide new insights into Diaphanes luciferases and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wu He
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Gui-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Ping-Xuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
- Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruo-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xue-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
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Kargar F, Mortazavi M, Torkzadeh-Mahani M, Lotfi S, Shakeri S. Evaluation of Luciferase Thermal Stability by Arginine Saturation in the Flexible Loops. CURR PROTEOMICS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164616666190320151005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The firefly luciferase enzyme is widely used in protein engineering and diverse
areas of biotechnology, but the main problem with this enzyme is low-temperature stability. Previous
reports indicated that surface areas of thermostable proteins are rich in arginine, which increased
their thermal stability. In this study, this aspect of thermophilic proteins evaluated by mutations of surface
residues to Arg. Here, we report the construction, purification, and studying of these mutated luciferases.
Methods:
For mutagenesis, the QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis was used and the I108R,
T156R, and N177R mutant luciferases were created. In the following, the expression and purification
of wild-type and mutant luciferases were conducted and their kinetic and structural properties were analyzed.
To analyze the role of these Arg in these loops, the 3D models of these mutants’ enzymes were
constructed in the I-TASSER server and the exact situation of these mutants was studied by the
SPDBV and PyMOL software.
Results:
Overall, the optimum temperature of these mutated enzymes was not changed. However, after
30 min incubation of these mutated enzymes at 30°C, the I108R, T156R, N177R, and wild-type kept the
80%, 50%, 20%, and 20% of their original activity, respectively. It should be noted that substitution of
these residues by Arg preserved the specific activity of firefly luciferase.
Conclusion:
Based on these results, it can be concluded that T156R and N177R mutants by compacting
local protein structure, increased the thermostability of luciferase. However, insertion of positively
charged residues in these positions create the new hydrogen bonds that associated with a series of
structural changes and confirmed by intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy and homology
modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Kargar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mortazavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh-Mahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Safa Lotfi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahryar Shakeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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Genomic and protein structure analysis of the luciferase from the Iranian bioluminescent beetle, Luciola sp. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 124:689-698. [PMID: 30502432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, two Iranian luciferase genes from the Lampyris turkestanicus and Lampyroidea maculata have been carefully studied. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of the gene and protein of luciferase enzyme from the beetle of an Iranian lampyrid species, Luciola sp. (Coleoptera-Lampyridae). In this study, a Luciola sp. firefly was collected from the Yasouj area of Iran and its luciferase gene sequence was cloned and characterized. The genomic DNA length for this luciferase was the 1950 bp that combined of seven exons and separated by six introns. The results of multiple sequence alignment show that this gene has the most similarity with DNA gene luciferase from the Hotaria unmunsana species. Further analysis determined accurately the location of these introns in the luciferase gene. However, the deduced amino acid sequences of the luciferase gene (548 residues) showed that this luciferase had 97.8% resemblance to luciferase from Lampyroidea maculata species. By in silico modeling of firefly luciferase in an I-TASSER server, the 3D structure of this enzyme was evaluated. The results of phylogenetic tree analysis display the close evolutionary relationship of this luciferase gene and luciferase gene from the Lampyroidea maculata and Hotaria unmunsana.
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Hemmati R, Sajedi RH, Bakhtiari N, Hosseinkhani S. Directed Improvement of Luciferin Regenerating Enzyme Binding Properties: Implication of Some Conserved Residues in Luciferin-Binding Domain. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1293-8. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roohullah Hemmati
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Reza H. Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Nuredin Bakhtiari
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
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Sun Y, Wang L, Zhou Y, Mao X, Deng X. Cloning and characterization of the human trefoil factor 3 gene promoter. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95562. [PMID: 24743382 PMCID: PMC3990673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trefoil factor 3 (hTFF3) is a small-molecule peptide with potential medicinal value. Its main pharmacological function is to alleviate gastrointestinal mucosal injuries caused by various factors and promote the repair of damaged mucosa. However, how its transcription is regulated is not yet known. The aim of this study was to clone the hTFF3 gene promoter region, identify the core promoter and any transcription factors that bind to the promoter, and begin to clarify the regulation of its expression. The 5′ flanking sequence of the hTFF3 gene was cloned from human whole blood genomic DNA by PCR. Truncated promoter fragments with different were cloned and inserted into the pGL3-Basic vector to determine the position of the core hTFF3 promoter. Transcription element maintaining basic transcriptional activity was assessed by mutation techniques. Protein-DNA interactions were analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). RNA interference and gene over-expression were performed to assay the effect of transcription factor on the hTFF3 expression. The results showed that approximately 1,826 bp of the fragment upstream of hTFF3 was successfully amplified, and its core promoter region was determined to be from −300 bp to −280 bp through analysis of truncated mutants. Mutation analysis confirmed that the sequence required to maintain basic transcriptional activity was accurately positioned from −300 bp to −296 bp. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that this area contained a Sp1 binding site. Sp1 binding to the hTFF3 promoter was confirmed by ChIP experiments. Sp1 over-expression and interference experiments showed that Sp1 enhanced the transcriptional activity of the hTFF3 promoter and increased hTFF3 expression. This study demonstrated that Sp1 plays an important role in maintaining the transcription of hTFF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun
