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Sharma P, Tulsawani R. Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Chinese Caterpillar Mushroom Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycota) Against Simulated Altitude Stress and Subacute Toxicity Studies. Int J Med Mushrooms 2022; 24:21-34. [DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022045194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tsai YS, Hsu JH, Lin DPC, Chang HH, Chang WJ, Chen YL, Chen CC. Safety Assessment of HEA-Enriched Cordyceps cicadae Mycelium: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 40:127-132. [PMID: 32702252 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1743211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Cordyceps cicadae, a medicinal fungus, is assessed as having many functions: anti-cancer, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, immune-boosting, renal and liver protection. Since the industrial production of C. cicadae mycelium consistently manufactures bioactive compounds superior to wild fruiting bodies, there is a need to confirm the toxicity of liquid fermented C. cicadae mycelium. Studies showed the toxicity evaluation of C. cicadae mycelium in animal models, but safety reports in clinical studies are scarce. As such, a safety assessment of oral N6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine (HEA-enriched) C. cicadae mycelium in humans is provided here.Method: After 49 participants ingested granules of 1.05 g of freeze-dried C. cicadae mycelium once a day for 3 months, their blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experiment for analysis.Results: There were no significant differences between the initial and final measurements in renal and liver function. Also, there was no influence on blood electrolytes as well as blood lipid levels. In clinical observation, there were also no side effects or adverse feelings mentioned by participants.Conclusion: These results suggested that HEA-enriched C. cicadae mycelium produced by liquid fermentation is safe and can be developed as a functional health food.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Shan Tsai
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsia Hsu
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - David Pei-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Han-Hsin Chang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landseed International Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lien Chen
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Zhang X, Hu Q, Weng Q. Secondary metabolites (SMs) of Isaria cicadae and Isaria tenuipes. RSC Adv 2018; 9:172-184. [PMID: 35521576 PMCID: PMC9059538 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09039d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Isaria cicadae and Isaria tenuipes are important entomopathogenic fungi used in health foods and traditional herbal medicines in East Asia. However, the safety concerns for both fungal species have been attracting significant attention. Thus, surveying their secondary metabolites (SMs) will be beneficial to improving the safety of their fungal products. In the case of I. cicadae, its SMs mainly include nucleosides, amino acids, beauvericins, myriocin, and oosporein. In contrast, trichothecene derivatives, isariotins, cyclopenta benzopyrans and PKs, are found in the case of I. tenuipes. Among them, beauvericins, myriocin, oosporein and many trichothecene derivatives are toxic compounds. The toxicity and side effects of the fungal products may be related to these SMs. Thus, to ensure the safety of fungal products, the residues standards of SMs need to be reported. Furthermore, methods for the detection of their SMs and biological identification of their strains must be considered. This review gives new insight into the secondary metabolites of medical and edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Qunfang Weng
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
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Che JH, Yun JW, Cho EY, Kim SH, Kim YS, Kim WH, Park JH, Son WC, Kim MK, Kang BC. Toxicologic assessment of Paecilomyces tenuipes in rats: renal toxicity and mutagenic potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:527-34. [PMID: 25223566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Paecilomyces tenuipes is entomogenous fungus that is called snow-flake Dongchunghacho in Korea. Although it is widely used in traditional medicines, its safety has not yet been comprehensively investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity of P. tenuipes. The acute oral LD50 of P. tenuipes extract in rats was estimated to be greater than 2000mg/kg of body weight. In the subchronic study, the oral treatment of rats with 500, 1000 or 2000mg/kg P. tenuipes extract daily for 13weeks did not induce any dose-related changes (body weight, food consumption, clinical observation, urinalysis, hematology, clinical chemistry and organ weight). In contrast, histopathological observation revealed that P. tenuipes extract induced karyomegaly in outer medulla of kidney in all treated rats. Importantly, P. tenuipes extract exerted the mutagenic potential in Ames assay. Since karyomegalic alterations have been known to be associated with carcinogenicity, our finding on the mutagenicity of P. tenuipes extract supports the possibility on the potential involvement of P. tenuipes in carcinogenicity at least partially. In conclusion, the subchronic oral exposure of P. tenuipes may induce kidney abnormality at the concentration higher than 500mg/kg body weight, although further studies using other animal models are needed to identify the toxicity of P. tenuipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Biofood Network, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BiofoodCRO, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jeong M, Kim YW, Min JR, Kwon M, Han BS, Kim JG, Jeong SH. Change in kidney damage biomarkers after 13weeks of exposing rats to the complex of Paecilomyces sinclairii and its host Bombyx mori larvae. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Jeong M, Kim YW, Min JR, Kwon M, Han BS, Kim JG, Jeong SH. Kidney Toxicity Induced by 13 Weeks Exposure to the Fruiting Body of Paecilomyces sinclairii in Rats. Toxicol Res 2012; 28:179-85. [PMID: 24278608 PMCID: PMC3834420 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2012.28.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paecilomyces sinclairiis (PS) is known as a functional food or human health supplement. However concerns have been raised about its kidney toxicity. This study was performed to investigate the kidney toxicity of PS by 13 week-oral administration to rats. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and kidney damage biomarkers including beta-2-microglobulin (β2m), glutathione S-transferase alpha (GST-α), kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), calbindin, clusterin, cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and osteopontin were measured during or after the treatment of PS. BUN, creatinine and kidney damage biomarkers in serum were not changed by PS. However, kidney cell karyomegaly and tubular hypertrophy were observed dose-dependently with higher severity in males. KIM-1, TIMP-1 and osteopontin in kidney and urine were increased dose dependently in male or at the highest dose in female rats. Increased urinary osteopontin by PS was not recovered at 2 weeks of post-exposure in both genders. Cystatin C in kidney was decreased at all treatment groups but inversely increased in urine. The changes in kidney damage biomarkers were more remarkable in male than female rats. These data indicate that the PS may provoke renal cell damage and glomerular filtration dysfunction in rats with histopathological lesions and change of kidney damage biomarkers in kidney or urine. Kidney and urinary KIM-1 and cystatin C were the most marked indicators, while kidney weight, BUN and creatinine and kidney damage biomarkers in serum were not influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihye Jeong
- Agro-Material Safety Evaluating Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Young-Won Kim
- Department of Bio Applied Toxicology, Hoseo Toxicology Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ran Min
- Department of Bio Applied Toxicology, Hoseo Toxicology Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea
| | - Min Kwon
- Department of Bio Applied Toxicology, Hoseo Toxicology Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea
| | - Beom-Suk Han
- Department of Bio Applied Toxicology, Hoseo Toxicology Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea
| | - Jeong-Gyu Kim
- Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University 136-701, Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Jeong
- Department of Bio Applied Toxicology, Hoseo Toxicology Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea
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