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Masaki M, Uchikawa Y, Iizuka Y, Sugawara K, Isobe H, Hattori F, Okamoto M, Takahashi S, Morohashi E, Kitamura Y. Association of activities of daily living and cognitive function with thickness of the upper extremity muscles in children and adults with cerebral palsy. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2023; 50:245-252. [PMID: 36995568 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-023-01292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the association of activities of daily living (ADL) and cognitive function with the upper extremity muscle thickness and upper extremity range of motion (ROM) and spasticity in children and adults with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS The subjects were 20 children and adults with CP. The ADL performed using the upper extremities and cognitive function were assessed using the self-care domain of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and the full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, fourth edition (WISC-IV), respectively. The WISC-IV was assessed in only seven of 20 subjects able to undergo evaluation. The thickness of the upper extremity muscles was measured using an ultrasound imaging device. Moreover, ROM and spasticity of the upper extremities were assessed using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Manual manipulation ability was also assessed using the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS). RESULTS Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the extensor digitorum muscle thickness and MACS level were significant and independent factors of self-care in the PEDI. Partial correlation analysis with MACS level and age as control variables showed that the FSIQ of the WISC-IV was significantly associated with the thickness of the anterior fibers of the deltoid and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles. CONCLUSION Reduced ADL performed using the upper extremities is associated with decreased extensor digitorum muscle thickness rather than ROM and spasticity of the upper extremities in children and adults with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Masaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 501 Nakaorui-Machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Yuki Uchikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, 1187-299 Kaname, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2622, Japan
| | - Yuka Iizuka
- Department of Rehabilitation, IMS Fujimi General Hospital, 1967-1 Tsuruma, Fujimi, Saitama, 354-0021, Japan
| | - Karin Sugawara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Niigata Rehabilitation Hospital, 761 Kizaki, Kita-Ku, Niigata, Niigata, 950-3304, Japan
| | - Honoka Isobe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Ibaraki Seinan Medical Center Hospital, 2190 Sakaimachi, Sashimagun, Ibaraki, 306-0400, Japan
| | - Fuyumi Hattori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Mizuno Memorial Hospital, 6-32-10 Nishiarai, Adachi-Ku, Tokyo, 123-0841, Japan
| | - Mami Okamoto
- Musashino City Development Support Center for Children, Midori-No Kodomokan, 2-6-8 Midori-Cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-0012, Japan
| | - Saki Takahashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Gunma Seishi Ryougoen, 146-1 Ashikado-Machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-3531, Japan
| | - Emina Morohashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital, 1-14-1 Masago, Nishi-Ku, Niigata, Niigata, 950-2085, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitamura
- Department of Rehabilitation, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital, 1-14-1 Masago, Nishi-Ku, Niigata, Niigata, 950-2085, Japan
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Masaki M, Isobe H, Uchikawa Y, Okamoto M, Chiyoda Y, Katsuhara Y, Mino K, Aoyama K, Nishi T, Ando Y. Association of gross motor function and activities of daily living with muscle mass of the trunk and lower extremity muscles, range of motion, and spasticity in children and adults with cerebral palsy. Dev Neurorehabil 2023; 26:115-122. [PMID: 36717387 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2023.2171149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the association of gross motor function and activities of daily living (ADL) with muscle mass of the trunk and lower extremity muscles in children and adults with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS The subjects were 32 children and adults with CP. Muscle thickness of the trunk and lower extremity muscles was measured using an ultrasound imaging device. RESULTS Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the thoracic erector spinae muscle thickness was a significant and independent factor of gross motor function. Stepwise regression analysis also showed that the thickness of the rectus abdominis and vastus lateralis muscles were significant and independent factors of ADL. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that declined gross motor function is associated with decreased thoracic erector spinae muscle mass in children and adults with CP. The results also indicate that declined ADL is associated with decreased muscle mass of the rectus abdominis and vastus lateralis muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Masaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Honoka Isobe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Ibaraki Seinan Medical Center Hospital, Sashimagun, Japan
