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Gao XY, Li XY, Zhang CY, Bai CY. Scopoletin: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1268464. [PMID: 38464713 PMCID: PMC10923241 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1268464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Scopoletin is a coumarin synthesized by diverse medicinal and edible plants, which plays a vital role as a therapeutic and chemopreventive agent in the treatment of a variety of diseases. In this review, an overview of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of scopoletin is provided. In addition, the prospects and outlook for future studies are appraised. Scopoletin is indicated to have antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-oxidation, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties and immunomodulatory effects in both in vitro and in vivo experimental trials. In addition, it is an inhibitor of various enzymes, including choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and monoamine oxidase. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated the low bioavailability, rapid absorption, and extensive metabolism of scopoletin. These properties may be associated with its poor solubility in aqueous media. In addition, toxicity research indicates the non-toxicity of scopoletin to most cell types tested to date, suggesting that scopoletin will neither induce treatment-associated mortality nor abnormal performance with the test dose. Considering its favorable pharmacological activities, scopoletin has the potential to act as a drug candidate in the treatment of cancer, liver disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and mental disorders. In view of its merits and limitations, scopoletin is a suitable lead compound for the development of new, efficient, and low-toxicity derivatives. Additional studies are needed to explore its molecular mechanisms and targets, verify its toxicity, and promote its oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Gao
- Basic Medicine College, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Human Genetic Disease Research, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Evaluation of Chinese and Mongolian Pharmacy at Chifeng University, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Xu-Yang Li
- Basic Medicine College, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Human Genetic Disease Research, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhang
- Basic Medicine College, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Human Genetic Disease Research, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Evaluation of Chinese and Mongolian Pharmacy at Chifeng University, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Chun-Ying Bai
- Basic Medicine College, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Human Genetic Disease Research, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
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Zhao Y, Bi Q, Wei Y, Wang R, Wang G, Fu G, Ran Z, Lu J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Jin R, Nie Y. A DNA vaccine (EG95-PT1/2/3-IL2) encoding multi-epitope antigen and IL-2 provokes efficient and long-term immunity to echinococcosis. J Control Release 2023; 361:402-416. [PMID: 37527761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a highly prevalent global zoonosis, and vaccines are required. The commercial vaccine based on a protein-based subunit (EG95), however, is limited by its insufficient cellular immunity, a short protection period, and limited prevention against novel mutant strains. Herein, we applied bioinformatics to develop a DNA vaccine (pEG95-IL2) expressing both multi-epitope-based antigens (EG95-PT1/2/3) and an IL-2 adjuvant to regulate T cell differentiation and memory cell response. EG95-PT1/2/3 was screened with hierarchical structure prediction from the epitope conformation of B cells with high confidence across various species to guarantee immunogenicity. Importantly, cationic arginine-rich lipid nanoparticles (RNP) were utilized as a delivery vehicle to form lipoplexes that had a transfection efficiency of nearly two orders of magnitude greater than that of commercial reagents (Lipofectamine 2000 and polyethyleneimine) with both immune and nonimmune cells (DC2.4 and L929 cells, respectively). RNP/pEG95-IL2 lipoplexes displayed a robust and long-term antigen expression, as well as adjuvant effects during the immunization. Consequently, intramuscular injection of RNP/pEG95-IL2 elicited similar humoral immune responses and significantly greater cellular responses in mice when compared with those of the commercial vaccine. In addition, the inoculation protocol of RNP/pEG95-IL2 with sequential booster further strengthens cellular immunity in comparison with the homologous booster. Those findings provide a promising strategy for improving plasmid vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qunjie Bi
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruohan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Fu
- Chongqing Auleon Biological Co., Ltd., Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Zhiguang Ran
- Chongqing Auleon Biological Co., Ltd., Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Heyang Zhang
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rongrong Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yu Nie
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Zhou G, Zhao J, Gong C, Xu J, Song C, Meng D. Chemical constituents from the leaves of psidium guajava linn. and their chemotaxonomic significance. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:348-353. [PMID: 34396839 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1963245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The phytochemical investigation on the leaves of Psidium guajava Linn. led to the isolation and identification of 18 compounds, including six guavinoside (1-6), four flavonoids (7-10), eight triterpenoids (11-17) and one lignans (18). All chemical structures were elucidated via NMR spectroscopic methods, and further supported by comparison with literature data. Compounds 12, 14, 16 and 18 was isolated from the Myrtaceae family for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was also discussed based on their structure types, as well as compounds-genus/family network analysis. The results showed that there were close chemotaxonomic relationships among the Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceae families. Guavinosides A-F could be considered as valuable chemotaxonomic markers of Myrtaceae family, while guavinosides C-F might serve as chemotaxonomic markers for distinguishing the P. guajava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jiaming Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Chang Gong
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jixuan Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Ce Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Dali Meng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