- Department of Burn Surgery, Huaihai Hospital affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Burn Surgery, No. 97 Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Liangxi Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Huaihai Hospital affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Burn Surgery, No. 97 Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yifang Zhou
- Department of Burn Surgery, Huaihai Hospital affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Burn Surgery, No. 97 Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuefei Mao
- Department of Burn Surgery, Huaihai Hospital affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Burn Surgery, No. 97 Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangdong Deng
- Department of Burn Surgery, Huaihai Hospital affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Burn Surgery, No. 97 Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioluminescence technology is based on the luciferin-luciferase reaction and is generally well known as a reporter gene assay system that uses firefly luciferase. It has revolutionized the field of transcriptional analysis owing to its usability and quantitative capability. Several methods for transcription analysis have emerged in the past two decades. Recently, novel bioluminescence techniques that differ from typical approaches were developed for the detection of transcriptional regulation or direct protein-protein interactions. OBJECTIVE As each method has its own characteristics, this review summarizes the latest bioluminescence methods that are applicable to the field of drug discovery research. METHODS Considering the diversity of related techniques, this review covers several aspects that have been divided into the following classes: variation of reporter gene assays, secretion properties, protein-protein interaction assays in living cells and bioluminescence imaging of living cells. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS The practical application of several luciferins and/or luciferases and the generation of novel applications by incorporating fluorescent molecules into bioluminescence techniques will become increasingly important because bioluminescence technology has a significant potential depending on how we use it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Hoshino
- Cell Dynamics Research Group Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan +81 72 751 7997 ; +81 72 751 9628 ;
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Riahi-Madvar A, Hosseinkhani S, Rezaee F. Implication of Arg213 and Arg337 on the kinetic and structural stability of firefly luciferase. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 52:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hosseinkhani S. Molecular enigma of multicolor bioluminescence of firefly luciferase. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1167-82. [PMID: 21188462 PMCID: PMC11114832 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Firefly luciferase-catalyzed reaction proceeds via the initial formation of an enzyme-bound luciferyl adenylate intermediate. The chemical origin of the color modulation in firefly bioluminescence has not been understood until recently. The presence of the same luciferin molecule, in combination with various mutated forms of luciferase, can emit light at slightly different wavelengths, ranging from red to yellow to green. A historical perspective of development in understanding of color emission mechanism is presented. To explain the variation in the color of the bioluminescence, different factors have been discussed and five hypotheses proposed for firefly bioluminescence color. On the basis of recent results, light-color modulation mechanism of firefly luciferase propose that the light emitter is the excited singlet state of OL(-) [(1)(OL(-))*], and light emission from (1)(OL(-))* is modulated by the polarity of the active-site environment at the phenol/phenolate terminal of the benzothiazole fragment in oxyluciferin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
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Nazari M, Hosseinkhani S. Design of disulfide bridge as an alternative mechanism for color shift in firefly luciferase and development of secreted luciferase. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1203-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05012e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Construction and characterization of Escherichia coli whole-cell biosensors for toluene and related compounds. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:690-6. [PMID: 20872219 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The XylR regulatory protein is a transcriptional activator from the TOL plasmid of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 that is involved in the toluene and benzene degradation pathway. Here we describe the construction and laboratory characterization of recombinant biosensors (pGLPX plasmids) based on XylR and its cognate promoter (Pu). In the pGLPX plasmid, the reporter luc gene is under the control of the Pu promoter. We evaluated the ability of two distinct nucleotide sequences to function as SD elements and improve sensitivity of bioreporting. We also evaluated the effect of introducing the T₂rrnβ terminator on the specificity of the construct. E. coli transformed with pGLPX plasmids were used to sense toluene and its derivatives. The pattern of induction was different for each derivative. In general, more luciferase activity was induced by toluene and benzene than by TNT and DNT at most tested concentrations. The bioluminescence response of the reporter strains to the nitrotoluenes was significantly stronger at lower concentrations (≥ 50 μmol) than at higher concentrations. Our results show that the SD sequence (taaggagg) is crucially important for biosensor sensitivity. The presence of the T₂rrnβ terminator in the bioreporter plasmid prevents nonspecific responses and also reduces biosensor sensitivity upon exposure to inducers. These data suggest that pGLPX strains can be used as whole-cell biosensors to detect toluene and related compounds. Further investigation will be required to optimize the application of pGLPX biosensors.
