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Wang S, Wu T, Sun J, Li Y, Yuan Z, Sun W. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals the Molecular Anatomy of Sheep Hair Follicle Heterogeneity and Wool Curvature. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:800157. [PMID: 34993204 PMCID: PMC8724054 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.800157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wool is the critical textile raw material which is produced by the hair follicle of sheep. Therefore, it has important implications to investigate the molecular mechanism governing hair follicle development. Due to high cellular heterogeneity as well as the insufficient cellular, molecular, and spatial characterization of hair follicles on sheep, the molecular mechanisms involved in hair follicle development and wool curvature of sheep remains largely unknown. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have made it possible to comprehensively dissect the cellular composition of complex skin tissues and unveil the differentiation and spatial signatures of epidermal and hair follicle development. However, such studies are lacking so far in sheep. Here, single-cell suspensions from the curly wool and straight wool lambskins were prepared for unbiased scRNA-seq. Based on UAMP dimension reduction analysis, we identified 19 distinct cell populations from 15,830 single-cell transcriptomes and characterized their cellular identity according to specific gene expression profiles. Furthermore, novel marker gene was applied in identifying dermal papilla cells isolated in vitro. By using pseudotime ordering analysis, we constructed the matrix cell lineage differentiation trajectory and revealed the dynamic gene expression profiles of matrix progenitors' commitment to the hair shaft and inner root sheath (IRS) cells. Meanwhile, intercellular communication between mesenchymal and epithelial cells was inferred based on CellChat and the prior knowledge of ligand–receptor pairs. As a result, strong intercellular communication and associated signaling pathways were revealed. Besides, to clarify the molecular mechanism of wool curvature, differentially expressed genes in specific cells between straight wool and curly wool were identified and analyzed. Our findings here provided an unbiased and systematic view of the molecular anatomy of sheep hair follicle comprising 19 clusters; revealed the differentiation, spatial signatures, and intercellular communication underlying sheep hair follicle development; and at the same time revealed the potential molecular mechanism of wool curvature, which will give important new insights into the biology of the sheep hair follicle and has implications for sheep breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zehu Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Genome-wide identification and characterization of long non-coding RNAs expressed during sheep fetal and postnatal hair follicle development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8501. [PMID: 31186438 PMCID: PMC6559957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), >200 nt in length, are transcribed from mammalian genomes. They play important regulatory roles in various biological processes; However, the function and expression profile of lncRNAs involved in the development of hair follicles in the fetus, have been relatively under-explored area. To investigate the specific role of lncRNAs and mRNAs that regulate hair follicle development, we herein performed a comprehensive study on the lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles of sheep at multiple embryonic days (E65, E85, E105, and E135) and six lambs aged one week (D7) and one month (D30) using RNA-seq technology. The number of genes (471 lncRNAs and 12,812 mRNAs) differentially expressed and potential targets of differentially expressed lncRNAs were predicted. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were grouped into 10 clusters based on their expression pattern by K-means clustering. Moreover, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed that some differentially expressed mRNAs, such as DKK1, DSG4, FOXE1, Hoxc13, SFRP1, SFRP2, and Wnt10A overlapped with lncRNAs targets, and enriched in important hair follicle developmental pathways, including Wnt, TNF, and MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, 9 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 4 differentially expressed mRNAs were validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). This study helps enrich the Ovis lncRNA databases and provides a comprehensive lncRNA transcriptome profile of fetal and postnatal skin of sheep. Additionally, it provides a foundation for further experiments on the role of lncRNAs in the regulation of hair growth in sheep.
