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Jeerararuensak W, Taweemonkongsap T, Larpparisuth N, Tantranont N, Chotikawanich E, Jitpraphai S, Woranisarakul V, Hansomwong T. Color Doppler Guided in Early Renal Allograft Biopsy: A Safer and Non-Inferior Technique. Transplant Proc 2023; 55:2385-2391. [PMID: 37872065 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared a novel technique for renal allograft biopsy, color Doppler ultrasound-guided biopsy (CDUS-Bx), with routine ultrasound-guided biopsy (RUS-Bx). METHODS A retrospective review was conducted on 111 patients, with 42 undergoing CDUS-Bx and 69 undergoing RUS-Bx. Urologists used an 18-gauge automatic spring-loaded biopsy needle for all procedures. CDUS-Bx tissue collection was guided by identifying renal vessels with color Doppler mode. RESULTS Overall, the adequacy rate was 90.1%, with a higher number of glomeruli obtained in the CDUS-Bx group (25.6 ± 10.3 vs. 20.6 ± 11.3, P = .008). Acute tubular necrosis was the most frequent pathological diagnosis, with a higher prevalence in the CDUS-Bx group (69% vs 40.6%). T cell-mediated rejection had a lower incidence in the CDUS-Bx group (4.8% vs 21.7%), and antibody-mediated rejection was comparable between the 2 groups. The most common complication was microscopic hematuria, which was significantly less frequent in the CDUS-Bx group (48.7% vs 70.1%, P = .028), but there was no significant difference in the rate of gross hematuria between CDUS-Bx and RUS-Bx (11.9% vs 11.6%, P = .961). The number of cores was the only predictor of adequate biopsy, with a 93.2% adequacy rate after 3 cores of allograft biopsy. Multivariate analysis revealed that only the guiding type, CDUS-Bx, was associated with less microscopic hematuria (adjusted odds ratio 0.325, P = .018). CONCLUSIONS Color Doppler ultrasound-guided biopsy had comparable tissue adequacy to RUS-Bx, with a lower incidence of microscopic hematuria. These findings suggest that CDUS-Bx may be a safe and effective alternative to RUS-Bx for allograft biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasin Jeerararuensak
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Taweemonkongsap
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuttasith Larpparisuth
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ngoentra Tantranont
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ekkarin Chotikawanich
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siros Jitpraphai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varat Woranisarakul
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thitipat Hansomwong
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Fank H, Weekers L, Lovinfosse P, Pottel H, Seidel L, Jadoul A, Bouquegneau A, Bonvoisin C, Bovy C, Grosch S, Erpicum P, Hustinx R, Jouret F. The uptake of [ 18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose by the renal allograft correlates with the acute Banff scores of cortex inflammation but not with the 1-year graft outcomes. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1236751. [PMID: 38993925 PMCID: PMC11235230 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1236751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Introduction [18F]FDG PET/CT noninvasively disproves acute kidney allograft rejection (AR) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with suspected AR. However, the correlation of biopsy-based Banff vs. PET/CT-based scores of acute inflammation remains unknown, as does the prognostic performance of [18F]FDG PET/CT at one year post suspected AR. Methods From 2012 to 2019, 114 [18F]FDG-PET/CTs were prospectively performed in 105 adult KTRs who underwent per cause transplant biopsies. Ordinal logistic regression assessed the correlation between the extent of histological inflammation and the mean standardized [18F]FDG uptake values (mSUVmean). Functional outcomes of kidney allografts were evaluated at one year post per cause biopsy and correlated to mSUVmean. Results A significant correlation between mSUVmean and acute Banff score was found, with an adjusted R 2 of 0.25. The mSUVmean was significantly different between subgroups of "total i", with 2.30 ± 0.71 in score 3 vs. 1.68 ± 0.24 in score 0. Neither the function nor the survival of the graft at one year was statistically related to mSUVmean. Discussion [18F]FDG-PET/CT may help noninvasively assess the severity of kidney allograft inflammation in KTRs with suspected AR, but it does not predict graft outcomes at one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Fank
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Weekers
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lovinfosse
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Oncological Imaging, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Hans Pottel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk (KULAK), Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Laurence Seidel
- Department of Medico-Economic Information and Biostatistic, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Jadoul
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Oncological Imaging, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Antoine Bouquegneau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Bonvoisin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Bovy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
- Division of Renal Pathology, Unilab, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Grosch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
- Division of Renal Pathology, Unilab, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Pauline Erpicum
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
- Division of Renal Pathology, Unilab, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - Roland Hustinx
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Oncological Imaging, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
| | - François Jouret
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital (ULiège CHU), Liège, Belgium
