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Wang H, Zhu B. Directed preparation of algal oligosaccharides with specific structures by algal polysaccharide degrading enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134093. [PMID: 39053825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Seaweed polysaccharides have a wide range of sources and rich content, with various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anticoagulant, and blood pressure lowering. They can be applied in fields such as food, agriculture, and medicine. However, the poor solubility of macromolecular seaweed polysaccharides limits their further application. Reports have shown that some biological activities of seaweed oligosaccharides are more extensive and superior to that of seaweed polysaccharides. Therefore, reducing the degree of polymerization of polysaccharides will be the key to the high value utilization of seaweed polysaccharide resources. There are three main methods for degrading algal polysaccharides into algal oligosaccharides, physical, chemical and enzymatic degradation. Among them, enzymatic degradation has been a hot research topic in recent years. Various types of algal polysaccharide hydrolases and related glycosidases are powerful tools for the preparation of algal oligosaccharides, including α-agarases, β-agaroses, α-neoagarose hydrolases and β-galactosidases that are related to agar, κ-carrageenases, ι-carrageenases and λ-carrageenases that are related to carrageenan, β-porphyranases that are related to porphyran, funoran hydrolases that are related to funoran, alginate lyases that are related to alginate and ulvan lyases related to ulvan. This paper describes the bioactivities of agar oligosaccharide, carrageenan oligosaccharide, porphyran oligosaccharide, funoran oligosaccharide, alginate oligosaccharide and ulvan oligosaccharide and provides a detailed review of the progress of research on the enzymatic preparation of these six oligosaccharides. At the same time, the problems and challenges faced are presented to guide and improve the preparation and application of algal oligosaccharides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211086, China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211086, China.
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Labade D, Sevamani S, Tabassum H, Madhyastha H, Wani M. Statistical optimization of process variables for agarase production using Microbacterium sp. SS5 strain from non-marine sources. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 54:393-406. [PMID: 37671950 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2245866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Agar oligosaccharides are thought to be valuable biomolecules with high bioactivity potential, along with a wide range of applications and advantages. The current study aimed to optimize the culture parameters required to produce agarase enzyme and agar oligosaccharides from industrial waste agar. Microbacterium spp. strain SS5 was isolated from a non-marine source and could synthesize oligo derivatives for use in a variety of industries ranging from food to pharmaceuticals. In addition, the strain and culture conditions were optimized to maximize extracellular agarase production. The bacterium grew best at pH 5.0 - 9.0, with an optimal pH of 7.5 - 8.0; temperatures ranging from 25 to 45 °C, with an optimal of 35 °C; and carbon and nitrogen concentrations of 0.5% each. Plackett-Burman experimental design and response surface methods were used to optimize various process parameters for agarase production by Microbacterium spp. strain SS5. Using the Plackett-Burman experimental design, eleven process factors were screened, and agar, beef extract, CaCl2, and beginning pH were found as the most significant independent variables affecting agarase production with confidence levels above 90%. To determine the optimal concentrations of the identified process factors on agarase production, the Box- Behnken design was used. Agarase production by Microbacterium spp. strain SS5 after optimization was 0.272 U/mL, which was determined to be greater than the result obtained from the basal medium (0.132 U/mL) before screening using Plackett-Burman and BBD with a fold increase of 2.06.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Labade
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Rise N' Shine Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Selvaraju Sevamani
- Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Salalah, Oman
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cardio-Vascular Physiology, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Minal Wani
