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Zhenhao Z, Ru C, Xiaofeng C, Heng Y, Gongxian W. A novel circular RNA, circMAML3, promotes tumor progression of prostate cancer by regulating miR-665/MAPK8IP2 axis. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:455. [PMID: 38097567 PMCID: PMC10721837 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have now demonstrated that circRNAs are aberrantly expressed in cancer and are involved in the regulation of malignant tumor progression. However, the role of circMAML3 (hsa_circ_0125392) in prostate cancer has not been reported. circMAML3 was selected from public data through screening. The circMAML3 circular characterization was performed using Sanger sequencing, agarose gel electrophoresis assay, RNase R assay and actinomycin D assay. The expression of circMAML3 in prostate cancer tissues and cells was detected by qRT-PCR. In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the biological functions of circMAML3 in prostate cancer. Finally, the underlying mechanism of circMAML3 was revealed by qRT-PCR, luciferase reporter assay, miRNA Pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation, western blotting, and rescue assay. Compared to normal prostate tissue and prostate epithelial cells, circMAML3 is highly expressed in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines. CircMAML3 overexpression promotes prostate cancer proliferation and metastasis, while knockdown of circMAML3 exerts the opposite effect. Mechanistically, circMAML3 promotes prostate cancer progression by upregulating MAPK8IP2 expression through sponge miR-665. Our research indicates that circMAML3 promotes prostate cancer progression through the circMAML3/miR-665/MAPK8IP2 axis. circMAML3 and MAPK8IP2 are upregulated in prostate cancer expression and play an oncogenic role, whereas miR-665 is downregulated in prostate cancer and plays an oncogenic role. Therefore, CircMAML3 may be a potential biomarker for prostate cancer diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Zhenhao
- Department of Urology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, 330000, Nanchang, China.
| | - Chen Ru
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330000, Nanchang, China
- Department of Urology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, 29, Gulou District, 350001, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Xiaofeng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330000, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Heng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330000, Nanchang, China
| | - Wang Gongxian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330000, Nanchang, China.
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Gupta J, Abdulsahib WK, Turki Jalil A, Saadi Kareem D, Aminov Z, Alsaikhan F, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Ramaiah P, Farhood B. Prostate Cancer and microRNAs: New insights into Apoptosis. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 245:154436. [PMID: 37062208 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is known as one of the most prevalent malignancies globally and is not yet curable owing to its progressive nature. It has been well documented that Genetic and epigenetic alterations maintain mandatory roles in PCa development. Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, has been shown to be involved in a number of physiological processes. Apoptosis disruption is considered as one of the main mechanism involved in lots of pathological conditions, especially malignancy. There is ample of evidence in support of the fact that microRNAs (miRNAs) have crucial roles in several cellular biological processes, including apoptosis. Escaping from apoptosis is a common event in malignancy progression. Emerging evidence revealed miRNAs capabilities to act as apoptotic or anti-apoptotic factors by altering the expression levels of tumor inhibitor or oncogene genes. In the present narrative review, we described in detail how apoptosis dysfunction could be involved in PCa processes and additionally, the mechanisms behind miRNAs affect the apoptosis pathways in PCa. Identifying the mechanisms behind the effects of miRNAs and their targets on apoptosis can provide scientists new targets for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, U. P., India
| | - Waleed K Abdulsahib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq.