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Patient Specific Numerical Modeling for Renal Blood Monitoring Using Electrical Bio-Impedance. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22020606. [PMID: 35062564 PMCID: PMC8781200 DOI: 10.3390/s22020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of renal blood circulation is considered as an important physiological value, particularly for fast detection of acute allograft rejection as well as the management of critically ill patients with acute renal failure. The electrical impedance signal obtained from kidney with an appropriate electrode system and optimal electrode system position regarding to the kidney projection on skin surface reflects the nature of renal blood circulation and tone of renal blood vessels. This paper proposes a specific numerical modelling based on prior information from MRI-data. The numerical modelling was conducted for electrical impedance change estimation due to renal blood distribution. The proposed model takes into the account the geometrical and electrophysiological parameters of tissues around the kidney as well as the actual blood distribution within the kidney. The numerical modelling had shown that it is possible to register the electrical impedance signal caused by renal blood circulation with an electrode system commensurate with the size of kidney, which makes it possible to reduce the influence of surrounding tissues and organs. Experimental studies were obtained to prove the numerical modelling and the effectiveness of developed electrode systems based on the obtained simulation results. The obtained electrical impedance signal with the appropriate electrode system shows very good agreement with the renal blood change estimated using Doppler ultrasound. For the measured electrical impedance signal, it is possible to obtain the amplitude-time parameters, which reflect the hemodynamic characteristics of the kidneys and used in diagnostics, which is the subject of further research.
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Ghonge NP, Goyal N, Vohra S, Chowdhury V. Renal transplant evaluation: multimodality imaging of post-transplant complications. Br J Radiol 2021; 94:20201253. [PMID: 34233470 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20201253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With advancements in surgical techniques and immuno-suppression, renal transplantation is established as the most effective treatment option in patients with end-stage renal disease. Early detection of renal allograft complications is important for long-term graft survival. Late clinical presentation often causes diagnostic delays till the time allograft failure is advanced and irreversible. Imaging plays a key role in routine surveillance and in management of acute or chronic transplant dysfunction. Multimodality imaging approach is important with ultrasound-Doppler as the first-line imaging study in immediate, early and late post-transplant periods. Additional imaging studies are often required depending on clinical settings and initial ultrasound. Renal functional MRI is a rapidly growing field that has huge potential for early diagnosis of transplant dysfunction. Multiparametric MRI may be integrated in clinical practice as a noninvasive and comprehensive "one-stop" modality for early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of renal allograft dysfunctions, which is essential for guiding appropriate interventions to delay or prevent irreversible renal damage. With rapidly increasing numbers of renal transplantation along with improved patient survival, it is necessary for radiologists in all practice settings to be familiar with the normal appearances and imaging spectrum of anatomical and functional complications in a transplant kidney. Radiologist"s role as an integral part of multidisciplinary transplantation team continues to grow with increasing numbers of successful renal transplantation programs across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin P Ghonge
- Department of Radiology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Goyal
- Department of Radiology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Vohra
- Department of Radiology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Chowdhury
- Department of Radiology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Urban MW, Rule AD, Atwell TD, Chen S. Novel Uses of Ultrasound to Assess Kidney Mechanical Properties. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1531-1539. [PMID: 34939037 PMCID: PMC8691758 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0002942021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is a key imaging tool for evaluating the kidney. Over the last two decades, methods to measure the mechanical properties of soft tissues have been developed and used in clinical practice, although use in the kidney has not been as widespread as for other applications. The mechanical properties of the kidney are determined by the structure and composition of the renal parenchyma and perfusion characteristics. Because pathologic processes change these factors, the mechanical properties change and can be used for diagnostic purposes and for monitoring treatment or disease progression. Ultrasound-based elastography methods for evaluating the mechanical properties of the kidney use focused ultrasound beams to perturb the kidney and then high frame-rate ultrasound methods are used to measure the resulting motion. The motion is analyzed to estimate the mechanical properties. This review will describe the principles of these methods and discuss several seminal studies related to characterizing the kidney. Additionally, an overview of the clinical use of elastography methods in native and kidney allografts will be provided. Perspectives on future developments and uses of elastography technology along with other complementary ultrasound imaging modalities will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D. Rule