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Rise N' Shine Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Lee HK, Jang WY, Kim YH. Extracellular production of a thermostable Cellvibrio endolytic β-agarase in Escherichia coli for agarose liquefaction. AMB Express 2023; 13:42. [PMID: 37145239 PMCID: PMC10163192 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01551-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Four GH16 family β-agarases (GH16A, GH16B, GH16C, and GH16D), originated from an agarolytic bacterium Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1, were expressed in an Escherichia coli system and their activities were compared. Only GH16B (597 amino acids, 63.8 kDa), with N-terminal 22-amino acid signal sequence, was secreted into the culture supernatant and demonstrated a robust endolytic agarose hydrolyzing activity for producing neoagarotetraose (NA4) and neoagarohexaose (NA6) as end products. The optimal temperature and pH for the enzyme activity were 50 °C and 7.0, respectively. The enzyme was stable up to 50 °C and over a pH range of 5.0-8.0. The kinetic parameters, including Km, Vmax, kcat, and kcat/Km, of GH16B β-agarases for agarose were 14.40 mg/mL, 542.0 U/mg, 576.3 s-1, and 4.80 × 106 s-1 M-1, respectively. The addition of 1 mM MnCl2 and 15 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine enhanced the enzymatic activity. When agarose or neoagaro-oligosaccharides were used as substrates, the end products of enzymatic catalysis were NA4 and NA6, whereas agaropentaose was produced along with NA4 and NA6 when agaro-oligosaccharides were used as substrates. Treatment of 9%[w/v] melted agarose with the enzyme (1.6 µg/mL) under continuous magnetic stirring at 50 °C for 14 h resulted in efficient agarose liquefaction into NA4 and NA6. Purification of NA4 and NA6 from the enzymatic hydrolysate (9%[w/v] agarose, 20 mL) via Sephadex G-15 column chromatography yielded ~ 650 mg NA4/~ 900 mg NA6 (i.e., ~ 85.3% of the theoretical maximum yield). These findings suggest that the recombinant thermostable GH16B β-agarase is useful for agarose liquefaction to produce NA4 and NA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Jang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Park H, Jo CY, Lee KB, Mun S. Standing wave design and optimization of a tandem size-exclusion simulated moving bed process for high-throughput recovery of neoagarohexaose from neoagarooligosaccharides. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Dong C, Lin B, Song Y, Peng T, Zhong M, Li J, Hu Z. Characterization and activity enhancement of a novel exo-type agarase Aga575 from Aquimarina agarilytica ZC1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8287-8296. [PMID: 34605970 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The novel β-agarase gene aga575 from the agarolytic bacterium Aquimarina agarilytica ZC1 is composed of 2142 bp, and the encoded protein Aga575 has the highest amino acid sequence homology of only 65.2% with known agarases. Though carrying a domain of glycoside hydrolase family 42 in the C-terminal, Aga575 should belong to glycoside hydrolase family 50 according to the phylogenetic analysis. Gene aga575 was successfully cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) cells. The recombinant protein had the maximal agarase activity at pH 8.0 and 37 °C. The values Km and Vmax toward agarose were 8.4 mg/mL and 52.2 U/mg, respectively. Aga575 hydrolyzed agarose and neoagarooligosaccharides to yield neoagarobiose as the sole product. The agarose hydrolysis pattern of Aga575 indicated that it was an exo-type β-agarase. Random mutagenesis was carried out to obtain two beneficial mutants M1 (R534G) and M2 (S4R-R424G) with higher activities. The results showed that the agarase activity of mutant M1 and M2 reached 162% and 192% of the wild-type agarase Aga575, respectively. Moreover, the activity of the mixed mutant M1/M2 (S4R-R424G-R534G) increased to 227%. KEY POINTS: • Aga575 is a novel exo-type β-agarase degrading agarose to yield neoagarobiose as the sole product. • Though owning a domain of glycoside hydrolase family GH42, Aga575 should belong to family GH50. • The agarase activity of one mutant increased to 227% of the wild-type Aga575.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Dong
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Bokun Lin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Mingqi Zhong
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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Anggraeni SR, Ansorge-Schumacher MB. Characterization and Modeling of Thermostable GH50 Agarases from Microbulbifer elongatus PORT2. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:809-820. [PMID: 34595592 PMCID: PMC8551122 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Viewing the considerable potential of marine agar as a source for the sustainable production of energy as well as nature-derived pharmaceutics, this work investigated the catalytic activity of three novel GH50 agarases from the mesophilic marine bacterium Microbulbifer elongatus PORT2 isolated from Indonesian coastal seawaters. The GH50 agarases AgaA50, AgaB50, and AgaC50 were identified through genome analysis; the corresponding genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). All recombinant agarases hydrolyzed β-p-nitrophenyl galactopyranoside, indicating β-glycosidase characteristics. AgaA50 and AgaB50 were able to cleave diverse natural agar species derived from Indonesian agarophytes, indicating a promising tolerance of these enzymes for substrate modifications. All three GH50 agarases degraded agarose, albeit with remarkable diversity in their catalytic activity and mode of action. AgaA50 and AgaC50 exerted exolytic activity releasing differently sized neoagarobioses, while AgaB50 showed additional endolytic activity in dependence on the substrate size. Surprisingly, AgaA50 and AgaB50 revealed considerable thermostability, retaining over 75% activity after 1-h incubation at 50 °C. Considering the thermal properties of agar, this makes these enzymes promising candidates for industrial processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Rukminita Anggraeni
- Professur Für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany.
