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Sim KM, Kim SY, Hwang S, Park S, Lee BR, Nam K, Oh S, Kim I. A new cyclin-dependent kinase-9 inhibitor A09-003 induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells with reduction of myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 protein. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110554. [PMID: 37271215 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of hematological disease in adults, and has a very poor outcome [1]. Based on its wide range of efficacy in AML models, a small-molecule inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2, venetoclax (ABT-199/GDC-0199), was developed for clinical trials. However, venetoclax showed limited monotherapy activity [2]. The overexpression of myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 protein (Mcl-1)-due to mutations in Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT-3 ITD)-was considered to be the main reason for low efficacy of venetoclax in clinical trials [3-5]. To achieve venetoclax sensitization in AML, targeting CDK-9 with venetoclax is a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, we developed A09-003 as a potent inhibitor of CDK-9, with an IC50 value of 16 nM. A09-003 inhibited cell proliferation in various leukemia cell lines. In particular, the proliferation inhibitory effect of A09-003 was most potent in MV4-11 and Molm-14 cells, harboring the FLT-3 ITD mutation with a high expression profile of Mcl-1. Marker analysis revealed that A09-003 reduced CDK-9 phosphorylation and reduced RNA polymerase II activity with decreased Mcl-1 expression. Finally, combining A09-003 with venetoclax induced apoptotic cell death in a synergistic manner. In summary, this study shows the potential of A09-003 in AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Mi Sim
- Biomedical Research Center, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Supyong Hwang
- Convergence Medicine Research Center (CREDIT), ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojung Park
- Convergence Medicine Research Center (CREDIT), ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ra Lee
- Convergence Medicine Research Center (CREDIT), ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - SeakHee Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Convergence Medicine Research Center (CREDIT), ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympicro 43 gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Zhong Q, Xiao X, Qiu Y, Xu Z, Chen C, Chong B, Zhao X, Hai S, Li S, An Z, Dai L. Protein posttranslational modifications in health and diseases: Functions, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e261. [PMID: 37143582 PMCID: PMC10152985 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of proteins, which provides the basis for the emergence of organismal complexity. To date, more than 650 types of protein modifications, such as the most well-known phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, methylation, SUMOylation, short-chain and long-chain acylation modifications, redox modifications, and irreversible modifications, have been described, and the inventory is still increasing. By changing the protein conformation, localization, activity, stability, charges, and interactions with other biomolecules, PTMs ultimately alter the phenotypes and biological processes of cells. The homeostasis of protein modifications is important to human health. Abnormal PTMs may cause changes in protein properties and loss of protein functions, which are closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. In this review, we systematically introduce the characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of various PTMs in health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic prospects in various diseases by targeting PTMs and associated regulatory enzymes are also summarized. This work will deepen the understanding of protein modifications in health and diseases and promote the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers and drug targets for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xina Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yijie Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chunyu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Baochen Chong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xinjun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shan Hai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shuangqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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3
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Kuehnle N, Osborne SM, Liang Z, Manzano M, Gottwein E. CRISPR screens identify novel regulators of cFLIP dependency and ligand-independent, TRAIL-R1-mediated cell death. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1221-1234. [PMID: 36801923 PMCID: PMC10154404 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). PEL cell lines require expression of the cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (cFLIP) for survival, although KSHV encodes a viral homolog of this protein (vFLIP). Cellular and viral FLIP proteins have several functions, including, most importantly, the inhibition of pro-apoptotic caspase 8 and modulation of NF-κB signaling. To investigate the essential role of cFLIP and its potential redundancy with vFLIP in PEL cells, we first performed rescue experiments with human or viral FLIP proteins known to affect FLIP target pathways differently. The long and short isoforms of cFLIP and molluscum contagiosum virus MC159L, which are all strong caspase 8 inhibitors, efficiently rescued the loss of endogenous cFLIP activity in PEL cells. KSHV vFLIP was unable to fully rescue the loss of endogenous cFLIP and is therefore functionally distinct. Next, we employed genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 synthetic rescue screens to identify loss of function perturbations that can compensate for cFLIP knockout. Results from these screens and our validation experiments implicate the canonical cFLIP target caspase 8 and TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1 or TNFRSF10A) in promoting constitutive death signaling in PEL cells. However, this process was independent of TRAIL receptor 2 or TRAIL, the latter of which is not detectable in PEL cell cultures. The requirement for cFLIP is also overcome by inactivation of the ER/Golgi resident chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan synthesis and UFMylation pathways, Jagunal homolog 1 (JAGN1) or CXCR4. UFMylation and JAGN1, but not chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan synthesis or CXCR4, contribute to TRAIL-R1 expression. In sum, our work shows that cFLIP is required in PEL cells to inhibit ligand-independent TRAIL-R1 cell death signaling downstream of a complex set of ER/Golgi-associated processes that have not previously been implicated in cFLIP or TRAIL-R1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Kuehnle
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 6-735, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Scout Mask Osborne
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 6-735, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ziyan Liang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 6-735, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mark Manzano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Eva Gottwein
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 6-735, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Zhai LH, Chen KF, Hao BB, Tan MJ. Proteomic characterization of post-translational modifications in drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:3112-3129. [PMID: 36372853 PMCID: PMC9712763 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), which are usually enzymatically catalyzed, are major regulators of protein activity and involved in almost all celluar processes. Dysregulation of PTMs is associated with various types of diseases. Therefore, PTM regulatory enzymes represent as an attractive and important class of targets in drug research and development. Inhibitors against kinases, methyltransferases, deacetyltransferases, ubiquitin ligases have achieved remarkable success in clinical application. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics technologies serve as a powerful approach for system-wide characterization of PTMs, which facilitates the identification of drug targets, elucidation of the mechanisms of action of drugs, and discovery of biomakers in personalized therapy. In this review, we summarize recent advances of proteomics-based studies on PTM targeting drugs and discuss how proteomics strategies facilicate drug target identification, mechanism elucidation, and new therapy development in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Zhongshan Institute of Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan, 528400, China
| | - Kai-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bing-Bing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Min-Jia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Zhongshan Institute of Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
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5
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Kim K, Ryu TY, Lee J, Son MY, Kim DS, Kim SK, Cho HS. Epigenetic Silencing of CHOP Expression by the Histone Methyltransferase EHMT1 Regulates Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Mol Cells 2022; 45:622-630. [PMID: 35748228 PMCID: PMC9448644 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high mortality rate among cancers worldwide. To reduce this mortality rate, chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan) or targeted therapy (bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab) has been used to treat CRC. However, due to various side effects and poor responses to CRC treatment, novel therapeutic targets for drug development are needed. In this study, we identified the overexpression of EHMT1 in CRC using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data derived from TCGA, and we observed that knocking down EHMT1 expression suppressed cell growth by inducing cell apoptosis in CRC cell lines. In Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis using RNA-seq data, apoptosis-related terms were enriched after EHMT1 knockdown. Moreover, we identified the CHOP gene as a direct target of EHMT1 using a ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assay with an anti-histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) antibody. Finally, after cotransfection with siEHMT1 and siCHOP, we again confirmed that CHOP-mediated cell apoptosis was induced by EHMT1 knockdown. Our findings reveal that EHMT1 plays a key role in regulating CRC cell apoptosis, suggesting that EHMT1 may be a therapeutic target for the development of cancer inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangho Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Tae Young Ryu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinkwon Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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6