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Shigao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Matar AJ, Crepeau RL, Duran-Struuck R. Non-invasive imaging for the diagnosis of acute rejection in transplantation: The next frontier. Transpl Immunol 2021; 68:101431. [PMID: 34157374 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute rejection is a leading cause of organ transplant failure and the most common indication for re-transplantation. Clinically, suspicion of acute rejection is often dependent upon serum laboratory values which may only manifest after organ injury. The gold standard for diagnosis requires an invasive biopsy which can carry serious clinical risks including bleeding and graft loss as well as the possibility of sampling error. The use of noninvasive imaging modalities to monitor transplanted organs is of great clinical value, particularly as a tool for early detection of graft dysfunction or acute rejection. Herein, we provide an overview of the existing literature evaluating noninvasive imaging modalities of solid organ and cellular allografts after transplantation, including both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Matar
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Crepeau
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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7
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Brady CA, Williams C, Sharps MC, Shelleh A, Batra G, Heazell AEP, Crocker IP. Chronic histiocytic intervillositis: A breakdown in immune tolerance comparable to allograft rejection? Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 85:e13373. [PMID: 33155353 PMCID: PMC7988544 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic histiocytic intervillositis (CHI) is a pregnancy disorder characterized by infiltration of maternal macrophages into the intervillous space of the human placenta, often with accompanying perivillous fibrin deposition. CHI is associated strongly with foetal growth restriction and increased risk of miscarriage and stillbirth. Although rare, affecting 6 in every 10 000 pregnancies beyond 12 weeks' gestation, the rate of recurrence is high at 25%-100%. To date, diagnosis of CHI can only be made post-delivery upon examination of the placenta due to a lack of diagnostic biomarkers, and criteria vary across publications. No treatment options have shown proven efficacy, and CHI remains a serious obstetric conundrum. Although its underlying aetiology is unclear, due to the presence of maternal macrophages and the reported increased incidence in women with autoimmune disease, CHI is hypothesized to be an inappropriate immune response to the semi-allogeneic foetus. Given this lack of understanding, treatment approaches remain experimental with limited rationale. However, there is recent evidence that immunosuppression and antithrombotic therapies may be effective in preventing recurrence of associated adverse pregnancy outcomes. With similarities noted between the pathological features of CHI and acute rejection of solid organ transplants, further investigation of this hypothesis may provide a basis for tackling CHI and other immune-related placental conditions. This review will explore parallels between CHI and allograft rejection and identify areas requiring further confirmation and exploitation of this comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A. Brady
- Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreSt. Mary’s HospitalThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Charlotte Williams
- Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreSt. Mary’s HospitalThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- University of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Megan C. Sharps
- Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreSt. Mary’s HospitalThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Amena Shelleh
- St Mary’s HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Gauri Batra
- Paediatric HistopathologyCentral Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Alexander E. P. Heazell
- Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreSt. Mary’s HospitalThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- St Mary’s HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Ian P. Crocker
- Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreSt. Mary’s HospitalThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Sotomayor CG, Benjamens S, Dijkstra H, Yakar D, Moers C, Bakker SJL, Pol RA. Introduction of the Grayscale Median for Ultrasound Tissue Characterization of the Transplanted Kidney. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030390. [PMID: 33668900 PMCID: PMC7996582 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound examination is advised for early post-kidney transplant assessment. Grayscale median (GSM) quantification is novel in the kidney transplant field, with no systematic assessment previously reported. In this prospective cohort study, we measured the post-operative GSM in a large cohort of adult kidney transplant recipients (KTR) who consecutively underwent Doppler ultrasound directly after transplantation (within 24 h), compared it with GSM in nontransplanted patients, and investigated its association with baseline and follow-up characteristics. B-mode images were used to calculate the GSM in KTR and compared with GSM data in nontransplanted patients, as simulated from summary statistics of the literature using a Mersenne twister algorithm. The association of GSM with baseline and 1-year follow-up characteristics were studied by means of linear regression analyses. In 282 KTR (54 ± 15 years old, 60% male), the median (IQR) GSM was 55 (45–69), ranging from 22 to 124 (coefficient of variation = 7.4%), without differences by type of donation (p = 0.28). GSM in KTR was significantly higher than in nontransplanted patients (p < 0.001), and associated with systolic blood pressure, history of cardiovascular disease, and donor age (std. β = 0.12, −0.20, and 0.13, respectively; p < 0.05 for all). Higher early post-kidney transplant GSM was not associated with 1-year post-kidney transplant function parameters (e.g., measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate). The data provided in this study could be used as first step for further research on the application of early postoperative ultrasound in KTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo G. Sotomayor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (C.G.S.); (S.J.L.B.)
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile, University of Chile, CP 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Stan Benjamens
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (C.M.)