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia.
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Jin Y, Yu S, Liu JJ, Yun EJ, Lee JW, Jin YS, Kim KH. Production of neoagarooligosaccharides by probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii engineered as a microbial cell factory. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:160. [PMID: 34407819 PMCID: PMC8371797 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01644-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii is a representative probiotic yeast that has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, S. boulardii has not been studied as a microbial cell factory for producing useful substances. Agarose, a major component of red macroalgae, can be depolymerized into neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOSs) by an endo-type β-agarase. NAOSs, including neoagarotetraose (NeoDP4), are known to be health-benefiting substances owing to their prebiotic effect. Thus, NAOS production in the gut is required. In this study, the probiotic yeast S. boulardii was engineered to produce NAOSs by expressing an endo-type β-agarase, BpGH16A, derived from a human gut bacterium Bacteroides plebeius. Results In total, four different signal peptides were compared in S. boulardii for protein (BpGH16A) secretion for the first time. The SED1 signal peptide derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected as optimal for extracellular production of NeoDP4 from agarose. Expression of BpGH16A was performed in two ways using the plasmid vector system and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 system. The production of NeoDP4 by engineered S. boulardii was verified and quantified. NeoDP4 was produced by S. boulardii engineered using the plasmid vector system and CRISPR-Cas9 at 1.86 and 0.80 g/L in a 72-h fermentation, respectively. Conclusions This is the first report on NAOS production using the probiotic yeast S. boulardii. Our results suggest that S. boulardii can be considered a microbial cell factory to produce health-beneficial substances in the human gut. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01644-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerin Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sora Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eun Ju Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Park H, Kim JW, Chang YK, Mun S. The first attempt at simulated-moving-bed separation of medically utilizable ingredients from neoagarooligosaccharides generated through the β-agarase hydrolysis of agarose in red algae. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wang W, Wang J, Yan R, Zeng R, Zuo Y, Wang D, Qu W. Expression and Characterization of a Novel Cold-Adapted and Stable β-Agarase Gene agaW1540 from the Deep-Sea Bacterium Shewanella sp. WPAGA9. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080431. [PMID: 34436270 PMCID: PMC8398281 DOI: 10.3390/md19080431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The neoagaro-oligosaccharides, degraded from agarose by agarases, are important natural substances with many bioactivities. In this study, a novel agarase gene, agaW1540, from the genome of a deep-sea bacterium Shewanella sp. WPAGA9, was expressed, and the recombinant AgaW1540 (rAgaW1540) displayed the maximum activity under the optimal pH and temperature of 7.0 and 35 °C, respectively. rAgaW1540 retained 85.4% of its maximum activity at 0 °C and retained more than 92% of its maximum activity at the temperature range of 20-40 °C and the pH range of 4.0-9.0, respectively, indicating its extensive working temperature and pH values. The activity of rAgaW1540 was dramatically suppressed by Cu2+ and Zn2+, whereas Fe2+ displayed an intensification of enzymatic activity. The Km and Vmax of rAgaW1540 for agarose degradation were 15.7 mg/mL and 23.4 U/mg, respectively. rAgaW1540 retained 94.7%, 97.9%, and 42.4% of its maximum activity after incubation at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C for 60 min, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography and ion chromatography analyses verified that rAgaW1540 is an endo-acting β-agarase that degrades agarose into neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose as the main products. The wide variety of working conditions and stable activity at room temperatures make rAgaW1540an appropriate bio-tool for further industrial production of neoagaro-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; (W.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; (W.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Ruihua Yan
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361000, China; (R.Y.); (R.Z.)