| | | | - Zafar Aminov
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare management, Samarkand State Medical University, 18 Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, 103 Makhtumkuli Str., Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Colombia; Educational Statistics Research Group (GIEE), National University of Education, Ecuador
| | | | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Zhang ZH, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng SF, Feng T, Tian X, Abudurexiti M, Wang ZD, Zhu WK, Su JQ, Zhang HL, Shi GH, Wang ZL, Cao DL, Ye DW. The function and mechanisms of action of circular RNAs in Urologic Cancer. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:61. [PMID: 36966306 PMCID: PMC10039696 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney, bladder, and prostate cancer are the three major tumor types of the urologic system that seriously threaten human health. Circular RNAs (CircRNAs), special non-coding RNAs with a stabile structure and a unique back-splicing loop-forming ability, have received recent scientific attention. CircRNAs are widely distributed within the body, with important biologic functions such as sponges for microRNAs, as RNA binding proteins, and as templates for regulation of transcription and protein translation. The abnormal expression of circRNAs in vivo is significantly associated with the development of urologic tumors. CircRNAs have now emerged as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of urologic tumors, as well as targets for the development of new therapies. Although we have gained a better understanding of circRNA, there are still many questions to be answered. In this review, we summarize the properties of circRNAs and detail their function, focusing on the effects of circRNA on proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, metabolism, and drug resistance in kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Zhang
- Qingdao Institute, School of Life Medicine, Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Qingdao, 266500, China
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Sheng-Feng Zheng
- Qingdao Institute, School of Life Medicine, Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Qingdao, 266500, China
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Feng
- Qingdao Institute, School of Life Medicine, Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Qingdao, 266500, China
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Tian
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Mierxiati Abudurexiti
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Zhen-Da Wang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Kai Zhu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qi Su
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hai Shi
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Liang Wang
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Gynecology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P. R. China
| | - Da-Long Cao
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Yu W, Ning K, Bai Q, Xiao J. Circ_0001686 knockdown suppresses tumorigenesis and enhances radiosensitivity in esophagus cancer through regulating miR-876-5p/SPIN1 axis. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 241:154216. [PMID: 36459832 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and radiosensitivity of many cancers. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether circ_0001686 is associated with the development and radiosensitivity of esophagus cancer. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of circ_0001686, microRNA-876-5p (miR-876-5p) and spindlin 1 (SPIN1). Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, EdU assay, flow cytometry and transwell assay were applied to evaluate cell viability, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and cell invasion capacities. Radiosensitivity was monitored by colony formation assay. The target relationship between miR-876-5p and circ_0001686 or SPIN1 was identified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The protein level of SPIN1 was measured by western blot assay. Xenograft tumor models were used to analyze the influence of circ_0001686 on radiosensitivity and tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS The expression levels of circ_0001686 and SPIN1 were increased, while miR-876-5p was decreased in esophagus cancer tissues and cells. Interference of circ_0001686 constrained cell proliferation and invasion, but promoted cell apoptosis and radiosensitivity. Additionally, miR-876-5p was the target of circ_0001686 and miR-876-5p inhibition effectively ameliorated the impacts of circ_0001686 deficiency on tumorigenesis and radiosensitivity. Moreover, SPIN1 was a direct target of miR-876-5p and SPIN1 overexpression partially overturned the effects of miR-876-5p transfection on tumor progression and radiosensitivity. Importantly, circ_0001686 could sponge miR-876-5p to regulate SPIN1 expression. In addition, circ_0001686 silencing also constrained tumor growth and increased radiosensitivity in vivo. CONCLUSION Circ_0001686 contributed to the progression and radioresistance of esophagus cancer cells via regulating SPIN1 expression by targeting miR-876-5p, providing a new therapeutic target for improving the prognosis of esophagus cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Yu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Ke Ning
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Qiwen Bai
- Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Jincheng Xiao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