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (D.Y.)
| | - Hildebrand Dijkstra
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (D.Y.)
| | - Derya Yakar
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (D.Y.)
| | - Cyril Moers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (C.G.S.); (S.J.L.B.)
| | - Robert A. Pol
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.B.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Wasnik AP, Aslam AA, Millet JD, Pandya A, Bude RO. Multimodality imaging of pancreas-kidney transplants. Clin Imaging 2020; 69:185-195. [PMID: 32866771 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant remains a treatment option for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type 1, aimed at restoring normoglycemia, alleviating insulin dependency, avoiding diabetic nephropathy, and thereby improving the quality of life. Imaging remains critical in the assessment of these transplant grafts. Ultrasound with Doppler remains the primary imaging modality for establishing baseline assessment of the graft as well as for evaluating vascular, parenchymal, and perigraft complications. Noncontrast MR imaging is preferred over non-contrast CT for evaluation of parenchymal or perigraft complications in patients with decreased renal function, although contrast-enhanced CT/MR imaging may be obtained following multidisciplinary consultation in cases with high clinical and laboratory suspicion for graft dysfunction. Catheter angiography is reserved primarily for therapeutic intervention in suspected or confirmed vascular complications. An understanding of the surgical techniques and imaging appearance of a normal graft is crucial to identify potential complications and direct timely management. This article provides an overview of surgical techniques, normal imaging appearance, as well as the spectrum of imaging findings and potential complications in pancreas-kidney transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish P Wasnik
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan-Michigan Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Anum A Aslam
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan-Michigan Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - John D Millet
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan-Michigan Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Amit Pandya
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan-Michigan Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Ronald O Bude
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan-Michigan Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Sugi MD, Joshi G, Maddu KK, Dahiya N, Menias CO. Imaging of Renal Transplant Complications throughout the Life of the Allograft: Comprehensive Multimodality Review. Radiographics 2020; 39:1327-1355. [PMID: 31498742 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2019190096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is the most commonly transplanted solid organ. Advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppression regimens, surveillance imaging, and histopathologic diagnosis of rejection have allowed prolonged graft survival times. However, the demand for kidneys continues to outgrow the available supply, and there are efforts to increase use of donor kidneys with moderate- or high-risk profiles. This highlights the importance of evaluating the renal transplant patient in the context of both donor and recipient risk factors. Radiologists play an integral role within the multidisciplinary team in care of the transplant patient at every stage of the transplant process. In the immediate postoperative period, duplex US is the modality of choice for evaluating the renal allograft. It is useful for establishing a baseline examination for comparison at future surveillance imaging. In the setting of allograft dysfunction, advanced imaging techniques including MRI or contrast-enhanced US may be useful for providing a more specific diagnosis and excluding nonrejection causes of renal dysfunction. When a pathologic diagnosis is deemed necessary to guide therapy, US-guided biopsy is a relatively low-risk, safe procedure. The range of complications of renal transplantation can be organized temporally in relation to the time since surgery and/or according to disease categories, including immunologic (rejection), surgical or iatrogenic, vascular, urinary, infectious, and neoplastic complications. The unique heterotopic location of the renal allograft in the iliac fossa predisposes it to a specific set of complications. As imaging features of infection or malignancy may be nonspecific, awareness of the patient's risk profile and time since transplantation can be used to assign the probability of a certain diagnosis and thus guide more specific diagnostic workup. It is critical to understand variations in vascular anatomy, surgical technique, and independent donor and recipient risk factors to make an accurate diagnosis and initiate appropriate treatment.©RSNA, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Sugi
- From the Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (M.D.S., N.D., C.O.M.); and Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.J., K.K.M.) and Emergency Medicine (G.J., K.K.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Gayatri Joshi
- From the Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (M.D.S., N.D., C.O.M.); and Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.J., K.K.M.) and Emergency Medicine (G.J., K.K.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Kiran K Maddu
- From the Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (M.D.S., N.D., C.O.M.); and Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.J., K.K.M.) and Emergency Medicine (G.J., K.K.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Nirvikar Dahiya
- From the Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (M.D.S., N.D., C.O.M.); and Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.J., K.K.M.) and Emergency Medicine (G.J., K.K.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Christine O Menias