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Emamzadeh R, Hosseinkhani S, Hemati R, Sadeghizadeh M. RACE-based amplification of cDNA and expression of a luciferin-regenerating enzyme (LRE): An attempt towards persistent bioluminescent signal. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Shavandi M, Sadeghizadeh M, Khajeh K, Mohebali G, Zomorodipour A. Genomic structure and promoter analysis of the dsz operon for dibenzothiophene biodesulfurization from Gordonia alkanivorans RIPI90A. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1455-61. [PMID: 20414649 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Gordonia alkanivorans RIPI90A has been previously reported as dibenzothiophene-desulfurizing strain. The present study provides a complete investigation of the dsz operon including dsz promoter analysis from desulfurization competent strain belonging to the genus Gordonia. PCR was used to amplify the dszABC genes and adaptor ligation-based PCR-walking strategy used to isolate the dsz promoter. Unlike the dsz operon of Rhodococcus erythropolis, the operon of RIPI90A was located on chromosome. Despite the remarkably high homology between dsz genes of G. alkanivorans RIPI90A and R. erythropolis IGST8, promoter sequences of the strains were not very similar. The dsz promoter of G. alkanivorans RIPI90A shows only 52.5% homology to that of R. erythropolis IGTS8 and Gordonia nitida. Deletion analysis of the dsz promoter from RIPI90A using luciferase as a reporter gene revealed that the dsz promoter was located in regions from -156 to -50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Shavandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, West Blvd. Azadi Sport Complex, Tehran, Iran.
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Maghami P, Ranjbar B, Hosseinkhani S, Ghasemi A, Moradi A, Gill P. Relationship between stability and bioluminescence color of firefly luciferase. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:376-83. [PMID: 20221465 DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Firefly luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of luciferin in the presence of ATP, Mg(2+) and molecular oxygen. The bioluminescence color of firefly luciferases is identified by the luciferase structure and assay conditions. Amongst different types of beetles, luciferase from Phrixotrix railroad worm (PhRE) with a unique additional residue (Arg353) naturally emits red bioluminescence color. By insertion of Arg356 in luciferase of Lampyris turkestanicus, corresponding to Arg353 in Phrixotrix hirtus, the color of the emitted light was changed to red. To understand the effect of this position on the bioluminescence color shift, four residues with similar sizes but different charges (Arg, Lys, Glu, and Gln) were inserted into Photinus pyralis luciferase. Comparison of mutants with native luciferase shows that mutation brought an increase in the content of secondary structure and globular compactness of (P. pylalis) luciferase. Comparative study of chemical denaturation of native and mutant luciferases by activity measurement, intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence, circular dichroism, and DSC techniques revealed that insertion of positively charged residues (Arg, Lys) in the flexible loop (352-358) plays a significant role on the stability of (P. pyralis) luciferase and changes the light color to red.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Maghami
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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Inouye S. Firefly luciferase: an adenylate-forming enzyme for multicatalytic functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:387-404. [PMID: 19859663 PMCID: PMC11115821 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Firefly luciferase is a member of the acyl-adenylate/thioester-forming superfamily of enzymes and catalyzes the oxidation of firefly luciferin with molecular oxygen to emit light. Knowledge of the luminescence mechanism catalyzed by firefly luciferase has been gathered, leading to the discovery of a novel catalytic function of luciferase. Recently, we demonstrated that firefly luciferase has a catalytic function of fatty acyl-CoA synthesis from fatty acids in the presence of ATP, Mg(2+) and coenzyme A. Based on identification of fatty acyl-CoA genes in firefly, Drosophila, and non-luminous click beetles, we then proposed that the evolutionary origin of firefly luciferase is a fatty acyl-CoA synthetase in insects. Further, we succeeded in converting the fatty acyl-CoA synthetase of non-luminous insects into functional luciferase showing luminescence activity by site-directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Inouye
- Yokohama Research Center, Chisso Corporation, 5-1 Okawa, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8605, Japan.
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Stabilization of firefly luciferase against thermal stress by osmolytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2008; 43:187-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Michelini E, Cevenini L, Mezzanotte L, Ablamsky D, Southworth T, Branchini BR, Roda A. Combining intracellular and secreted bioluminescent reporter proteins for multicolor cell-based assays. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:212-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b714251j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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