| | - Runying Zeng
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361000, China; (R.Y.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yaqiang Zuo
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; (W.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Dingquan Wang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; (W.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Wu Qu
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; (W.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Jang WY, Kwon MJ, Kim KY, Kim YH. Enzymatic characterization of a novel recombinant 1,3-α-3,6-anhydro-L-galactosidase specific for neoagarobiose hydrolysis into monosaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4621-4634. [PMID: 34057561 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two GH117 family α-neoagarobiose hydrolases (GH117A α-NABH and GH117B α-NABH) from the freshwater agar-degrading Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1 were expressed and purified as recombinant His-tagged proteins using an Escherichia coli expression system to compare activities. The amino acid sequence of GH117A α-NABH (364 amino acids, 40.9 kDa) showed 35% identity with that of GH117B α-NABH (392 amino acids, 44.2 kDa). GH117A α-NABH, but not GH117B α-NABH, could hydrolyze neoagarobiose (NA2) into monosaccharides 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (L-AHG) and D-galactose. The presence of GH117A α-NABH homologues in all of the agar-degrading bacteria aligned suggests that GH117A α-NABH hydrolyzing NA2 into L-AHG and D-galactose is an essential component of the agar-degrading enzyme machinery. For GH117A α-NABH-catalyzed hydrolysis, NA2 was the sole substrate among various neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NA2~NA18). GH117A α-NABH appeared to exist as a dimer, and optimal enzymatic temperature and pH were 35 °C and 7.5, respectively. GH117A α-NABH was stable up to 35 °C and at pH 7.5 and unstable beyond 35 °C and outside pH 7.0~7.5. The kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, kcat, and kcat/Km for NA2 were 16.0 mM, 20.8 U/mg, 14.2 s-1, and 8.9 × 102 s-1 M-1, respectively. Combined addition of 5 mM MnSO4 and 10 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine enhanced the enzyme activity by 2.4-fold. The enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of 5.0% NA2 into monosaccharide and purification of L-AHG from hydrolysis products by Sephadex G-10 column chromatography recovered ~ 192 mg L-AHG from 400 mg NA2 (~ 92% of the theoretical maximum yield). These results indicate that the recombinant GH117A α-NABH is NA2-specific and useful to produce L-AHG from NA2. KEY POINTS: • Recombinant GH117A α-NABH (364 aa, 40.9 kDa) purified from E. coli forms a dimer. • The enzyme hydrolyzes only NA2 among various neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NA2~NA18). • The enzyme completely hydrolyzes up to 5% NA2 into monomers under optimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Young Jang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Kwon
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yun Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Jiang C, Cheng D, Liu Z, Sun J, Mao X. Advances in agaro-oligosaccharides preparation and bioactivities for revealing the structure-function relationship. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110408. [PMID: 34112411 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Agaro-oligosaccharides originating from red algae have attracted increasing attention in both basic theoretical research and applied fields due to their excellent bioactivities, which indicates the wide prospects of agaro-oligosaccharides for application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Thus, a considerable number of studies regarding functional agaro-oligosaccharides preparation as well as the bioactivities exploration have been carried out. Based on these studies, this review first introduced different methods that have been used in agar extraction from red algae, and further provided research progress on arylsulfatase. Then, different methods used for agaro-oligosaccharides production were summarized. Moreover, the abundant bioactivities of agaro-oligosaccharides were described in detail. Finally, this review has discussed current research problems and further provided critical aspects, which may be helpful for revealing the structure-function relationship of agaro-oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Danyang Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Novel and emerging prebiotics: Advances and opportunities. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 95:41-95. [PMID: 33745516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are conscientiously changing their eating preferences toward healthier options, such as functional foods enriched with pre- and probiotics. Prebiotics are attractive bioactive compounds with multidimensional beneficial action on both human and animal health, namely on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiometabolism, bones or mental health. Conventionally, prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which generally present favorable organoleptic properties, temperature and acidic stability, and are considered interesting food ingredients. However, according to the current definition of prebiotics, application categories other than food are accepted, as well as non-carbohydrate substrates and bioactivity at extra-intestinal sites. Regulatory issues are considered a major concern for prebiotics since a clear understanding and application of these compounds among the consumers, regulators, scientists, suppliers or manufacturers, health-care providers and standards or recommendation-setting organizations are of utmost importance. Prebiotics can be divided in several categories according to their development and regulatory status. Inulin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and lactulose are generally classified as well established prebiotics. Xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides and lactosucrose are classified as "emerging" prebiotics, while raffinose, neoagaro-oligosaccharides and epilactose are "under development." Other substances, such as human milk oligosaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered "new candidates." This chapter will encompass actual information about the non-established prebiotics, mainly their physicochemical properties, market, legislation, biological activity and possible applications. Generally, there is a lack of clear demonstrations about the effective health benefits associated with all the non-established prebiotics. Overcoming this limitation will undoubtedly increase the demand for these compounds and their market size will follow the consumer's trend.