- From the Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (M.D.S., N.D., C.O.M.); and Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.J., K.K.M.) and Emergency Medicine (G.J., K.K.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
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11
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Jadoul A, Lovinfosse P, Bouquegneau A, Weekers L, Pottel H, Hustinx R, Jouret F. Observer variability in the assessment of renal 18F-FDG uptake in kidney transplant recipients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4617. [PMID: 32165653 PMCID: PMC7067780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
18F-FDG PET/CT imaging may help non-invasively disprove the diagnosis of acute kidney allograft rejection (AR) in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). The present study aims at evaluating the repeatability and reproducibility of the quantification of renal 18F-FDG uptake in KTR. We prospectively performed 18F-FDG PET/CT in 95 adult KTR who underwent surveillance transplant biopsy between 3 to 6 months post transplantation. Images were obtained 180 minutes after injecting 3 MBq 18F-FDG per kg body weight. Mean standard uptake value (SUVmean) of kidney cortex was independently measured by 2 experienced observers in 4 volumes of interest (VOI) distributed in the upper (n = 2) and lower (n = 2) poles. The first observer repeated SUV assessment in the uppermost VOI, blinded to the initial results. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were calculated. An ICC of 0.96 with 95%CI of [0.94; 0.97] was calculated for the intra-observer measurements. The ICC for inter-observer reproducibility for each VOI was 0.87 [0.81–0.91], 0.87 [0.81–0.91], 0.85 [0.78–0.89] and 0.83 [0.76–0.88] for the upper to the lower renal poles, respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility of the quantification of kidney allograft 18F-FDG uptake are both consistent, which makes it transferrable to the clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Jadoul
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and oncological imaging, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lovinfosse
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and oncological imaging, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Antoine Bouquegneau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Laurent Weekers
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Hans Pottel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Roland Hustinx
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and oncological imaging, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - François Jouret
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium. .,Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Géno-protéomique Appliquée, Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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12
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Chong A, Ha JM, Choi NK, Shin MH. Using Post Transplant 1 Week Tc-99m DPTA Renal Scan as Another Method for Predicting Renal Graft Failure. Open Med (Wars) 2019; 14:509-515. [PMID: 31259256 PMCID: PMC6592150 DOI: 10.1515/med-2019-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aims of this study were to determine whether post transplant renal scan performed at around 1 week can predict graft failure, and to identify the best predictive factors among easy-to-measure variables. Materials and methods We retrospectively evaluated patients who underwent Tc-99m DTPA renal scan at approximately 1 week after renal transplantation. They were separated into two categories at 3 months after the operation; graft failure and non-failure. Graft failure was confirmed by biopsy (rejection). Non-failure was confirmed either by biopsy or clinical follow-up with serum creatine (Cr). Scan parameters including glomerular filtration rate (GFR), Hilson perfusion index, peaks of the iliac and graft perfusion curves were analyzed. Clinical variables including age, sex, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, serum Cr, type of donated kidney, side of transplant, and immunosuppressant were also analyzed. Results Among total 45 patients, graft failure was present in 11 cases. The serum Cr level was significantly higher in the failure group. Among scan variables, only the GFR was significantly different between groups. GFR of <44.48 mL/min was predictive of graft failure (sen 88.9%). Serum Cr level >2.13 mg/dL was also predictive (sen 72.7%). Conclusion GFR on renal scan at approximately 1 week after kidney transplant can predict graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Chong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, 588 Seoseok-dong, dong-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea, 501-757
| | - Jung-Min Ha
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, 588 Seoseok-dong, dong-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea, 501-757
| | - Nam Kyu Choi
- Department of Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min Ho Shin
- Department of Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
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13
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杨 桂, 梅 颖, 吕 健, 陶 泉, 冯 衍, 许 乙. [Evaluation of renal oxygenation in rats with acute aristolochic acid nephropathy using blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:528-532. [PMID: 31140415 PMCID: PMC6743938 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.05.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the changes in renal oxygenation in rats with acute aristolochic acid nephropathy using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7.0T. METHODS Wistar rats were randomly divided into AAN group (n=18) and control group (n=6) for intraperitoneal injections of AAI at 40 mg/kg and PEG400, respectively, on a daily basis for 6 consecutive days. All the control rats and 6 rats from AAN group underwent BOLD MRI scan before and at 2, 4, and 6 days after the initial injection for measuring renal cortical and medullary R2* values. At each of the 4 time points, 3 rats in AAN group were sacrificed for histological evaluation; the control rats were examined at 6 days after the initial injection. RESULTS The cortical and medullary R2* values of the rats in AAN group on days 4 and 6 were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In AAN group, the cortical R2* values showed no obvious changes on day 2 as compared with the baseline values, but increased significantly on day 4 (P < 0.05) and day 6 (P < 0.01); the medullary R2* values increased progressively and were significantly higher than the baseline values on day 4 (P < 0.01) and day 6 (P < 0.01). In the control group, no significant changes were detected in either cortical or medullary R2* values throughout the experiment. CONCLUSIONS BOLD MRI allows non-invasive measurement of renal oxygenation levels in rats with AAN. The increase of renal cortical and medullary R2* values, and particularly the latter, indicates a lowered renal oxygenation level, which provides potentially useful information for clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- 桂香 杨