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Boudreau A, Richard AJ, Harvey I, Stephens JM. Artemisia scoparia and Metabolic Health: Untapped Potential of an Ancient Remedy for Modern Use. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:727061. [PMID: 35211087 PMCID: PMC8861327 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.727061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Botanicals have a long history of medicinal use for a multitude of ailments, and many modern pharmaceuticals were originally isolated from plants or derived from phytochemicals. Among these, artemisinin, first isolated from Artemisia annua, is the foundation for standard anti-malarial therapies. Plants of the genus Artemisia are among the most common herbal remedies across Asia and Central Europe. The species Artemisia scoparia (SCOPA) is widely used in traditional folk medicine for various liver diseases and inflammatory conditions, as well as for infections, fever, pain, cancer, and diabetes. Modern in vivo and in vitro studies have now investigated SCOPA's effects on these pathologies and its ability to mitigate hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress, obesity, diabetes, and other disease states. This review focuses on the effects of SCOPA that are particularly relevant to metabolic health. Indeed, in recent years, an ethanolic extract of SCOPA has been shown to enhance differentiation of cultured adipocytes and to share some properties of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of insulin-sensitizing agonists of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ. In a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, SCOPA diet supplementation lowered fasting insulin and glucose levels, while inducing metabolically favorable changes in adipose tissue and liver. These observations are consistent with many lines of evidence from various tissues and cell types known to contribute to metabolic homeostasis, including immune cells, hepatocytes, and pancreatic beta-cells. Compounds belonging to several classes of phytochemicals have been implicated in these effects, and we provide an overview of these bioactives. The ongoing global epidemics of obesity and metabolic disease clearly require novel therapeutic approaches. While the mechanisms involved in SCOPA's effects on metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and oxidative stress pathways are not fully characterized, current data support further investigation of this plant and its bioactives as potential therapeutic agents in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and many other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Boudreau
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Allison J. Richard
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Innocence Harvey
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jacqueline M. Stephens
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jacqueline M. Stephens,
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Leung HY, Yan CTM, Ko KM. Antioxidant and Immunopotentiating Effects of <i>Cordyceps </i> Mycelium Extract, Chicken Essence, and Their Combination in Experimental Models. Chin Med 2021. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2021.121001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yang A, Liu H, Liu F, Fan L, Liao W, Guo J, He K. Study of the Mechanism of the Reyanning Mixture Involved in Treating Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Based on Network Pharmacology. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20954593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread all over the world, and the best way to effectively carry out drug diagnosis and treatment presents difficulties for all medical staff. In China, some traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been successfully applied to the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and have achieved good clinical results, including the Reyanning mixture. In this study, we systematically analyzed the mechanism of the Reyanning mixture and its effects against SARS-CoV-2 based on the method of network pharmacology. Here, we used the TCM Systems Pharmacology database and employed a similarity algorithm to screen and identify the bioactive ingredients and potential targets of the Reyanning mixture. The GeneCards database was used to predict and screen the disease targets and build the active ingredient target network diagram. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed to construct the target signal pathway associations. The STRING tool was used to reconstruct the protein-protein interaction network. As a result, 27 candidate targets, such as tumor necrosis factor, interferon gamma, tumor protein P53, C-reactive protein, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, were identified among the 33 bioactive ingredients of the 4 TCMs in the Reyanning mixture with effects on treating SARS-CoV-2. These targets were significantly enriched in 20 KEGG pathways and associated with 48 diverse GO terms. All of these targets may play a role in inhibiting inflammatory reactions, regulating immune function, and reducing lung injury to achieve the purpose of treating SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Stomatology and Medicine University, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Stomatology and Medicine University, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Stomatology and Medicine University, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Stomatology and Medicine University, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wanqin Liao
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Stomatology and Medicine University, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Guo
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Stomatology and Medicine University, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kan He
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
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Herath KHINM, Cho J, Kim A, Kim HS, Han EJ, Kim HJ, Kim MS, Ahn G, Jeon YJ, Jee Y. Differential modulation of immune response and cytokine profiles of Sargassum horneri ethanol extract in murine spleen with or without Concanavalin A stimulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110:930-942. [PMID: 30572197 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The health benefit of brown seaweeds has been proclaimed for centuries, particularly in Asian countries. A brown seaweed Sargassum horneri has been suggested to have immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory/immune-regulatory effects, but their mechanism is still elusive. This study researches the immunological effect of 70% ethanol extract of S. horneri (SHE) on unstimulated and Con A-stimulated murine splenocytes. When treated alone, SHE had an immune stimulatory effect on CD3e+ CD4+ T-helper cells, CD3e+ CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD45+ CD11b+ macrophages, Ly-6C+ Ly-6 G+ granulocytes, and Ly6 G- Ly6Clow eosinophils. Furthermore, SHE enhanced wide spectrum of Th cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ (Th1), IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 (Th2), and IL-6 (Th17), which also stimulated the macrophage polarizing cytokines and enhanced macrophage derived cytokine secretion. SHE in Con A (5 μg/mL) stimulated cells decreased T-helper, cytotoxic T cells, granulocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes. These results signify the potential immuno-modulatory effect of SHE which can be developed as a therapeutic agent in immuno-compromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinhee Cho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Jeong Han
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Ju Kim
- Seojin Biotech Co.Ltd, Acedongbaek Tower, 1-501∼504, 16-4, Dongbaekjungang-ro, 16 beon-gil, Gieung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17015, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sook Kim
- Department of Biology and Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Ginnae Ahn
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Science, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngheun Jee
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Woo SM, Choi WR, Lee DR, Kim HS, Yi C, Kim KH, Kim HL, Cheng J, Le B, Yang SH, Suh JW. Leukodin isolated from Artemisia capillaris inhibits alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone induced melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Eur J Integr Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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