1
|
Serra MC, Hafer-Macko CE, Robbins R, O'Connor JC, Ryan AS. Randomization to Treadmill Training Improves Physical and Metabolic Health in Association With Declines in Oxidative Stress in Stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 103:2077-2084. [PMID: 35839921 PMCID: PMC9637747 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of aerobic exercise vs control (stretching/balance) on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in stroke survivors and whether these changes are associated with improvements in physical and metabolic health. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING The general communities of Baltimore, Maryland, and Atlanta, Georgia. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred forty-six older (>50 years), chronic (>6 months) survivors of stroke (N=246) with hemiparetic gait were recruited, with 51 completing pre-intervention testing and 39 completing postintervention testing. Participants were required to have completed all conventional physical therapy and be capable of walking 3 minutes on a treadmill (N=246). INTERVENTION Participants completed 6 months of 2 times/wk stretching or balance (ST; n=19) or 3 times/wk aerobic treadmill rehabilitation (TM; n=20;). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Peak oxygen uptake rate (V̇o2peak), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), fasting plasma glucose, insulin, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed pre- and postintervention. Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. RESULTS Physical function and metabolic health parameters tended to improve after TM but not ST (ST vs TM: V̇o2peak: -9% vs 24%, P<.01; 6MWD: 1% vs 15%, P=.05; insulin: -1% vs -31%, P=.05; HOMA-IR: -3% vs -29%, P=.06). Plasma concentrations of nitrotyrosine, protein carbonyls, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) tended to decrease from pre-intervention concentrations in response to TM compared to ST (ST vs TM: nitrotyrosine: 2% vs -28%, P=.01; protein carbonyls: -4% vs -34%, P=.08; oxLDL: -3% vs -32%, P<.01). Changes in circulating concentrations of C-reactive protein, protein carbonyls, and oxLDL were negatively associated with changes in V̇o2peak and 6MWD (r's=-0.40 to -0.76) and positively associated with fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR (r's=0.52-0.81, Ps<.01). CONCLUSIONS Six months of TM tends to be associated with increased functional capacity and reduced oxidative stress in chronic stroke survivors. Our findings identify potentially modifiable systemic markers of inflammation and oxidative stress important to stroke rehabilitation and provide potential targets for novel therapeutics in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Serra
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology & Palliative Medicine and the Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity & Aging Studies, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; San Antonio Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX.
| | - Charlene E Hafer-Macko
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ronna Robbins
- San Antonio Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jason C O'Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Alice S Ryan
- Baltimore GRECC, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD; Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The Effect of a New N-hetero Cycle Derivative on Behavior and Inflammation against the Background of Ischemic Stroke. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175488. [PMID: 36080256 PMCID: PMC9457934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke triggers a whole cascade of pathological changes in the brain, one of which is postischemic inflammation. Since in such cases thrombolytic therapy is often not possible, methods that modulate inflammation and affect microglia become particularly interesting. We synthesized 3-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)propane-1-sulfonate calcium(II) (Compound 4) and studied its anti-inflammatory activity in in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation and ischemia. Macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Compound 4 at various dosages to study the cytokine profile using real-time PCR and cytometric bead array (CBA). Stroke in rats was simulated by the middle cerebral artery occlusion method (MCAO). Several tests were performed to characterize the neurological deficit and locomotor activity of the rats, and afterwards, postmortem, the number of astrocytes was counted using immunohistochemistry. Compound 4 in in vitro tests dose-dependently reduced the expression of interleukin-1β (IL1β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes in cell culture and increased the concentration of cytokines: interleukin-2, 4, 6 (IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6). In vivo Compound 4 increased the orienting-exploratory behavior, and reduced neurological and motor deficit. The number of astrocytes that promote and support inflammation was lower in the group treated with Compound 4. The stroke volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no difference. We have shown that Compound 4 demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity by increasing the synthesis of anti-inflammatory and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and positively affects the neurological deficit in rats. Thus, Compound 4 has a high therapeutic potential in the management of patients after a stroke and requires further study of its neuroprotective properties.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao Y, Ye S, Lin J, Liang F, Chen J, Hu J, Chen K, Fang Y, Chen X, Xiong Y, Lin L, Tan X. NmFGF1-Regulated Glucolipid Metabolism and Angiogenesis Improves Functional Recovery in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Stroke and Acts via the AMPK Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:680351. [PMID: 34025437 PMCID: PMC8139577 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes increases the risk of stroke, exacerbates neurological deficits, and increases mortality. Non-mitogenic fibroblast growth factor 1 (nmFGF1) is a powerful neuroprotective factor that is also regarded as a metabolic regulator. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nmFGF1 on the improvement of functional recovery in a mouse model of type 2 diabetic (T2D) stroke. We established a mouse model of T2D stroke by photothrombosis in mice that were fed a high-fat diet and injected with streptozotocin (STZ). We found that nmFGF1 reduced the size of the infarct and attenuated neurobehavioral deficits in our mouse model of T2D stroke. Angiogenesis plays an important role in neuronal survival and functional recovery post-stroke. NmFGF1 promoted angiogenesis in the mouse model of T2D stroke. Furthermore, nmFGF1 reversed the reduction of tube formation and migration in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) cultured in high glucose conditions and treated with oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD). Amp-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a critical role in the regulation of angiogenesis. Interestingly, we found that nmFGF1 increased the protein expression of phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) both in vivo and in vitro. We found that nmFGF1 promoted tube formation and migration and that this effect was further enhanced by an AMPK agonist (A-769662). In contrast, these processes were inhibited by the application of an AMPK inhibitor (compound C) or siRNA targeting AMPK. Furthermore, nmFGF1 ameliorated neuronal loss in diabetic stroke mice via AMPK-mediated angiogenesis. In addition, nmFGF1 ameliorated glucose and lipid metabolic disorders in our mouse model of T2D stroke without causing significant changes in body weight. These results revealed that nmFGF1-regulated glucolipid metabolism and angiogenesis play a key role in the improvement of functional recovery in a mouse model of T2D stroke and that these effects are mediated by the AMPK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeli Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fei Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yani Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiongjian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianxi Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oliveira RF, Paiva KM, da Rocha GS, de Moura Freire MA, de Araújo DP, de Oliveira LC, Guzen FP, de Gois Morais PLA, de Paiva Cavalcanti JRL. Neurobiological effects of forced swim exercise on the rodent hippocampus: a systematic review. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:58-68. [PMID: 33949162 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Forced swimming is a common exercise method used for its low cost and easy management, as seen in studies with the hippocampus. Since it is applied for varied research purposes many protocols are available with diverse aspects of physical intensity, time and periodicity, which produces variable outcomes. In the present study, we performed a systematic review to stress the neurobiological effects of forced swim exercise on the rodent hippocampus. Behavior, antioxidant levels, neurotrophins and inflammatory markers were the main topics examined upon the swimming effects. Better results among these analyses were associated with forced exercise at moderate intensity with an adaptation period and the opposite for continuous exhausting exercises with no adaptation. On further consideration, a standard swimming protocol is necessary to reduce variability of results for each scenario investigated about the impact of the forced swimming on the hippocampus. Forced swimming is a common exercise method used for its low cost and easy management, as seen in studies with the hippocampus. Since it is applied for varied research purposes many protocols are available with diverse aspects of physical intensity, time and periodicity, which produces variable outcomes. In the present study, we performed a systematic review to stress the neurobiological effects of forced swim exercise on the rodent hippocampus. Behavior, antioxidant levels, neurotrophins and inflammatory markers were the main topics examined upon the swimming effects. Better results among these analyses were associated with forced exercise at moderate intensity with an adaptation period and the opposite for continuous exhausting exercises with no adaptation. On further consideration, a standard swimming protocol is necessary to reduce variability of results for each scenario investigated about the impact of the forced swimming on the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Freire Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology , Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | - Karina Maia Paiva
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology , Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | - Gabriel Sousa da Rocha
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology , Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio de Moura Freire
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology , Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | - Dayane Pessoa de Araújo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology , Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | - Lucídio Cleberson de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology , Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | - Fausto Pierdoná Guzen
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology , Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang D, Lu Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Li L. Aerobic exercise attenuates neurodegeneration and promotes functional recovery - Why it matters for neurorehabilitation & neural repair. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104862. [PMID: 33031857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise facilitates optimal neurological function and exerts beneficial effects in neurologic injuries. Both animal and clinical studies have shown that aerobic exercise reduces brain lesion volume and improves multiple aspects of cognition and motor function after stroke. Studies using animal models have proposed a wide range of potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the neurological benefits of aerobic exercise. Furthermore, additional exercise parameters, including time of initiation, exercise dosage (exercise duration and intensity), and treatment modality are also critical for clinical application, as identifying the optimal combination of parameters will afford patients with maximal functional gains. To clarify these issues, the current review summarizes the known neurological benefits of aerobic exercise under both physiological and pathological conditions and then considers the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits in the contexts of stroke-like focal cerebral ischemia and cardiac arrest-induced global cerebral ischemia. In addition, we explore the key roles of exercise parameters on the extent of aerobic exercise-induced neurological benefits to elucidate the optimal combination for aerobic exercise intervention. Finally, the current challenges for aerobic exercise implementation after stroke are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Galkov M, Kiseleva E, Gulyaev M, Sidorova M, Gorbacheva L. New PAR1 Agonist Peptide Demonstrates Protective Action in a Mouse Model of Photothrombosis-Induced Brain Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:335. [PMID: 32547356 PMCID: PMC7273131 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are involved not only in hemostasis but also in the development of ischemic brain injury. In the present work, we examined in vivo effects of a new peptide (AP9) composing Asn47-Phen55 of PAR1 “tethered ligand” generated by activated protein C. We chose a mouse model of photothrombosis (PT)-induced ischemia to assess AP9 effects in vivo. To reveal the molecular mechanism of AP9 action, mice lacking β-arrestin-2 were used. AP9 was injected intravenously once 10 min before PT at doses of 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg, or twice, that is, 10 min before and 1 h after PT at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Lesion volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging and staining of brain sections with tetrazolium salt. Neurologic deficit was estimated using the cylinder and the grid-walk tests. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption was assessed by Evans blue dye extraction. Eosin-hematoxylin staining and immunohistochemical staining were applied to evaluate the number of undamaged neurons and activated glial cells in the penumbra. A single administration of AP9 (20 mg/kg), as well as its two injections (20 mg/kg), decreased brain lesion volume. A double administration of AP9 also reduced BBB disruption and neurological deficit in mice. We did not observe the protective effect of AP9 in mice lacking β-arrestin-2 after PT. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time protective properties of a PAR1 agonist peptide, AP9, in vivo. β-Arrestin-2 was required for the protective action of AP9 in PT-induced brain ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Galkov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Electrophysiology Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kiseleva
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Gulyaev
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Sidorova
- Laboratory of Peptide Synthesis, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center for Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov Gorbacheva
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Electrophysiology Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molaei A, Hatami H, Dehghan G, Sadeghian R, Khajehnasiri N. Synergistic effects of quercetin and regular exercise on the recovery of spatial memory and reduction of parameters of oxidative stress in animal model of Alzheimer's disease. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:596-612. [PMID: 32483406 PMCID: PMC7257248 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has widely been reported that the brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is affected by increased oxidative stress, and this may have a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Quercetin, a polyphenol extensively found in nature, has recently been considered. Also, physical activities have a paradoxical effect on brain function in older adults. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the synergic effects of quercetin (as chemical treatment) and exercise (as physical treatment) on AD-induced learning and memory impairment. Fifty-six adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into one of the following eight groups (n=7): The Control, Sham (saline), AD (intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (STZ)), AD+80 mg/kg Quercetin (STZ+Q80), Quercetin vehicle (1 % Ethanol)+STZ, Exercise pretreatment (EX)+STZ, Off the treadmill+STZ, and EX+Q80+STZ. Quercetin administration was done intraperitoneally for 21 days after STZ injection. The rats ran on the treadmill for one hour a day for 60 days at a speed of 20-22 m/min. After the treatment, the spatial memory and levels of oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. The results showed that STZ caused spatial memory impairment and increased oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Exercise pretreatment or Quercetin injection improved the spatial memory impairment and oxidative stress caused by STZ injection. However, the combination of quercetin and exercise pretreatment was more effective. It can be concluded that the combined exercise pretreatment and Quercetin injection affected the antioxidant defense system and improved STZ-induced memory impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Molaei
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Homeira Hatami
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Sadeghian
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nazli Khajehnasiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Effects of exercise timing and intensity on neuroplasticity in a rat model of cerebral infarction. Brain Res Bull 2020; 160:50-55. [PMID: 32305405 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exercise therapy plays key roles in functional improvements during neurorehabilitation. However, it may be difficult for some people to properly perform exercise because mobility and endurance might be restricted by neurological deficits due to stroke. Additionally, there is little evidence detailing the biological mechanisms underlying the most effective swimming exercise protocols for neuroplasticity after stroke. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of swimming exercise on neuroplasticity in a cerebral infarction rat model according to the timing and intensity of exercise. A total of 45 male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 ± 50 g, 10 weeks old) were subjected to photothrombotic cerebral infarction and randomly divided into five groups: non-exercise (group A, n = 9); early submaximal (group B, n = 9); early maximal (group C, n = 9); late submaximal (group D, n = 9); and late maximal (group E, n = 9). Swimming exercise was performed five times a week for 4 weeks, and cognition was evaluated with the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Assessments of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and immunohistochemical analyses of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were conducted in the ipsilesional hippocampus region. After 4 weeks of exercise, the escape latency was shorter and velocity was greater in group B than in groups A, C, D, and E (p = 0.046, p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, SOD activity was higher and MDA levels were lower in group B than in groups A, C, D, and E (p = 0.004, p = 0.019). The immunohistochemistry results revealed that the greatest BDNF immunoreactivity was in group B. Taken together, these results indicate that early submaximal swimming exercise may be the most effective protocol for the recovery of neurological deficits in a rat model of cerebral infarction.