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Song S, Yang M, Li Y, Rouzi M, Zhao Q, Pu Y, He X, Mwacharo JM, Yang N, Ma Y, Jiang L. Genome-wide discovery of lincRNAs with spatiotemporal expression patterns in the skin of goat during the cashmere growth cycle. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:495. [PMID: 29940837 PMCID: PMC6019838 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) have been recognized in recent years as key regulators of biological processes. However, lincRNAs in goat remain poorly characterized both across various tissues and during different developmental stages in goat (Capra hircus). Results We performed the genome-wide discovery of the lincRNAs in goat by combining the RNA-seq dataset that were generated from 28 cashmere goat skin samples and the 12 datasets of goat tissues downloaded from the NCBI database. We identified a total of 5546 potential lincRNA transcripts that overlapped 3641 lincRNA genes. These lincRNAs exhibited a tissue-specific pattern. Specifically, there are 584 lincRNAs expressed exclusively in only one tissue, and 91 were highly expressed in hair follicle (HF). In addition, 2350 protein-coding genes and 492 lincRNAs were differentially expressed in the skin of goat. The majority exhibited the remarkable differential expression during the transition of the goat skin from the May–June to August–October time point, which covered the different seasons. Fundamental biological processes, such as skin development, were significantly enriched in these genes. Furthermore, we identified several lincRNAs highly expressed in the HF, which exhibited not only the co-expression pattern with the key factors to the HF development but also the activated expression in the August to October time point. Intriguingly, one of spatiotemporal lincRNAs, linc-chig1598 could be a potential regulator of distal-less homeobox 3 expression during the secondary hair follicle growth. Conclusions This study will facilitate future studies aimed at unravelling the function of lincRNAs in hair follicle development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4864-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China.,Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yefang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Marhaba Rouzi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qianjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China.,Small Ruminant Genomics Group, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yabin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China.,Small Ruminant Genomics Group, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Xiaohong He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China.,Small Ruminant Genomics Group, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Joram M Mwacharo
- Small Ruminant Genomics Group, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yuehui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China. .,Small Ruminant Genomics Group, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China. .,Small Ruminant Genomics Group, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Chen YH, Zhang YQ. Exploration of the association between FOXE1 gene polymorphism and differentiated thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:83. [PMID: 29788924 PMCID: PMC5964894 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several association analyses and linkage researches indicated that inherited genetic variations effectively influence differentiated thyroid carcinogenesis. METHODS The results from 15 published studies on differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) were combined. The genetic model included rs965513, rs944289 and rs1867277. Meta-analyses were performed and cochran's χ2 based Q-statistic and I2 test were performed to assess heterogeneity using STATA software. RESULTS Significant results were noticed for rs965513(Odds Ratio(OR) = 1.162(1.117, 1.208)), rs944289(OR = 1.082(1.035, 1.131)) and rs1867277(OR = 1.415(1.324, 1.512)). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, rs965513 polymorphism conferred that risk of Caucasians (OR = 1.168(1.122, 1.215)) was more than that of East Asians of 1.35 (OR = 0.897(0.680, 1.193)). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis revealed that common variations of FOXE1 (rs965513, rs944289 and rs1867277) were risk factors associated with increased DTC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Ying-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
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Yang M, Song S, Dong K, Chen X, Liu X, Rouzi M, Zhao Q, He X, Pu Y, Guan W, Ma Y, Jiang L. Skin transcriptome reveals the intrinsic molecular mechanisms underlying hair follicle cycling in Cashmere goats under natural and shortened photoperiod conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13502. [PMID: 29044192 PMCID: PMC5647384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of cashmere exhibits a seasonal pattern arising from photoperiod change. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. We profiled the skin transcriptome of six goats at seven time points during hair follicle cycling via RNA-seq. The six goats comprised three goats exposed to a natural photoperiod and three exposed to a shortened photoperiod. During hair cycle transition, 1713 genes showed differential expression, and 332 genes showed a pattern of periodic expression. Moreover, a short photoperiod induced the hair follicle to enter anagen early, and 246 genes overlapped with the periodic genes. Among these key genes, cold-shock domain containing C2 (CSDC2) was highly expressed in the epidermis and dermis of Cashmere goat skin, although its function in hair-follicle development remains unknown. CSDC2 silencing in mouse fibroblasts resulted in the decreased mRNA expression of two key hair-follicle factors, leading to reduced cell numbers and a lower cell density. Cashmere growth or molting might be controlled by a set of periodic regulatory genes. The appropriate management of short light exposure can induce hair follicles to enter full anagen early through the activation of these regulators. The CSDC2 gene is a potentially important transcription factor in the hair growth cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Kunzhe Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - XiaoFei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuexue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Marhaba Rouzi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qianjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaohong He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yabin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weijun Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuehui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China.
