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Ababneh M, Alrwashdeh M, Khalifeh M. Recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the spike 1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Vet World 2019; 12:1554-1562. [PMID: 31849416 PMCID: PMC6868266 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1554-1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has rapidly spread throughout the Middle East since its discovery in 2012. The virus poses a significant global public health threat with potentially devastating effects. In this study, a recombinant adenoviral-based vaccine encoding the spike 1 (S1) subunit of the MERS-CoV genome was constructed, and its humoral, and cellular immune responses were evaluated in mice. Materials and Methods Mice were immunized initially by intramuscular injection and boosted 3 weeks later by intranasal application. Expression of the S1 protein in the lungs and kidneys was detected using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) targeting specific regions within the S1 subunit at weeks 3, 4, 5, and 6 after the first vaccination. Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated in serum and in cell culture following in vitro stimulation with a specific 9-mer epitope within the S1 protein (CYSSLILDY). Results S1 protein expression was only detected by IHC in the kidneys of the Ad-MERS-S1 group at week 6 from first immunization, and in both lungs and kidneys of Ad-MERS-S1 group by conventional PCR at weeks 3 and 5 post-prime. The vaccine elicited a specific S1-immunoglobulin G antibody response, which was detected in the sera of the vaccinated mice at weeks 4 and 6 from the onset of the first immunization. There was a significant increase in the amount of Th1-related cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin [IL] 12), and a significant decrease in the Th2-related cytokine IL-4 in splenocyte cell culture of the vaccinated group compared with the control groups. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that this recombinant adenovirus vaccine encoding the S1 subunit of MERS-CoV elicits potentially protective antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. This study demonstrates a promising vaccine for the control and/or prevention of MERS-CoV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mu'men Alrwashdeh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Khalifeh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Prevedel L, Ruel N, Castellano P, Smith C, Malik S, Villeux C, Bomsel M, Morgello S, Eugenin EA. Identification, Localization, and Quantification of HIV Reservoirs Using Microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 82:e64. [PMID: 30265439 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The major barrier to eradicating human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection is the generation and extended survival of HIV reservoirs. In order to eradicate HIV infection, it is essential to detect, quantify, and characterize circulating and tissue-associated viral reservoirs in infected individuals. Currently, PCR-based technologies and Quantitative Viral Outgrowth Assays (Q-VOA) are the gold standards to detect viral reservoirs. However, these methods are limited to detecting circulating viral reservoirs, and it has been shown that they misrepresent the size of the reservoirs, largely because they detect only one component of the HIV life cycle and are unable to detect viral reservoirs in tissues. Here, we described the use of multiple detection systems to identify integrated HIV DNA or viral mRNA and several HIV proteins in circulating and tissue reservoirs using improved staining and microscopy techniques. We believe that this imaging-based approach for detecting HIV reservoirs will lead to breakthroughs necessary to eradicate these reservoirs. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Prevedel
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI).,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Nancy Ruel
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI).,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Paul Castellano
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI).,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Carla Smith
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI).,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Shaily Malik
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI).,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Courtney Villeux
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI).,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Institute COCHIN, Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation Department, Paris, France
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Departments of Pathology & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI).,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey.,Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas
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Hsiao YH, Huang YT, Hung CY, Kuo TC, Luo FJ, Yuan TC. PYK2 via S6K1 regulates the function of androgen receptors and the growth of prostate cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:651-63. [PMID: 27492635 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid hormone receptor that functions as a transcription factor for regulating cell growth and survival. Aberrant AR function becomes a risk factor for promoting the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, we examined the roles of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) and ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) in regulating AR expression and activity and growth properties in PCa cells. Compared with normal prostate tissues, PCa tumors exhibited high levels of PYK2 and S6K1 expression. Furthermore, the expression levels of PYK2 and S6K1 were significantly correlated with nuclear AR expression in PCa tissues. We further found the association between PYK2, S6K1, and AR in their protein expression and phosphorylation levels among normal prostate PZ-HPV-7 cells and prostate cancer LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. Overexpression of the wild-type PYK2 in PZ-HPV-7 and LNCaP cells promoted AR and S6K1 expression and phosphorylation as well as enhanced cell growth. In contrast, expression of the mutated PYK2 or knockdown of PYK2 expression in LNCaP or 22Rv1 cells caused reduced expression or phosphorylation of AR and S6K1 as well as retarded cell growth. Under an androgen-deprived condition, PYK2-promoted AR expression and phosphorylation and PSA production in LNCaP cells can be abolished by knocking down S6K1 expression. In summary, our data suggested that PYK2 via S6K1 activation modulated AR function and growth properties in PCa cells. Thus, PYK2 and S6K1 may potentially serve as therapeutic targets for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Hsiao
- Department of Life ScienceNational Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Life ScienceNational Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Yu Hung
- Department of Life ScienceNational Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Chien Kuo
- Department of Life ScienceNational Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fuh-Jinn Luo
- Department of PathologyMennonite Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ta-Chun Yuan
- Department of Life ScienceNational Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
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