- 南方医科大学 南方医院影像中心,广东 广州 510515Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学 生物医学工程学院//广东省医学图像处理重点实验室,广东 广州 510515School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学 精神健康研究教育 部重点实验室,广东 广州 510515Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 颖洁 梅
- 南方医科大学 生物医学工程学院//广东省医学图像处理重点实验室,广东 广州 510515School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学 精神健康研究教育 部重点实验室,广东 广州 510515Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 健 吕
- 南方医科大学 生物医学工程学院//广东省医学图像处理重点实验室,广东 广州 510515School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学 精神健康研究教育 部重点实验室,广东 广州 510515Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 泉 陶
- 南方医科大学 生物医学工程学院//广东省医学图像处理重点实验室,广东 广州 510515School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学 精神健康研究教育 部重点实验室,广东 广州 510515Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 衍秋 冯
- 南方医科大学 生物医学工程学院//广东省医学图像处理重点实验室,广东 广州 510515School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学 精神健康研究教育 部重点实验室,广东 广州 510515Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 乙凯 许
- 南方医科大学 南方医院影像中心,广东 广州 510515Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学 精神健康研究教育 部重点实验室,广东 广州 510515Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Köhnke R, Kentrup D, Schütte-Nütgen K, Schäfers M, Schnöckel U, Hoerr V, Reuter S. Update on imaging-based diagnosis of acute renal allograft rejection. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 9:110-126. [PMID: 31139495 PMCID: PMC6526365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Despite effective immunosuppressants, acute allograft rejections pose a major threat to graft survival. In early stages, acute rejections are still potentially reversible, and early detection is crucial to initiate the necessary treatment options and to prevent further graft dysfunction or even loss of the complete graft. Currently, invasive core needle biopsy is the reference standard to diagnose acute rejection. However, biopsies carry the risk of graft injuries and cannot be immediately performed on patients receiving anticoagulation drugs. Therefore, non-invasive assessment of the whole organ for specific and rapid detection of acute allograft rejection is desirable. We herein provide a review summarizing current imaging-based approaches for non-invasive diagnosis of acute renal allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Köhnke
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Muenster48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Dominik Kentrup
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Muenster48149 Muenster, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)35294 Birmingham Alabama, US
| | - Katharina Schütte-Nütgen
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Muenster48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Muenster48149 Muenster, Germany
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Muenster48140 Muenster, Germany
| | - Uta Schnöckel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Muenster48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Hoerr
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster48149 Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University HospitalAm Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Reuter
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Muenster48149 Muenster, Germany
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15
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Renal Allograft Rejection: Noninvasive Ultrasound- and MRI-Based Diagnostics. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:3568067. [PMID: 31093027 PMCID: PMC6481101 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3568067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To date, allogeneic kidney transplantation remains the best available therapeutic option for patients with end-stage renal disease regarding overall survival and quality of life. Despite the advancements in immunosuppressive drugs and protocols, episodes of acute allograft rejection, a sterile inflammatory process, continue to endanger allograft survival. Since effective treatment for acute rejection episodes is available, instant diagnosis of this potentially reversible graft injury is imperative. Although histological examination by invasive core needle biopsy of the graft remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of ongoing rejection, it is always associated with the risk of causing substantial graft injury as a result of the biopsy procedure itself. At the same time, biopsies are not immediately feasible for a considerable number of patients taking anticoagulants due to the high risk of complications such as bleeding and uneven distribution of pathological changes within the graft. This can result in the wrong diagnosis due to the small size of the tissue sample taken. Therefore, there is a need for a tool that overcomes these problems by being noninvasive and capable of assessing the whole organ at the same time for specific and fast detection of acute allograft rejection. In this article, we review current state-of-the-art approaches for noninvasive diagnostics of acute renal transplant inflammation, i.e., rejection. We especially focus on nonradiation-based methods using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound.