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Meng Y, Zhou M, Wang T, Zhang G, Tu Y, Gong S, Zhang Y, Christiani DC, Au W, Liu Y, Xia ZL. Occupational lead exposure on genome-wide DNA methylation and DNA damage. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119252. [PMID: 35385786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure can induce DNA damage and alter DNA methylation but their inter-relationships have not been adequately determined. Our overall aims were to explore such relationships and to evaluate underlying epigenetic mechanisms of Pb-induced genotoxicity in Chinese workers. Blood Pb levels (BLLs) were determined and used as individual's Pb-exposure dose and the Comet assay (i.e., % tail DNA) was conducted to evaluate DNA damage. In the screening assay, 850 K BeadChip sequencing was performed on peripheral blood from 10 controls (BLLs ≤100 μg/L) and 20 exposed workers (i.e., 10 DNA-damaged and 10 DNA-undamaged workers). Using the technique, differentially methylated positions (DMPs) between the controls and the exposed workers were identified. In addition, DMPs were identified between the DNA-undamaged and DNA-damaged workers (% tail DNA >2.14%). In our validation assay, methylation levels of four candidate genes were measured by pyrosequencing in an independent sample set (n = 305), including RRAGC (Ras related GTP binding C), USP1 (Ubiquitin specific protease 1), COPS7B (COP9 signalosome subunit 7 B) and CHEK1 (Checkpoint kinase 1). The result of comparisons between the controls and the Pb-exposed workers show that DMPs were significantly enriched in genes related to nerve conduction and cell cycle. Between DNA-damaged group and DNA-undamaged group, differentially methylated genes were enriched in the pathways related to cell cycle and DNA integrity checkpoints. Additionally, methylation levels of RRAGC and USP1 were negatively associated with BLLs (P < 0.05), and the former mediated 19.40% of the effect of Pb on the % tail DNA. These findings collectively indicated that Pb-induced DNA damage was closely related to methylation of genes in cell cycle regulation, and methylation levels of RRAGC were involved in Pb-induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- Department of Occupational Health & Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyu Zhou
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tuanwei Wang
- Department of Occupational Health & Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuting Tu
- Department of Occupational Health & Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyang Gong
- Department of Occupational Health & Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health & Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - David C Christiani
- Environmental Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Au
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania, and Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Lin Xia
- Department of Occupational Health & Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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Kim I, Choi S, Yoo S, Lee M, Park JW. AURKB, in concert with REST, acts as an oxygen-sensitive epigenetic regulator of the hypoxic induction of MDM2. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 35410638 PMCID: PMC9252896 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.6.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute response to hypoxia is mainly driven by hypoxia-inducible factors, but their effects gradually subside with time. Hypoxia-specific histone modifications may be important for the stable maintenance of long-term adaptation to hypoxia. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamic alterations of histones under hypoxic conditions. We found that the phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser-10 (H3S10) was noticeably attenuated after hypoxic challenge, which was mediated by the inhibition of aurora kinase B (AURKB). To understand the role of AURKB in epigenetic regulation, DNA microarray and transcription factor binding site analyses combined with proteomics analysis were performed. Under normoxia, phosphorylated AURKB, in concert with the repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), phosphorylates H3S10, which allows the AURKB–REST complex to access the MDM2 proto-oncogene. REST then acts as a transcriptional repressor of MDM2 and downregulates its expression. Under hypoxia, AURKB is dephosphorylated and the AURKB–REST complex fails to access MDM2, leading to the upregulation of its expression. In this study, we present a case of hypoxia-specific epigenetic regulation of the oxygen-sensitive AURKB signaling pathway. To better understand the cellular adaptation to hypoxia, it is worthwhile to further investigate the epigenetic regulation of genes under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iljin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sanga Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Seongkyeong Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Mingyu Lee
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Bordoni B, Escher AR. Osteopathic Principles: The Inspiration of Every Science Is Its Change. Cureus 2021; 13:e12478. [PMID: 33425556 PMCID: PMC7785509 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Educational Council on Osteopathic Principles (ECOP) annually renews and reviews the fundamental osteopathic principles that Dr. Still left behind for osteopathic medicine (OM). These tenets represent a guide and rationale for the osteopathic manual approach. The non-profit research organization, Foundation of Osteopathic Research and Clinical Endorsement (FORCE), which was founded in 2013 under the auspices of different international professionals, wishes to propose changes to these principles based on scientific knowledge, which did not exist in the nineteenth century, as well as all the information discovered subsequently. The proposal is not a constraint, but a further stimulus to improve the vision of OM. We believe, in fact, that a principle or a point of view never ceases to evolve: the inspiration of every science is its change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, ITA
| | - Allan R Escher
- Anesthesiology/Pain Medicine, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
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