| | - Yuki Uchikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mami Okamoto
- Midori-no Kodomokan, Musashino City Development Support Center for Children, Musashino, Japan
| | - Yoshie Chiyoda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Gunma Seishi Ryougoen, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Katsuhara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nikoniko-house Medical Welfare Center, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kunio Mino
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Kaori Aoyama
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ando
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Kita-ku, Japan
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Conner BC, Remec NM, Michaels CM, Wallace CW, Andrisevic E, Lerner ZF. Relationship between ankle function and walking ability for children and young adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review of deficits and targeted interventions. Gait Posture 2022; 91:165-178. [PMID: 34736095 PMCID: PMC8671343 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A primary goal of treatment for children with cerebral palsy is improved walking ability to allow for a more active and independent lifestyle. With the importance of ankle function to walking ability, and the deficits in ankle function associated with cerebral palsy, there is good rationale for targeting this joint in an effort to improve walking ability for this population. RESEARCH QUESTION How do deficits and targeted interventions of the ankle joint influence walking ability in children with cerebral palsy? METHODS A specific search criteria was used to identify articles that either (1) provided information on the relationship between ankle function and walking ability or (2) investigated the effect of a targeted ankle intervention on walking ability in cerebral palsy. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were searched from 1980-April, 2020. Resulting citations were compared against a prospective set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data relevant to the original research question was extracted, and the level of evidence for each intervention study was scored. Interpretation was focused on specific, pre-determined mobility measures. RESULTS Sixty-one citations met all criteria for data extraction, six of which were observational, and fifty-five of which were interventional. Level of evidence ranged from 2 to 4. Self-selected walking speed was the most common measure of walking ability, while physical activity level was the least common. SIGNIFICANCE Ankle function is an important contributor to the walking ability of children with cerebral palsy, and most interventions targeting the ankle seem to demonstrate a benefit on walking ability, but future higher-powered and/or controlled studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cassidy M. Michaels
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Chase W. Wallace
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Zachary F. Lerner
- College of Medicine – Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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Masaki M, Ogawa Y, Inagaki Y, Sato Y, Yokota M, Maruyama S, Takeuchi M, Kasahara M, Minakawa K, Okamoto M, Chiyoda Y, Mino K, Aoyama K, Nishi T, Ando Y. Association of sagittal spinal alignment in the sitting position with the trunk and lower extremity muscle masses in children and adults with cerebral palsy: A pilot study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 90:105491. [PMID: 34597916 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the association of sagittal spinal alignment in the sitting position with the trunk and lower extremity muscle masses in children and adults with cerebral palsy (CP). We also compared muscle masses between children and adults with CP who could and could not sit without the support of their upper extremities. METHODS The subjects were 34 children and adults with CP. Sagittal spinal alignment in the sitting position, such as thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and sacral anterior inclination angles were measured using a Spinal Mouse. The thicknesses of the trunk and lower extremity muscles were measured using an ultrasound imaging device. Furthermore, the subjects were classified into the sitting-possible group (n = 18), who could sit without the support of the upper extremities, or a sitting-impossible group (n = 16), who could not sit without the support of the upper extremities. FINDINGS Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the lumbar multifidus muscle thickness and body weight were significant and independent factors of the lumbar lordosis angle in the sitting position. The thicknesses of the thoracic erector spinae, gluteus maximus and minimus, long head of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and rectus femoris muscles were significantly lower in the sitting-impossible group than those in the sitting-possible group. INTERPRETATION Decreased lumbar lordosis angle in the sitting position was associated with decreased lumbar multifidus muscle mass in children and adults with CP. Furthermore, not only trunk extensor but also hip joint muscles may contribute to sitting without upper extremity support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Masaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Gunma, 501 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Yukine Ogawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sannocho Hospital, Niigata, 5-2-30 Hon-cho, Sanjo 955-0071, Japan.