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16
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Huang S, Ren Y, Wang X, Lazar L, Ma S, Weng G, Zhao J. Application of Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction-Mediated Exogenous Gene Transfer in Treating Various Renal Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:127-138. [PMID: 30205715 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal disease or acute renal injury could result in end-stage renal disease or renal failure. Sonoporation, induced by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), has evolved as a new technology for gene delivery. It increases the transfection efficiency of the genes into target kidney tissues. Moreover, UTMD-mediated gene delivery can directly repair the damaged tissues or improve the recruitment and homing of stem cells in the recovery of injured tissues, which has the potential to act as a non-viral and effective method to current gene therapy. This article reviews the mechanisms and applications of UTMD in terms of renal disease, including diabetic nephropathy, renal carcinoma, acute kidney injury, renal interstitial fibrosis, nephrotoxic nephritis, urinary stones, and acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Huang
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Lissy Lazar
- 2 Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Suya Ma
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Guobin Weng
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- 2 Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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17
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Sławińska A, Serafin Z, Zawada E, Białecki M, Wypych K, Woderska A, Słupski M, Włodarczyk Z. Noninvasive evaluation of renal tissue oxygenation with blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging early after transplantation has a limited predictive value for the delayed graft function. Pol J Radiol 2018; 83:e389-e393. [PMID: 30655915 PMCID: PMC6334089 DOI: 10.5114/pjr.2018.78622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of renal oxygenation assessment using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the early period after kidney transplantation and to estimate its prognostic value for delayed graft function. MATERIAL AND METHODS Examinations were performed in 50 subjects: 40 patients within a week after the kidney transplantation and 10 healthy controls, using T2*-weighted sequence. Measurements in transplant patients were correlated to basic laboratory parameters in the early period after transplantation and at follow-up. RESULTS Examinations of seven patients (18%) were rejected due to their poor technical quality. Mean R2* values in transplant recipients were lower than in controls (11.6 vs. 15.9 Hz; p = 0.0001). An R2* value of 0.28 Hz was calculated as the minimal detectable change. There was no relation between R2* values and laboratory parameters. However, patients eGFR ≥ 40 ml/min/1.73 m2 presented higher R2* values than recipients eGFR < 40 ml/min/1.73 m2 (12.0 vs. 11.1 Hz; p = 0.0189). In ROC analysis R2* of ≤ 11.7 predicted an early reduced graft function with 0.82 sensitivity and 56% specificity (AUC = 0.708; p = 0.024) but was not useful for delayed graft function prediction (p > 0.7). CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of renal graft oxygenation using BOLD MRI is technically challenging in the early period after transplantation. An R2* value of 0.28 Hz may in practice be considered as the minimal detectable change. The delayed graft function seems not to be dependent on early oxygenation values. Further, large-scale studies are necessary to confirm the latter observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Sławińska
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Serafin
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Zawada
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcin Białecki
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wypych
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Woderska
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Słupski
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Włodarczyk
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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18
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Mueller-Peltzer K, Negrão de Figueiredo G, Fischereder M, Habicht A, Rübenthaler J, Clevert DA. Vascular rejection in renal transplant: Diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) compared to biopsy. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018; 69:77-82. [PMID: 29630540 DOI: 10.3233/ch-189115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite of the more potent immunosuppressive medication, vascular rejection is still a major issue after renal transplantation. Renal biopsy is the gold standard diagnostic to evaluate acute and chronic allograft rejection. As it is an invasive diagnostic there is the risk of complications like haematoma, arteriovenous fistulas, active bleeding or infection. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging modality that allows visualising renal transplant perfusion. OBJECTIVE To analyse the sensitivity and specificity of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) compared to biopsy as gold standard in diagnosing vascular rejection in renal transplant patients. METHODS A total of 57 renal transplant recipients with poor renal allograft function with initial diagnostic imaging between 2006 and 2017 were included in the study. Clinical data and imaging studies were analysed retrospectively. The diagnostic accuracy of CEUS in diagnosing vascular rejection of the renal transplant was compared to renal biopsy as gold standard. Out of 57 patients 7 patients showed signs of vascular rejection in biopsy. In 6 out of these 7 patients CEUS described irregularities in renal perfusion suspicious of vascular rejection. RESULTS CEUS showed a sensitivity of 85.7%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.0%. CONCLUSIONS CEUS is a safe, non-nephrotoxic imaging modality for the initial imaging of renal transplant recipients with elevated kidney function parameters suspicious of vascular rejection. Compared to renal biopsy as gold standard CEUS shows a high specificity and PPV in detecting signs of vascular rejection. Since sub-types of vascular rejection with cellular and humoral components with greater risk for allograft loss have been described renal biopsy is inevitable in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mueller-Peltzer
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - G Negrão de Figueiredo
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - M Fischereder
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - A Habicht
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - J Rübenthaler
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - D-A Clevert
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
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19