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Ren H, Yang B, Li M, Lu C, Li X. RAB26 contributes to the progression of non-small cell lung cancer after being transcriptionally activated by SMAD3. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8064-8075. [PMID: 35291909 PMCID: PMC9161862 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2051853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of all cases of lung cancer, which constitutes the leading cause of cancer mortality. RAB26, a member of Rab GTPase superfamily, has been suggested to play a role in the tumorigenesis of NSCLC. The present work aimed to explore whether and how RAB26 contributed to the progression of NSCLC. NSCLC cell line A549 was transfection with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or overexpression (Ov) vector to knockdown RAB26 or overexpress SMAD3, respectively. Then the malignant processes of A549 cells including proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis were evaluated by CCK-8, colony formation, wound-healing, transwell and TUNEL assays, respectively. Expression of proteins involved in these processes was measured by western blot. A549 xenograft mice model was established to confirm the effect of RAB26 silence on NSCLC progression in vivo. The relationship between RAB26 and SMAD3 was analyzed by bioinformatics and then verified by dual-luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. We found that silence of RAB26 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion but promoted apoptosis of A549 cells. In vivo studies revealed that the tumor growth of A549 xenograft was markedly suppressed upon RAB26 silence. Moreover, it was confirmed that SMAD3 bound to the promoter of RAB26 and enhance its expression. Finally, we observed that overexpression of SMAD3 significantly blocked the inhibitory effect of RAB26 silence on NSCLC progression. Collectively, RAB26 may contribute to the progression of NSCLC after being transcriptionally activated by SMAD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingjiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunling Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaoyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Ding X, Sun J, Zhang X. Circ_0076305 facilitates prostate cancer development via sponging miR-411-5p and regulating PGK1. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14406. [PMID: 35238066 DOI: 10.1111/and.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of circular RNA (circRNA) is tightly linked to cancer progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological role of circ_0076305 in prostate cancer (PCa). RT-qPCR was utilized to examine circ_0076305, microRNA-411-5p (miR-411-5p) and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) expression in PCa tissues and cells. CCK-8 assay, EdU assay, wound-healing assay and flow cytometry were executed to investigate the regulatory function of circ_0076305 on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of PCa cells. Western blot (WB) assay was applied for measuring the protein levels. The effect of circ_0076305 on cellular glycolysis was examined using commercial kits. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted for confirming the association between miR-411-5p and circ_0076305 or PGK1. The role of circ_0076305 in vivo was detected via establishing mice xenograft model. Circ_0076305 was highly expressed in PCa. Circ_0076305 silencing could repress cell growth, migration and glycolysis while triggered apoptosis in PCa cells. MiR-411-5p was targeted by circ_0076305, and miR-411-5p suppression counteracted the influence of circ_0076305 silencing in PCa cells. Additionally, miR-411-5p directly targeted PGK1, and miR-411-5p upregulation restrained PCa cell malignant behaviours via reducing PGK1. Mechanically, circ_0076305 sponged miR-411-5p to affect PGK1 expression. Importantly, circ_0076305 interference inhibited tumour growth in vivo. Circ_0076305 served as a novel oncogene PCa progression through regulation of miR-411-5p/PGK1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqi Ding
- Urology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Urology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Urology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Taheri M, Najafi S, Basiri A, Hussen BM, Baniahmad A, Jamali E, Ghafouri-Fard S. The Role and Clinical Potentials of Circular RNAs in Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:781414. [PMID: 34804984 PMCID: PMC8604184 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.781414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men globally. Early diagnosis may help in promoting survival in the affected patients. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) which have been found to show extensive dysregulation in a handful of human diseases including cancers. Progressions in RNA identification techniques have provided a vast number of circRNAs exhibiting either up-regulation or down-regulation in PCa tissues compared to normal adjacent tissues. The mechanism of action is not clear for most of dysregulated circRNAs. Among them, function of a number of newly identified dysregulated circRNAs have been assessed in PCa cells. Increase in cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis have been reported for up-regulated circRNAs which suggest their role as oncogenes. On the other hand, down-regulated circRNAs have shown tumor suppressing actions in experimental studies. Furthermore, in a majority of studies, circRNAs have been found to sponge microRNAs (miRNAs), negatively regulating expression or activity of the downstream miRNAs. Additionally, they have been identified in interaction with regulatory proteins. This axis consequently regulates a signaling pathway, a tumor suppressor, or an oncogene. Easy, quick, and reliable detection of circRNAs in human body fluids also suggests their potentials as biomarker candidates for diagnosis and prediction of prognosis in PCa patients. In this review, we have discussed the role and potentials of a number of dysregulated circRNAs in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taheri
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Basiri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Elena Jamali
- Department of Pathology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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