| | - Yukika Inagaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hanna Sawarabi Ryoikuen, Gunma, 28-30 Harunasan-machi, Takasaki 370-3341, Japan.
| | - Yoshino Sato
- Suzuki Otolaryngology Clinic, Niigata, 6-5-37 Meike, Chuo-ku, Niigata 950-0941, Japan.
| | - Minori Yokota
- Department of Rehabilitation, Takeda General Hospital, Fukushima, 3-27 Yamaga-machi, Aizuwakamatsu 965-8585, Japan.
| | - Seina Maruyama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Moeka Takeuchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Iwamuro Rehabilitation Hospital, Niigata, 772-1 Iwamuronsen, Nishikan-ku, Niigata 953-0104, Japan.
| | - Maki Kasahara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tsunoda Hospital, Gunma, 675-4 Kamishinden, Tamamura-machi, Sawagun 370-1133, Japan.
| | - Kota Minakawa
- Tsutsumi Orthopaedic Clinic, Akita, 3-8-24 Terauchidonosawa, Akita 011-0901, Japan.
| | - Mami Okamoto
- Midori-no Kodomokan, Musashino City Development Support Center for Children, Tokyo, 2-6-8 Midori-cho, Musashino 180-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshie Chiyoda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Gunma Seishi Ryougoen, Gunma, 146-1 Ashikado-machi, Takasaki 370-3531, Japan
| | - Kunio Mino
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Okayama, 866 Gion, Kita-ku, Okayama 703-8555, Japan
| | - Kaori Aoyama
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Okayama, 866 Gion, Kita-ku, Okayama 703-8555, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Okayama, 866 Gion, Kita-ku, Okayama 703-8555, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Ando
- Department of Rehabilitation, Asahigawasou Rehabilitation & Medical Center, Okayama, 866 Gion, Kita-ku, Okayama 703-8555, Japan.
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Hanssen B, Peeters N, Vandekerckhove I, De Beukelaer N, Bar-On L, Molenaers G, Van Campenhout A, Degelaen M, Van den Broeck C, Calders P, Desloovere K. The Contribution of Decreased Muscle Size to Muscle Weakness in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:692582. [PMID: 34381414 PMCID: PMC8350776 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.692582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle weakness is a common clinical symptom in children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). It is caused by impaired neural ability and altered intrinsic capacity of the muscles. To define the contribution of decreased muscle size to muscle weakness, two cohorts were recruited in this cross-sectional investigation: 53 children with SCP [median age, 8.2 (IQR, 4.1) years, 19/34 uni/bilateral] and 31 children with a typical development (TD) [median age, 9.7 (IQR, 2.9) years]. Muscle volume (MV) and muscle belly length for m. rectus femoris, semitendinosus, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior were defined from three-dimensional freehand ultrasound acquisitions. A fixed dynamometer was used to assess maximal voluntary isometric contractions for knee extension, knee flexion, plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion from which maximal joint torque (MJT) was calculated. Selective motor control (SMC) was assessed on a 5-point scale for the children with SCP. First, the anthropometrics, strength, and muscle size parameters were compared between the cohorts. Significant differences for all muscle size and strength parameters were found (p ≤ 0.003), except for joint torque per MV for the plantar flexors. Secondly, the associations of anthropometrics, muscle size, gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) level, and SMC with MJT were investigated using univariate and stepwise multiple linear regressions. The associations of MJT with growth-related parameters like age, weight, and height appeared strongest in the TD cohort, whereas for the SCP cohort, these associations were accompanied by associations with SMC and GMFCS. The stepwise regression models resulted in ranges of explained variance in MJT from 29.3 to 66.3% in the TD cohort and from 16.8 to 60.1% in the SCP cohort. Finally, the MJT deficit observed in the SCP cohort was further investigated using the TD regression equations to estimate norm MJT based on height and potential MJT based on MV. From the total MJT deficit, 22.6–57.3% could be explained by deficits in MV. This investigation confirmed the disproportional decrease in muscle size and muscle strength around the knee and ankle joint in children with SCP, but also highlighted the large variability in the contribution of muscle size to muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Hanssen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicky Peeters
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Vandekerckhove
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Beukelaer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lynn Bar-On
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guy Molenaers
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Orthopaedic Section, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Van Campenhout
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Orthopaedic Section, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Degelaen