Collapse
|
9
|
Keshavarz-Bahaghighat H, Sepand MR, Ghahremani MH, Aghsami M, Sanadgol N, Omidi A, Bodaghi-Namileh V, Sabzevari O. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Attenuates Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress and Hippocampal Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 184:422-435. [PMID: 29189995 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Augmentation of mitochondrial oxidative stress through activating a series of deadly events has implicated as the main culprit of arsenic toxicity and therapeutic approaches based on improving mitochondrial function hold a great promise for attenuating the arsenic-induced toxicity. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) through balancing the coenzyme A (CoA)/acyl-CoA ratio plays an important role in mitochondrial metabolism and thereby can help protect hippocampal neurons from oxidative damage. In the present study, we aimed to explore the effect of arsenic interactions on the mitochondrial function in the hippocampus of rats. Rats were randomly divided into five groups of control (distilled water), sodium arsenite (NaAsO2, 20 mg/kg), and co-treatment of NaAsO2 with various doses of ALC in three groups (100, 200, 300 mg/kg) and were treated orally for 21 consecutive days. Our results point out that arsenic exposure caused oxidative stress in rats' hippocampus, which led to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial swelling, the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of cytochrome c. It also altered Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio and increased caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities. Furthermore, arsenic exposure via activation of NF-κB and microglia increased inflammation. ALC could concentration-dependently counteract the arsenic-induced oxidative stress, modulate the antioxidant defense capacity, and improve mitochondrial functions. In addition, ALC decreased the expression of both death-associated proteins and of inflammatory markers. These findings indicate that ALC improved the arsenic-induced hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction which underlines the importance of ALC in providing a possible therapeutic strategy for the prevention of arsenic-induced neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Keshavarz-Bahaghighat
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sepand
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Aghsami
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ameneh Omidi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vida Bodaghi-Namileh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Sabzevari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran.
- Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wogensen E, Marschner L, Gram MG, Mehlsen S, Uhre VHB, Bülow P, Mogensen J, Malá H. Effects of different delayed exercise regimens on cognitive performance in fimbria-fornix transected rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2017. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
11
|
Hasan SMM, Rancourt SN, Austin MW, Ploughman M. Defining Optimal Aerobic Exercise Parameters to Affect Complex Motor and Cognitive Outcomes after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Synthesis. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2961573. [PMID: 26881101 PMCID: PMC4736968 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2961573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although poststroke aerobic exercise (AE) increases markers of neuroplasticity and protects perilesional tissue, the degree to which it enhances complex motor or cognitive outcomes is unknown. Previous research suggests that timing and dosage of exercise may be important. We synthesized data from clinical and animal studies in order to determine optimal AE training parameters and recovery outcomes for future research. Using predefined criteria, we included clinical trials of stroke of any type or duration and animal studies employing any established models of stroke. Of the 5,259 titles returned, 52 articles met our criteria, measuring the effects of AE on balance, lower extremity coordination, upper limb motor skills, learning, processing speed, memory, and executive function. We found that early-initiated low-to-moderate intensity AE improved locomotor coordination in rodents. In clinical trials, AE improved balance and lower limb coordination irrespective of intervention modality or parameter. In contrast, fine upper limb recovery was relatively resistant to AE. In terms of cognitive outcomes, poststroke AE in animals improved memory and learning, except when training was too intense. However, in clinical trials, combined training protocols more consistently improved cognition. We noted a paucity of studies examining the benefits of AE on recovery beyond cessation of the intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Mahmudul Hasan
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, L.A. Miller Centre, Room 400, 100 Forest Road, St. John's, NL, Canada A1A 1E5
| | - Samantha N. Rancourt
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, L.A. Miller Centre, Room 400, 100 Forest Road, St. John's, NL, Canada A1A 1E5
| | - Mark W. Austin
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, L.A. Miller Centre, Room 400, 100 Forest Road, St. John's, NL, Canada A1A 1E5
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, L.A. Miller Centre, Room 400, 100 Forest Road, St. John's, NL, Canada A1A 1E5
