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Bacterial Toxins Active against Mosquitoes: Mode of Action and Resistance. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080523. [PMID: 34437394 PMCID: PMC8402332 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvicides based on the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis (Bti) and Lysinibacillus sphaericus are effective and environmentally safe compounds for the control of dipteran insects of medical importance. They produce crystals that display specific and potent insecticidal activity against larvae. Bti crystals are composed of multiple protoxins: three from the three-domain Cry type family, which bind to different cell receptors in the midgut, and one cytolytic (Cyt1Aa) protoxin that can insert itself into the cell membrane and act as surrogate receptor of the Cry toxins. Together, those toxins display a complex mode of action that shows a low risk of resistance selection. L. sphaericus crystals contain one major binary toxin that display an outstanding persistence in field conditions, which is superior to Bti. However, the action of the Bin toxin based on its interaction with a single receptor is vulnerable for resistance selection in insects. In this review we present the most recent data on the mode of action and synergism of these toxins, resistance issues, and examples of their use worldwide. Data reported in recent years improved our understanding of the mechanism of action of these toxins, showed that their combined use can enhance their activity and counteract resistance, and reinforced their relevance for mosquito control programs in the future years.
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Fernández L, Reviglio AL, Heredia DA, Morales GM, Santo M, Otero L, Alustiza F, Liaudat AC, Bosch P, Larghi EL, Bracca AB, Kaufman TS. Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers holding a wound healing active compound and its effect in cell culture. A model for the study of surface mediated drug delivery systems. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06436. [PMID: 33763610 PMCID: PMC7973310 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films holding a synthetic bioinspired wound healing active compound were used as drug-delivery platforms. Palmitic acid Langmuir monolayers were able to incorporate 2-methyltriclisine, a synthetic Triclisine derivative that showed wound healing activity. The layers proved to be stable and the nanocomposites were transferred to solid substrates. Normal human lung cells (Medical Research Council cell strain 5, MRC-5) were grown over the monomolecular Langmuir-Blodgett films that acted as a drug reservoir and delivery system. The proliferation and migration of the cells were clearly affected by the presence of 2-methyltriclisine in the amphiphilic layers. The methodology is proposed as a simple and reliable model for the study of the effects of bioactive compounds over cellular cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Fernández
- Departamento de Física, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CONICET, Agencia Postal 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Ana Lucía Reviglio
- Departamento de Física, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CONICET, Agencia Postal 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Daniel A. Heredia
- Departamento de Física, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CONICET, Agencia Postal 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Gustavo M. Morales
- Departamento de Física, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CONICET, Agencia Postal 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Marisa Santo
- Departamento de Física, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CONICET, Agencia Postal 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Luis Otero
- Departamento de Física, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CONICET, Agencia Postal 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Fabrisio Alustiza
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, INTA Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez, X2580, Marcos Juárez, Argentina
| | - Ana Cecilia Liaudat
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Pablo Bosch
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Enrique L. Larghi
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Andrea B.J. Bracca
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S. Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
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An aromatic cluster in Lysinibacillus sphaericus BinB involved in toxicity and proper in-membrane folding. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 660:29-35. [PMID: 30321498 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The binary toxin from Lysinibacillus sphaericus has been successfully used for controlling mosquito-transmitted diseases. Based on structural alignments with other toxins, an aromatic cluster in the C-terminal domain of BinB (termed here BC) has been proposed to be important for toxicity. We tested this experimentally using BinB mutants bearing single mutations in this aromatic cluster. Consistent with the hypothesis, two of these mutations, F311A and F315A, were not toxic to Culex quinquefasciatus larvae and were unable to permeabilize liposomes or elicit ion channel activity, in contrast to wild-type BinB. Despite these effects, none of these mutations altered significantly the interaction between the activated forms of the two subunits in solution. These results indicate that these aromatic residues on the C-terminal domain of BinB are critical for toxin insertion in membranes. The latter can be by direct contact of these residues with the membrane surface, or by facilitating the formation a membrane-inserting oligomer.