- Department of Rehabilitation Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Inkendaal Rehabilitation Hospital, Vlezenbeek, Belgium.,University Hospital, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Calders
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kaat Desloovere
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Chen K, Shu S, Yang M, Zhong S, Xu F. Meridian acupuncture plus massage for children with spastic cerebral palsy. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:6415-6422. [PMID: 34306381 PMCID: PMC8290740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of combination therapy of meridian acupuncture and massage on motor development in children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). METHODS A total of 113 children with SCP in our hospital were allocated into research group (63 cases, treated with meridian acupuncture plus massage) and control group (50 cases, treated with routine rehabilitation measures). Clinical efficacy and alterations of inflammatory factors were observed. Peabody Developmental Motor Scale (PDMS) and gross motor function measure (GMFM-88; sitting, standing, walking) were employed for the assessment of motor ability. Changes in muscle tension were monitored with the Ashworth scale (AS), and modified Barthel index (MBI) and Gesell's Developmental Schedule (GDS) were used to evaluate children's daily activities, language, fine motor skills, and adaptability. Finally, the development of children in the two groups was monitored. RESULTS The research group had higher total effective rate than the control group (P=0.018). After treatment, the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the research group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05); the PDMS and AS scores were reduced in both groups, and the reduction was greater in research group (P<0.05); GFMF-88, Barthel and GDS scores increased in both groups, especially in the research group; children in research group were better developed than those in control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Meridian acupuncture plus massage contributes to a significant improvement of motor development in children with SCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunzhi Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health HospitalGuiyang 550003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shiju Shu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health HospitalGuiyang 550003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health HospitalGuiyang 550003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shengbing Zhong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health HospitalGuiyang 550003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Radiology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health HospitalGuiyang 550003, Guizhou Province, China
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Endo S, Soyama T, Asai H, Inaoka PT, Sasaki H, Nomura I, Sakurakichi K. Effect of performing daily activities while standing on the quantity and quality of the thigh muscles in adults with severe cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study. J Phys Ther Sci 2021; 33:288-294. [PMID: 33814718 PMCID: PMC8012191 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To observe the effect of daily standing, as indicated by gross motor function, on the quantity and quality of the thigh muscles in adults with severe cerebral palsy and to obtain data to determine an appropriate intervention that will improve their quality of life. [Participants and Methods] Thirty-three adults with severe cerebral palsy participated in the study. We assessed the gross motor function using the GMFM-66-IS. We then evaluated the quadriceps muscle thickness and the rectus femoris muscle echo intensity using ultrasonography. We divided the participants into the standing and non-standing groups and then examined the correlations of the GMFM-66-IS score to muscle thickness and echo intensity. We calculated the difference in mean muscle thickness and echo intensity between the two groups using an independent t-test. [Results] Significant positive correlations were found between the GMFM-66-IS score and muscle thickness and echo intensity. In the group-specific analysis, no significant correlation was found between echo intensity and the GMFM-66-IS score in either group. Muscle thickness and echo intensity were greater in the participants of the standing group. [Conclusion] Daily standing, as indicated by gross motor function, affected muscle thickness and echo intensity. Quantitative and qualitative data might need to be evaluated when assessing the muscles of adults with severe cerebral palsy using ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Endo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Course of Rehabilitation Science, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University: 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Kanazawa Disabled Children's Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Soyama