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Recovery after Acquired Brain Injury in Animal Models: A Systematic Review. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:830871. [PMID: 26509085 PMCID: PMC4609870 DOI: 10.1155/2015/830871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present paper is to review the current status of exercise as a tool to promote cognitive rehabilitation after acquired brain injury (ABI) in animal model-based research. Searches were conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and psycINFO databases in February 2014. Search strings used were: exercise (and) animal model (or) rodent (or) rat (and) traumatic brain injury (or) cerebral ischemia (or) brain irradiation. Studies were selected if they were (1) in English, (2) used adult animals subjected to acquired brain injury, (3) used exercise as an intervention tool after inflicted injury, (4) used exercise paradigms demanding movement of all extremities, (5) had exercise intervention effects that could be distinguished from other potential intervention effects, and (6) contained at least one measure of cognitive and/or emotional function. Out of 2308 hits, 22 publications fulfilled the criteria. The studies were examined relative to cognitive effects associated with three themes: exercise type (forced or voluntary), timing of exercise (early or late), and dose-related factors (intensity, duration, etc.). The studies indicate that exercise in many cases can promote cognitive recovery after brain injury. However, the optimal parameters to ensure cognitive rehabilitation efficacy still elude us, due to considerable methodological variations between studies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Austin MW, Ploughman M, Glynn L, Corbett D. Aerobic exercise effects on neuroprotection and brain repair following stroke: a systematic review and perspective. Neurosci Res 2014; 87:8-15. [PMID: 24997243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise (AE) enhances neuroplasticity and improves functional outcome in animal models of stroke, however the optimal parameters (days post-stroke, intensity, mode, and duration) to influence brain repair processes are not known. We searched PubMed, CINAHL, PsychInfo, the Cochrane Library, and the Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, using predefined criteria, including all years up to July 2013 (English language only). Clinical studies were included if participants had experienced an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. We included animal studies that utilized any method of global or focal ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage. Any intervention utilizing AE-based activity with the intention of improving cardiorespiratory fitness was included. Of the 4250 titles returned, 47 studies (all in animal models) met criteria and measured the effects of exercise on brain repair parameters (lesion volume, oxidative damage, inflammation and cell death, neurogenesis, angiogenesis and markers of stress). Our synthesized findings show that early-initiated (24-48h post-stroke) moderate forced exercise (10m/min, 5-7 days per week for about 30min) reduced lesion volume and protected perilesional tissue against oxidative damage and inflammation at least for the short term (4 weeks). The applicability and translation of experimental exercise paradigms to clinical trials are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Austin
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Lindsay Glynn
- Health Sciences Library, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Dale Corbett
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim G, Kim E. The Effects of Antecedent Exercise on Motor Function Recovery and Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. J Phys Ther Sci 2013; 25:553-6. [PMID: 24259800 PMCID: PMC3804980 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.25.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] In the present study, we investigated the effect of antecedent exercise on
functional recovery and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression following
focal cerebral ischemia injury. [Subjects] The rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)
model was employed. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups.
Group I included untreated normal rats (n=10); Group II included untreated rats with focal
cerebral ischemia (n=10); Group III included rats that performed treadmill exercise (20
m/min) training after focal cerebral ischemia (n=10); and Group IV included rats that
performed antecedent treadmill exercise (20 m/min) training before focal cerebral ischemia
(n=10) as well as treadmill exercise after ischemia. At different time points (1, 7, 14,
and 21 days) Garcia’s score, and the hippocampal expressions level of BDNF were examined.
[Results] In the antecedent exercise group, improvements in the motor behavior index
(Garcia’s score) were observed and hippocampal BDNF protein expression levels increased.
[Conclusion] These results indicate that antecedent treadmill exercise, before permanent
brain ischemia exerts a neuroprotective effect against ischemia brain injury by improving
motor performance and increasing the level of BDNF expression. Furthermore, the antecedent
treadmill exercise of appropriate intensity is critical for post-stroke
rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyeyeop Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Dongshin University
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim G, Kim E. The Effects of Antecedent Exercise on Motor Function Recovery and Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. J Phys Ther Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.25.5_553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gyeyeop Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Dongshin University
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Nambu University: Chemdan, Jungang 1-ro, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 506-706, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|