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Aghighi M, Pisani L, Theruvath AJ, Muehe AM, Donig J, Khan R, Holdsworth SJ, Kambham N, Concepcion W, Grimm PC, Daldrup-Link HE. Ferumoxytol Is Not Retained in Kidney Allografts in Patients Undergoing Acute Rejection. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:139-149. [PMID: 28411307 PMCID: PMC6391060 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect allograft rejection in pediatric kidney transplant patients. PROCEDURES The USPIO ferumoxytol has a long blood half-life and is phagocytosed by macrophages. In an IRB-approved single-center prospective clinical trial, 26 pediatric patients and adolescents (age 10-26 years) with acute allograft rejection (n = 5), non-rejecting allografts (n = 13), and normal native kidneys (n = 8) underwent multi-echo T2* fast spoiled gradient-echo (FSPGR) MRI after intravenous injection (p.i.) of 5 mg Fe/kg ferumoxytol. T2* relaxation times at 4 h p.i. (perfusion phase) and more than 20 h p.i. (macrophage phase) were compared with biopsy results. The presence of rejection was assessed using the Banff criteria, and the prevalence of macrophages on CD163 immunostains was determined based on a semi-quantitative scoring system. MRI and histology data were compared among patient groups using t tests, analysis of variance, and regression analyses with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. RESULTS At 4 h p.i., mean T2* values were 6.6 ± 1.5 ms for native kidneys and 3.9 ms for one allograft undergoing acute immune rejection. Surprisingly, at 20-24 h p.i., one rejecting allograft showed significantly prolonged T2* relaxation times (37.0 ms) compared to native kidneys (6.3 ± 1.7 ms) and non-rejecting allografts (7.6 ± 0.1 ms). Likewise, three additional rejecting allografts showed significantly prolonged T2* relaxation times compared to non-rejecting allografts at later post-contrast time points, 25-97 h p.i. (p = 0.008). Histological analysis revealed edema and compressed microvessels in biopsies of rejecting allografts. Allografts with and without rejection showed insignificant differences in macrophage content on histopathology (p = 0.44). CONCLUSION After ferumoxytol administration, renal allografts undergoing acute rejection show prolonged T2* values compared to non-rejecting allografts. Since histology revealed no significant differences in macrophage content, the increasing T2* value is likely due to the combined effect of reduced perfusion and increased edema in rejecting allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aghighi
- Department of Radiology, Pediatric Molecular Imaging in the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (@PedsMIPS), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Road, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Laura Pisani
- Department of Radiology, Pediatric Molecular Imaging in the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (@PedsMIPS), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Road, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Ashok J Theruvath
- Department of Radiology, Pediatric Molecular Imaging in the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (@PedsMIPS), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Road, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Anne M Muehe
- Department of Radiology, Pediatric Molecular Imaging in the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (@PedsMIPS), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Road, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Donig
- Department of Radiology, Pediatric Molecular Imaging in the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (@PedsMIPS), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Road, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Ramsha Khan
- Department of Radiology, Pediatric Molecular Imaging in the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (@PedsMIPS), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Road, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Samantha J Holdsworth
- Department of Radiology, Pediatric Molecular Imaging in the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (@PedsMIPS), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Road, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Neeraja Kambham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul C Grimm
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heike E Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Pediatric Molecular Imaging in the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (@PedsMIPS), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Road, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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20
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Kentrup D, Bovenkamp P, Busch A, Schuette-Nuetgen K, Pawelski H, Pavenstädt H, Schlatter E, Herrmann KH, Reichenbach JR, Löffler B, Heitplatz B, Van Marck V, Yadav NN, Liu G, van Zijl PCM, Reuter S, Hoerr V. GlucoCEST magnetic resonance imaging in vivo may be diagnostic of acute renal allograft rejection. Kidney Int 2017; 92:757-764. [PMID: 28709641 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute cellular renal allograft rejection (AR) frequently occurs after kidney transplantations. It is a sterile T-cell mediated inflammation leading to increased local glucose metabolism. Here we demonstrate in an allogeneic model of Brown Norway rat kidneys transplanted into uninephrectomized Lewis rats the successful implementation of the recently developed glucose chemical exchange saturation transfer (glucoCEST) magnetic resonance imaging. This technique is a novel method to assess and differentiate AR. Renal allografts undergoing AR showed significantly increased glucoCEST contrast ratios of cortex to medulla of 1.61 compared to healthy controls (1.02), syngeneic Lewis kidney to Lewis rat transplants without rejection (0.92), kidneys with ischemia reperfusion injury (0.99) and kidneys affected by cyclosporine A toxicity (1.10). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed an area under the curve value of 0.92, and the glucoCEST contrast ratio predicted AR with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 69% at a threshold level over 1.08. In defined animal models of kidney injuries, the glucoCEST contrast ratios of cortex to medulla correlated positively with mRNA expression levels of T-cell markers (CD3, CD4, CD8a/b), but did not correlate to impaired renal perfusion. Thus, the glucoCEST parameter may be valuable for the assessment and follow up treatment of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kentrup
- Medical Clinic D, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Philipp Bovenkamp
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Annika Busch
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Helga Pawelski
- Medical Clinic D, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Medical Clinic D, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schlatter
- Medical Clinic D, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Herrmann
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Heitplatz
- Department of Pathology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Veerle Van Marck
- Department of Pathology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Nirbhay N Yadav
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Guanshu Liu
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Stefan Reuter
- Medical Clinic D, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Verena Hoerr
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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