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kanazawa Disabled Children's Hospital, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Asai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Course of Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Pleiades Tiharu Inaoka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Course of Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kanazawa Disabled Children's Hospital, Japan
| | - Issei Nomura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa Disabled Children's Hospital, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sakurakichi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa Disabled Children's Hospital, Japan
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Is there a relationship between muscle-tendon properties and a variety of functional tasks in children with spastic cerebral palsy? Gait Posture 2021; 85:14-19. [PMID: 33487525 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor and movement disability in childhood. The mechano-morphological alterations of the spastic muscle itself as well as the functional limitations in CP are well documented. However, the relationship between muscle tendon properties and functional tests in CP remains unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between spastic muscle mechano-morphological properties and functional performance in children with CP. METHODS This study included retrospective data from 22 children with spastic cerebral palsy with a mean age of 12.8 years (19 GMFCS I/3 GMFC II, 15 male/7 female, 8 unilateral involved/14 bilateral). Mechano-morphological properties of gastrocnemius (GM) and Achilles tendon (AT) were correlated with a variety of functional measures, maximal isometric strength, the Muscle Power Sprint test (MPST), 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and 3D-gait analysis using the Pearson Coefficient. RESULTS Muscle-tendon properties were normalized to remove anthropometric dimensions because of strong associations with anthropometric data. Higher isometric muscle strength was related to longer normalized GM fascicle lengths (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). The distance reached in the 6MWT positively correlated with normalized GM fascicle lengths (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). Higher AT stiffness was associated with faster performance in the MPST (r = 0.77, p < 0.01). Finally, there was an association between ankle power and both longer normalized AT length and shorter muscle belly (r = 0.60 and r = 0.54, p < 0.01). SIGNIFICANCE The findings of this study give more insight into the function specific adaptations of a spastic muscle-tendon unit. While walking, assessed through the 6MWT, was related to normalized gastrocnemius fascicle length, sprint performance was associated with an increased AT stiffness. These results provide a better understanding of the relationship between functional tasks and spastic muscle-tendon properties, which offers potential for improved and targeted interventions in CP.
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9
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Williams SA, Stott NS, Valentine J, Elliott C, Reid SL. Measuring skeletal muscle morphology and architecture with imaging modalities in children with cerebral palsy: a scoping review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2021; 63:263-273. [PMID: 33107594 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the use of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methodologies to assess muscle morphology and architecture in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD A scoping review was conducted with systematic searches of Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycInfo for all original articles published up to January 2019 utilizing ultrasound and/or MRI to determine morphological and architectural properties of lower limb skeletal muscle in children with CP. RESULTS Eighty papers used ultrasound (n=44), three-dimensional ultrasound (n=16), or MRI (n=20) to measure at least one muscle parameter in children and adolescents with CP. Most research investigated single muscles, predominantly the medial gastrocnemius muscle, included children classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I (n=62) and II (n=65), and assessed fascicle length (n=35) and/or muscle volume (n=35). Only 21 papers reported reliability of imaging techniques. Forty-six papers assessed measures of Impairment (n=39), Activity (n=24), and Participation (n=3). INTERPRETATION Current research study design, variation in methodology, and preferences towards investigation of isolated muscles may oversimplify the complexities of CP muscle but provide a foundation for the understanding of the changes in muscle parameters in children with CP. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Current evidence is biased towards the medial gastrocnemius muscle and more functionally able children with cerebral palsy (CP). Variations in imaging techniques and joint positioning limit comparisons between studies. Clinimetric testing of parameters of CP muscle is not always considered. Assessment of parameter(s) of muscle with measures of participation is sparse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sîan A Williams