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Wu C, Liu J, Ma J, Yan Q, Jiang Z. Neoagarotetraose extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans through AMPK mediated signaling pathways and activation of autophagy. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Kwon M, Jang WY, Kim GM, Kim YH. Characterization and Application of a Recombinant Exolytic GH50A β-Agarase from Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1 for Enzymatic Production of Neoagarobiose from Agarose. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29453-29464. [PMID: 33225177 PMCID: PMC7676358 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Neoagarobiose (NA2) is the repeating disaccharide unit of agarose and possesses various promising biological activities. To identify an efficient exolytic β-agarase required for NA2 production from agarose, the GH50A β-agarase gene from agar-degrading Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1 was overexpressed as a recombinant His-tagged protein using the Escherichia coli expression system. GH50A β-agarase that consists of 797 amino acids was able to produce predominantly NA2 from agarose at an optimal temperature and pH of 35 °C and 7.5, respectively. The enzyme was stable up to 35 °C and within a pH range of 7.0-9.0. The K m, V max, K cat, and K cat/K m values of the enzyme were 26.5 mg/mL, 16.9 U/mg, 25.2 s-1, and 1.2 × 105 s-1 M-1, respectively. The copresence of 5 mM MnSO4 and 10 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) resulted in a 2.5-fold enhancement of the enzyme activity. For NA2 production, neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOSs) containing NA4-NA18 were preferred over agarose or agaro-oligosaccharides (AOSs) as substrates. NA2 was produced along with minor amounts of agarotriose (A3) after treatment of AOS with the enzyme, indicating that the exolytic digestion of AOS by the enzyme was initiated by releasing A3 from nonreducing ends. Enzymatic hydrolysis of 0.4% agarose (100 mL) using GH50A β-agarase (20 μg/mL) for 4 h under optimal reaction conditions (5 mM MnSO4, 10 mM TCEP, 35 °C, 20 mM Tris-HCl, and pH 7.5) and purification of NA2 from hydrolysis products by Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography resulted in the recovery of 216 mg of NA2 (∼54% yield from agarose). Altogether, these results suggest that the recombinant GH50A β-agarase is useful to convert agarose to NA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- MiJung Kwon
- Laboratory of Immunobiology,
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Jang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology,
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Min Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology,
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology,
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Expression and Characterization of a GH16 Family β-Agarase Derived from the Marine Bacterium Microbulbifer sp. BN3 and Its Efficient Hydrolysis of Agar Using Raw Agar-Producing Red Seaweeds Gracilaria sjoestedtii and Gelidium amansii as Substrates. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarases catalyze the hydrolysis of agarose to oligosaccharides which display an array of biological and physiological functions with important industrial applications in health-related fields. In this study, the gene encoding agarase (Aga-ms-R) was cloned from Microbulbifer sp. BN3 strain. Sequence alignment indicated that Aga-ms-R belongs to the GH16 family and contains one active domain and two carbohydrate binding module (CBM) domains. The mature Aga-ms-R was expressed successfully by employing the Brevibacillus system. Purified rAga-ms-R was obtained with a specific activity of 100.75 U/mg. rAga-ms-R showed optimal activity at 50 °C and pH 7.0, and the enzyme activity was stable at 50 °C and also over the pH range of 5.0–9.0. After exposure of rAga-ms-R to 70 °C for 30 min, only partial enzyme activity remained. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysate of agar obtained using rAga-ms-R disclosed that the hydrolysate comprised, in a long intermediate-stage of the hydrolysis reaction, mainly neoagarotetraose (NA4) and neoagarohexaose (NA6) but ultimately, predominantly neoagarotetraose and trace amounts of neoagarobiose (NA2). Hydrolysates of the raw red seaweeds Gracilaria sjoestedtii and Gelidium amansii, produced by incubation with rAga-ms-R, were mainly composed of neoagarotetraose. The results demonstrate the high efficiency of rAga-ms-R in producing neoagaraoligosaccharide under low-cost conditions.