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Bychkov A, Saenko V, Nakashima M, Mitsutake N, Rogounovitch T, Nikitski A, Orim F, Yamashita S. Patterns of FOXE1 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma by immunohistochemistry. Thyroid 2013; 23:817-28. [PMID: 23327367 PMCID: PMC3704107 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FOXE1, a thyroid-specific transcription factor also known as TTF-2, was recently identified as a major genetic risk factor for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Its role in thyroid carcinogenesis, however, remains unknown. The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between the FOXE1 immunohistochemical features and the clinical and genetic characteristics of PTC. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining of FOXE1 was performed in 48 PTC cases. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms immediately inside (rs1867277) or in the vicinity (rs965513) of the FOXE1 gene were genotyped by direct sequencing. Histopathological, clinical, and genetic data were included in statistical analyses. RESULTS FOXE1 exhibited cytoplasmic overexpression in tumor tissue compared to the normal counterpart (p<0.001). Both cancer and normal thyroid cells demonstrated the highest FOXE1 scores in the areas closest to the tumor border (<300 μm) compared with more distant areas (p<0.001). No differences in FOXE1 staining distributions were found between microcarcinomas and PTC of larger size, between different histopathological variants of PTC, and encapsulated and nonencapsulated tumors. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that nuclear FOXE1 expression in neoplastic cells in the vicinity of the tumor border independently associated with the genotype at rs1867277 (the dominant model of inheritance, p=0.037) and tumor multifocality (p=0.032), and with marginal significance with capsular invasion (p=0.051). CONCLUSIONS FOXE1 overexpression and translocation to the cytoplasm are phenotypic hallmarks of tumor cells suggesting that FOXE1 is involved in the pathogenesis of PTC. Nuclear FOXE1 expression in tumor cells in the vicinity of the PTC border is associated with the presence of a risk allele of rs1867277 (c.-238G>A) in the 5' untranslated region of the FOXE1 gene, as well as with pathological characteristics of PTC, suggesting possible FOXE1 involvement in the facilitation of tumor development beginning at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Bychkov
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Vladimir Saenko
- Department of Health Risk Control, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University Research Center for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatiana Rogounovitch
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Alyaksandr Nikitski
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Florence Orim
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yamashita
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Health Risk Control, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Hairless down-regulates expression of Msx2 and its related target genes in hair follicles. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 71:203-9. [PMID: 23702391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hairless (HR), a transcriptional cofactor, plays important roles in hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis and cycling. Recently, we reported the new Hr mutant mouse called "Hairpoor" (Hr(Hp)) that causes HR overexpression through translational de-repression. The Msh homeobox 2 (Msx2) is a homolog of the Drosophila muscle segment homeobox (msh) gene, which expressed in the hair bulb, including in the germinal matrix, and its expression spreads into the upper region of the HF including the hair cortex. OBJECTIVE Although Msx2 is regarded as an important gene in hair cycle control and hair shaft differentiation, the regulation of Msx2 expression is not well-known. METHODS Using realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot, we investigated the relationship between HR and Msx2 in the Hr(Hp)/Hr(Hp) mouse during the HF morphogenesis. Immunohistochemistry was performed to compare the pattern of expression of MSX2 in Hr(Hp)/Hr(Hp) mouse skin with that in wild-type skin. Msx2 mRNA expression and promoter activity was estimated using a transient expression system to see whether HR down-regulates Msx2 expression in vitro. We also investigated whether downregulation of MSX2 by HR also affects the MSX2 regulatory pathway in the Hr(Hp)/Hr(Hp) mouse and in an in vitro system. RESULTS We found that the expression of Msx2 was down-regulated by HR, which in turn down-regulated expression of Foxn1 and Lef1, MSX2 target genes, in vivo as well as in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results show that HR regulates expression of genes in the MSX2 regulatory pathway, which explains abnormal HF formation in Hr(Hp)/Hr(Hp) skin.
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Kim BK, Lee HY, Choi JH, Kim JK, Yoon JB, Yoon SK. Hairless plays a role in formation of inner root sheath via regulation of Dlx3 gene. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16681-8. [PMID: 22442153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.320770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hairless (Hr), a transcription factor, is expressed in the suprabasal cell layer of the interfollicular epidermis and the lower portion of the hair follicle epithelium, where its expression is dependent on the hair cycle. Recently, we reported a new Hr mutant mouse, Hr(Hp), in which the hairless protein (HR) was overexpressed. In this study, we documented abnormal formation of inner root sheath (IRS), suppressed expression of Dlx3, and IRS keratins in the Hr(Hp)/Hr(Hp) skin. We also found that HR down-regulated Dlx3 mRNA expression through suppression of Dlx3 promoter activity. In addition, we showed that Dlx3 regulated the expression of IRS keratins. Our results demonstrate that regulation of Dlx3 by HR affects the IRS keratin expression, thus modulating the formation of IRS of hair follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
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