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N Susan Stott
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Starship Child Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jane Valentine
- Kids Rehab WA, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Elliott
- Kids Rehab WA, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Siobhán L Reid
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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10
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Hösl M, Kruse A, Tilp M, Svehlik M, Böhm H, Zehentbauer A, Arampatzis A. Impact of Altered Gastrocnemius Morphometrics and Fascicle Behavior on Walking Patterns in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:518134. [PMID: 33178029 PMCID: PMC7597072 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.518134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) affects neural control, deteriorates muscle morphometrics, and may progressively impair functional walking ability. Upon passive testing, gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle bellies or fascicles are typically shorter, thinner, and less extensible. Relationships between muscle and gait parameters might help to understand gait pathology and pathogenesis of spastic muscles. The current aim was to link resting and dynamic GM morphometrics and contractile fascicle behavior (both excursion and velocity) during walking to determinants of gait. We explored the associations between gait variables and ultrasonography of the GM muscle belly captured during rest and during gait in children with SCP [n = 15, gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) levels I and II, age: 7–16 years] and age-matched healthy peers (n = 17). The SCP children’s plantar flexors were 27% weaker. They walked 12% slower with more knee flexion produced 42% less peak ankle push-off power (all p < 0.05) and 7/15 landed on their forefoot. During the stance phase, fascicles in SCP on average operated on 9% shorter length (normalized to rest length) and displayed less and slower fascicle shortening (37 and 30.6%, respectively) during push-off (all p ≤ 0.024). Correlation analyses in SCP patients revealed that (1) longer-resting fascicles and thicker muscle bellies are positively correlated with walking speed and negatively to knee flexion (r = 0.60–0.69, p < 0.0127) but not to better ankle kinematics; (2) reduced muscle strength was associated with the extent of eccentric fascicle excursion (r = −0.57, p = 0.015); and (3) a shorter operating length of the fascicles was correlated with push-off power (r = −0.58, p = 0.013). Only in controls, a correlation (r = 0.61, p = 0.0054) between slower fascicle shortening velocity and push-off power was found. Our results indicate that a thicker gastrocnemius muscle belly and longer gastrocnemius muscle fascicles may be reasonable morphometric properties that should be targeted in interventions for individuals with SCP, since GM muscle atrophy may be related to decreases in walking speed and undesired knee flexion during gait. Furthermore, children with SCP and weaker gastrocnemius muscle may be more susceptible to chronic eccentric muscle overloading. The relationship between shorter operating length of the fascicles and push-off power may further support the idea of a compensation mechanism for the longer sarcomeres found in children with SCP. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to support our explorative findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hösl
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Annika Kruse
- Department of Biomechanics, Movement and Training Sciences, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Tilp
- Department of Biomechanics, Movement and Training Sciences, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Svehlik
- Paediatric Orthopaedics Unit, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Böhm
- Gait Laboratory, Orthopedic Children's Hospital Aschau, Aschau im Chiemgau, Germany
| | - Antonia Zehentbauer
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Ultrasound Imaging and Rehabilitation of Muscle Disorders: Part 2: Nontraumatic Conditions. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 99:636-644. [PMID: 31764227 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Because of its several advantages, ultrasound imaging has started to take place in the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms of a wide range of musculoskeletal disorders. After the first part on traumatic conditions, in this review, the authors aim to discuss the applicability of ultrasound imaging for nontraumatic muscle disorders in the daily clinical/academic practice. While trying to summarize the whole spectrum (e.g., myofascial pain syndrome, inflammatory diseases, neuromuscular disorders), special emphasis will be given to sarcopenia, which is, by far, the most challenging clinical condition in the era of "aging world." Of note, rehabilitation with regard to the exemplified problems will also be briefed throughout.