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Characterization of the hydrolysate and catalytic cavity of α-agarase AgaD. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1919-1925. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Park SH, Lee CR, Hong SK. Implications of agar and agarase in industrial applications of sustainable marine biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2815-2832. [PMID: 32036436 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Agar, a major component of the cell wall of red algae, is an interesting heteropolysaccharide containing an unusual sugar, 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose. It is widely used as a valuable material in various industrial and experimental applications due to its characteristic gelling and stabilizing properties. Agar-derived oligosaccharides or mono-sugars produced by various agarases have become a promising subject for research owing to their unique biological activities, including anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, skin-whitening, skin-moisturizing, anti-fatigue, and anti-cariogenic activities. Agar is also considered as an alternative sustainable source of biomass for chemical feedstock and biofuel production to substitute for the fossil resource. In this review, we summarize various biochemically characterized agarases, which are useful for industrial applications, such as neoagarooligosaccharide or agarooligosaccharide production and saccharification of agar. Additionally, we succinctly discuss various recent studies that have been conducted to investigate the versatile biological activities of agar-derived saccharides and biofuel production from agar biomass. This review provides a basic framework for understanding the importance of agarases and agar-derived saccharides with broad applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and bioenergy industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ro Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Kwang Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido, 17058, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Chi WJ, Seo JW, Hong SK. Characterization of Two Thermostable β-agarases from a Newly Isolated Marine Agarolytic Bacterium, Vibrio sp. S1. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Characterization of a novel alkaline β-agarase and its hydrolysates of agar. Food Chem 2019; 295:311-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kwon GH, Kwon MJ, Park JE, Kim YH. Whole genome sequence of a freshwater agar-degrading bacterium Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 23:e00346. [PMID: 31193527 PMCID: PMC6535462 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the whole genome sequence of a freshwater agar-degrading bacterium Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1 (KCTC13629BP) to explore genetic information encoding agarases which hydrolyze agar into its monomers. The complete genome of KY-GH-1 comprised 5,762,391 base pairs (bp) with 47.9% GC content, and contained 5080 protein-encoding sequences, including nine β-agarase genes and two α-neoagarobiose hydrolase (α-NABH) genes in an agarase gene cluster spanning approximately 77 kb. Based on these genetic information, the degradation of agar into monomers (D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose) by KY-GH-1 was predicted to be initiated by endolytic GH16 β-agarases and endolytic GH86 β-agarases, further processed by exolytic GH50 β-agarases, and then terminated by exolytic GH117 α-NABHs. This study reveals the diversity and abundance of agarase genes, and provides insight into their roles in the agar-degrading enzyme machinery of Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Young Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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Chen YP, Wu HT, Wang GH, Wu DY, Hwang IE, Chien MC, Pang HY, Kuo JT, Liaw LL. Inspecting the genome sequence and agarases of Microbulbifer pacificus LD25 from a saltwater hot spring. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:403-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Cold-Adapted Alkaline 1,3-α-3,6-Anhydro-l-galactosidase, Ahg558, from Gayadomonas joobiniege G7. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 188:1077-1095. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-02963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Safety evaluation of β-agarase preparations from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 101:142-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Kim JD, Lee DG, Lee SH. Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a Thermotolerant β-agarase from Simiduia sp. SH-4. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Future direction in marine bacterial agarases for industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6847-6863. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Chen ZW, Lin HJ, Huang WC, Hsuan SL, Lin JH, Wang JP. Molecular cloning, expression, and functional characterization of the β-agarase AgaB-4 from Paenibacillus agarexedens. AMB Express 2018; 8:49. [PMID: 29594843 PMCID: PMC5874223 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a β-agarase gene, agaB-4, was isolated for the first time from the agar-degrading bacterium Paenibacillus agarexedens BCRC 17346 by using next-generation sequencing. agaB-4 consists of 2652 bp and encodes an 883-amino acid protein with an 18-amino acid signal peptide. agaB-4 without the signal peptide DNA was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). His-tagged recombinant AgaB-4 (rAgaB-4) was purified from the soluble fraction of E. coli cell lysate through immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The optimal temperature and pH of rAgaB-4 were 55 °C and 6.0, respectively. The results of a substrate specificity test showed that rAgaB-4 could degrade agar, high-melting point agarose, and low-melting point agarose. The Vmax and Km of rAgaB-4 for low-melting point agarose were 183.45 U/mg and 3.60 mg/mL versus 874.61 U/mg and 9.29 mg/mL for high-melting point agarose, respectively. The main products of agar and agarose hydrolysis by rAgaB-4 were confirmed to be neoagarotetraose. Purified rAgaB-4 can be used in the recovery of DNA from agarose gels and has potential application in agar degradation for the production of neoagarotetraose.
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