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Kelker MS, Berry C, Evans SL, Pai R, McCaskill DG, Wang NX, Russell JC, Baker MD, Yang C, Pflugrath JW, Wade M, Wess TJ, Narva KE. Structural and biophysical characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112555. [PMID: 25390338 PMCID: PMC4229197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis strains are well known for the production of insecticidal proteins upon sporulation and these proteins are deposited in parasporal crystalline inclusions. The majority of these insect-specific toxins exhibit three domains in the mature toxin sequence. However, other Cry toxins are structurally and evolutionarily unrelated to this three-domain family and little is known of their three dimensional structures, limiting our understanding of their mechanisms of action and our ability to engineer the proteins to enhance their function. Among the non-three domain Cry toxins, the Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins from B. thuringiensis strain PS149B1 are required to act together to produce toxicity to the western corn rootworm (WCR) Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte via a pore forming mechanism of action. Cry34Ab1 is a protein of ∼14 kDa with features of the aegerolysin family (Pfam06355) of proteins that have known membrane disrupting activity, while Cry35Ab1 is a ∼44 kDa member of the toxin_10 family (Pfam05431) that includes other insecticidal proteins such as the binary toxin BinA/BinB. The Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 proteins represent an important seed trait technology having been developed as insect resistance traits in commercialized corn hybrids for control of WCR. The structures of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 have been elucidated to 2.15 Å and 1.80 Å resolution, respectively. The solution structures of the toxins were further studied by small angle X-ray scattering and native electrospray ion mobility mass spectrometry. We present here the first published structure from the aegerolysin protein domain family and the structural comparisons of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 with other pore forming toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Kelker
- Dow AgroSciences, LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L. Evans
- Dow AgroSciences, LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Reetal Pai
- Dow AgroSciences, LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Nick X. Wang
- Dow AgroSciences, LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Russell
- Dow AgroSciences, LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Baker
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Yang
- Rigaku Americas Corporation, The Woodlands, Texas, United States of America
| | - J. W. Pflugrath
- Rigaku Americas Corporation, The Woodlands, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wade
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J. Wess
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth E. Narva
- Dow AgroSciences, LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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Srisucharitpanit K, Yao M, Promdonkoy B, Chimnaronk S, Tanaka I, Boonserm P. Crystal structure of BinB: A receptor binding component of the binary toxin from Lysinibacillus sphaericus. Proteins 2014; 82:2703-12. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Srisucharitpanit
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University; Salaya, Phuttamonthon Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
- Faculty of Allied Health Science; Burapha University, Saensook; Muang District Chon Buri 20131 Thailand
| | - Min Yao
- Faculty of Advanced Life Sciences; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Boonhiang Promdonkoy
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency; 113 Pahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng Khlong Luang Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Sarin Chimnaronk
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University; Salaya, Phuttamonthon Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Isao Tanaka
- Faculty of Advanced Life Sciences; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Panadda Boonserm
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University; Salaya, Phuttamonthon Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
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Singkhamanan K, Promdonkoy B, Srikhirin T, Boonserm P. Amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of the BinB subunit of Lysinibacillus sphaericus binary toxin play a critical role during receptor binding and membrane insertion. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 114:65-70. [PMID: 23743006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The binary toxin produced by Lysinibacillus sphaericus is composed of BinA and BinB subunits that work together in governing toxicity against mosquito larvae. BinA is proposed to be important for toxicity, whereas BinB has been shown to act as a specific receptor-binding component. The precise function of both subunits, however, is not well established. Here, we investigated the function of the N-terminal region of BinB subunit initially by introducing triple alanine substitutions at positions 35PEI37 and 41FYN43. Both block mutations abolished the larvicidal activity. Single point mutations (P35A, E36A, I37A, F41A, Y42A, N43A) were generated in order to identify amino acids that are critical for the toxin activity. Mosquito-larvicidal activity was significantly reduced in P35A, E36A, F41A and Y42A mutants. However, these mutants retained ability to form in vitro interaction with the BinA counterpart. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that P35A, F41A and N43A bind to the larval midgut membrane at comparable levels to that of the wild type BinB. In contrast, greatly reduced binding activity was observed in the Y42A, suggesting an important role of this residue in receptor binding. Alanine substitution at P35 resulted in a marked decrease in membrane penetration, indicating its functional importance for the membrane insertion. These results suggest the important roles of the N-terminal region of BinB in both the receptor recognition and the membrane interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonnut Singkhamanan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Srisucharitpanit K, Yao M, Chimnaronk S, Promdonkoy B, Tanaka I, Boonserm P. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the functional form of BinB binary toxin from Bacillus sphaericus. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:170-3. [PMID: 23385761 PMCID: PMC3564622 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The binary toxin from Bacillus sphaericus consists of two proteins, BinA and BinB, which work together to exert toxicity against mosquito larvae. BinB is proposed to be a receptor-binding domain and internalizes BinA into the midgut cells, resulting in toxicity via an unknown mechanism. The functional form of BinB has been successfully crystallized. The crystals of BinB diffracted to a resolution of 1.75 Å and belong to space group P6(2)22, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 95.2, c = 154.9 Å. Selenomethionine-substituted BinB (SeMetBinB) was prepared and crystallized for experimental phasing. The SeMetBinB crystal data were collected at a wavelength of 0.979 Å and diffracted to a resolution of 1.85 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Srisucharitpanit
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Min Yao
- Faculty of Advanced Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Sarin Chimnaronk
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Boonhiang Promdonkoy
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Isao Tanaka
- Faculty of Advanced Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Panadda Boonserm
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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