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12
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Smirnova LM, Dzhomardly EI, Koltsov AA. The Interzonal Distribution of the Load on the Plantar Surface of the Foot During Walking in the Patients with Cerebral Palsy as an Objective Criterion of Functional Impairment Severity. TRAUMATOLOGY AND ORTHOPEDICS OF RUSSIA 2020. [DOI: 10.21823/2311-2905-2020-26-3-80-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Relevance. The main direction of rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy is the preservation and enhancement of the existing level of support and locomotion, as well as compensation of its impairment through various methods of rehabilitation. For an adequate prescription and reliable assessment of these measures effectiveness, it is necessary to use objective indicators of functional impairment characteristic of cerebral palsy. The purpose of this study was to substantiate objective biomechanical indicators of functional impairment in children with cerebral palsy based on the analysis of the interzonal distribution of the load on the foot during walking, taking into account the level of global motor functions impairment. Materials and Methods. 47 children with cerebral palsy at the GMFCS levels of impairment 1 to 3 were examined. The control group consisted of 14 children without anatomical and functional signs of support and locomotion system impairment. Biomechanical examination was performed on the complex «DiaSled-M-Scan» with matrix plantar pressure meters in the form of insoles. The statistical analysis of the data was carried out by nonparametric methods using the SPSS for Widows software. Results. The analysis of the anatomical and functional impairment of 94 feet of the children with cerebral palsy and 28 feet of the control group revealed differences in the interzonal distribution of the load under the feet in six variables (p from 0.001 to 0.003). The most typical were: an increase in the toe-to-heel load ratio (on average by 80%), an increase in the load on the arch (by 49%), and a decrease in the medio-lateral load ratio on the toe (by 37%). For GMFCS 1 patients, a significant indicator of impairment was an increase in the partial load on the arch, for GMFCS 2 and 3 patients — a decrease in the load on the heel and an increase it under the toe. This leads to an increase in the toe-to-heel load ratio. Conclusion. It is advisable to use the revealed indicators of roll-over-the-foot impairment in the functional diagnosis of the condition and in assessing the effectiveness of rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy.
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Duran I, Martakis K, Rehberg M, Stark C, Koy A, Schoenau E. The Appendicular Lean Mass Index Is a Suitable Surrogate for Muscle Mass in Children with Cerebral Palsy. J Nutr 2019; 149:1863-1868. [PMID: 31204786 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Densitometrically measured lean body mass (LBM) is often used to quantify skeletal muscle mass in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Since LBM depends on the individual's height, the evaluation of $\frac{{{\rm{LBM}}}}{{heigh{t^2}}}\ $ (lean BMI) is often recommended. However, LBM includes not only skeletal muscle mass but also the mass of skin, internal organs, tendons, and other components. This limitation applies to a far lesser extent to the appendicular lean mass index (LMIapp). OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate skeletal muscle mass in children with CP using total lean BMI (LMItot) and LMIapp. METHODS The present study was a monocentric retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data among children and adolescents with CP participating in a rehabilitation program. In total, 329 children with CP [148 females; Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS) I, 32 children; GMFCS II, 73 children; GMFCS III, 133 children; GMFCS IV, 78 children; and GMFCS V, 13 children] were eligible for analysis. The mean age was 12.3 ± 2.75 y. Pediatric reference centiles for age-adjusted LMIapp were generated using data from NHANES 1999-2004. Low skeletal muscle mass was defined as a z score for DXA determined LMItot and LMIapp less than or equal to -2.0. RESULTS The z scores for LMIapp were significantly lower than LMItot in children with CP, GMFCS levels II-V (P < 0.001), with the exception of GMFCS level I (P = 0.121), where no significant difference was found. The prevalence of low LMItot (16.1%; 95% CI: 16.1, 20.1%) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the prevalence of LMIapp (42.2%; 95% CI: 36.9, 47.9%) in the study population. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of low skeletal muscle mass in children with CP might be underestimated by LMItot. LMIapp is more suitable for the evaluation of skeletal muscle mass in children with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Duran
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Center of Prevention and Rehabilitation, UniReha, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kyriakos Martakis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Cologne, Germany.,Maastricht University, Department of International Health, School CAPHRI, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mirko Rehberg
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Stark
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Cologne Centre for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Koy
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eckhard Schoenau
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Center of Prevention and Rehabilitation, UniReha, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Cologne, Germany
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