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Makhdoumi P, Akbari P, Mirzaei N, Hossini H, Hoseinzadeh E. Systematic review and metal analysis on three important fungal group ( dermatophytes, yeasts and saprophytes) isolated from Iranian swimming pools. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:2047-2055. [PMID: 34900322 PMCID: PMC8617221 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The swimming pool particularly has been considered in tropical area and warm seasons in order to recreational actives and also different exercises. Therefore, poor management and unhealthy behavior of swimmers could be a cause of fungal diseases transmission among swimmers. The present study has addressed the literatures on the topic of fungal contamination of indoor/outdoor swimming pools in Iran. Based on the literature review, most common fungal contaminations were on the list of sporophytes fungus. The majority of the reported and isolated fungal were Aspergillus spp.(50 %), Rhizopus spp., Cladosporium spp.kand Penicillium spp. In addition, E. flucosom and T. mentagrophytes were the most abundant dermatophytes. Meta-analyzing of the results showed that dermatophytes, yeasts and saprophytes can be found in the swimming pool samples with a percent of 2.78 %, 14.29 and 73.73 %, respectively. High heterogeneity rate between studies was found for all types of fungal categories by I2, and a p-value < 0.0001. The results of outdoor pools (hot spring pools) showed Aspergillus spp. as a predominating species and other types such as A. fumigatusm, A.feltus and A.niger with penicillium spp. as the most abundant funguses in the next order pool type. It can be concluded that the swimming pools (both indoor and outdoor) are considerable reservoir of human diseases caused by fungi, especially a potential source of dermatophyte infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouran Makhdoumi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Parya Akbari
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nezam Mirzaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hooshyar Hossini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Edris Hoseinzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
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Manezeu Tonleu EO, Nana PA, Onana FM, Nyamsi Tchatcho NL, Tchakonté S, Nola M, Sime-Ngando T, Ajeagah Aghaindum G. Evaluation of the health risks linked to two swimming pools regularly frequented from the city of Yaounde in Cameroon (Central Africa). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:36. [PMID: 33409600 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study highlights the presence of pathogenic strains of microorganisms in two swimming pools, highly frequented in the city of Yaounde. Thus, the water samples from these swimming pools have undergone physicochemical and biological treatments using conventional techniques. Three groups of microorganisms (Bacteria, Protozoa, and Helminths) were identified and quantified in these swimming pools with weakly acidic waters (6.79 ± 0.35) with an average temperature of 26.63 ± 0.53 °C and suspended matter ranging from 2 to 150 mg.l-1. The total bacterial load varies between 8 × 103 and 6000 × 103 CFU/100 ml. It consists of mesophilic aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, fecal coliforms, total coliforms, fecal streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Protozoan cysts and oocysts range from 122 to 505 per liter of water. These values are slightly lower for helminth eggs and larvae (0 to 108 eggs and larvae/l). In both swimming pools, significant correlations were observed between some abiotic and biotic parameters. The waters of the studied swimming pools are subject to fecal pollution. Swimmers would therefore be exposed to biological contaminations, responsible for pathologies. The most common diseases are linked to gastroenteritis (diarrhea), but infections of all kinds may be overgrown (conjunctivitis, ear infections, dermatitis, respiratory infections).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvire Olivia Manezeu Tonleu
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Paul-Alain Nana
- Department of Oceanography, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon.
| | - Fils Mamert Onana
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystems Management, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Nectaire Lié Nyamsi Tchatcho
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystems Management, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Siméon Tchakonté
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Saint Jerome Polytechnic Institute, Saint Jerome Catholic University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Moïse Nola
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Télesphore Sime-Ngando
- Laboratory Microorganisms: Genome and Environment, UMR CNRS 6023, Clermont Auvergne University, P.O. Box 80026, 63178, Aubiere Cedex, France
| | - Gideon Ajeagah Aghaindum
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
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Sarmadian H, Hazbavi Y, Didehdar M, Ghannadzadeh MJ, Hajihossein R, Khosravi M, Ghasemikhah R. Fungal and parasitic contamination of indoor public swimming pools in Arak, Iran. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2020; 95:8. [PMID: 32813116 PMCID: PMC7366294 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-020-0036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swimming is a popular exercise for different types of people at different ages. Public swimming pools are places where fungal infections can be easily transferred. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of mycological, parasitological, and physicochemical parameters of swimming pools of Arak city. METHODS This cross-sectional study was done for 12 months from April 2013 to March 2014 in six indoor active swimming pools of Arak city (A, B, C, D, E, and F). Samples were collected in four seasons, two times/season; each time, two samples were obtained from six specified locations (shallow level pool, deep level pool, dressing rooms, showers, margin of pool walls, and foot-washing sink) from each pool with a total of 576 samples. Physicochemical parameters including water temperature, pH, turbidity, and the residual chlorine were measured on-site. In order to isolate and detect the fungal agents, special filters and culture Sabouraud's dextrose agar, chloramphenicol, and mycosel agar media were applied. Furthermore, non-nutrient agar medium enriched with Escherichia coli was used to detect and to separate the eggs of the worms, cysts, and parasitic protozoa from centrifuges of samples. In order to investigate their sediment, optical microscope and culture media were used. RESULTS We found that 456 (79.1%) samples were positive regarding the fungal elements, and 516 fungal species were isolated. The most common isolates were saprophytic species (8.74%), yeast species (25%), and dermatophyte species (2.5%). The most contaminated surfaces were foot-washing sinks and showers. In this study, Acanthamoeba parasites were isolated from one pool only. All the investigated physicochemical parameters of pool water except for the temperature were found to be in the standard range. CONCLUSIONS Existence of saprophytic fungi and yeast in pools' water is plausible to be considered as an indicator of water resistance to the detergent agents. This high degree of contamination is due to the huge number of visitors, the complexity of construction, the choice of materials, and the long opening hours. Isolation of dermatophytes and Acanthamoeba parasite from the pools' area and foot-washing sink reveals the important role of the public swimming pools in disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sarmadian
- Department of Infectious Disease, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Yasamin Hazbavi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Reza Hajihossein
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahmood Khosravi
- School of Paramedical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Ghasemikhah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
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Mavridou A, Pappa O, Papatzitze O, Dioli C, Kefala AM, Drossos P, Beloukas A. Exotic Tourist Destinations and Transmission of Infections by Swimming Pools and Hot Springs-A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2730. [PMID: 30513967 PMCID: PMC6313699 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of people undertake international travel, and yet faster growth of such travel is expected in the tropics. Information on the hazards presented by pool and hot spring waters in tropical countries is very limited. This review aims to collate available information on pool water quality, alongside data on cases and outbreaks associated with swimming in pools in tropical regions affecting both local populations and travellers. Bacteria species commonly causing cases and outbreaks in the tropics as well as elsewhere in the world were excluded, and the review focuses on studies related to pathogens that, with the exception of Cryptosporidium, are unusual in more temperate climates. Studies concerning subtropical countries were included in the light of climate change. Diseases transmitted by vectors breeding in poorly maintained, neglected or abandoned pools were also included. 83 studies dealing with Microsporidia, Leptospira spp., Schistosomas spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria spp., Clostridium trachomatis, viruses, and vectors breeding in swimming pool and hot tub waters, and fulfilling predefined criteria, have been included in our survey of the literature. In conclusion, prevention strategies for pool safety in the tropics are imperative. Public health authorities need to provide guidance to westerners travelling to exotic destinations on how to protect their health in swimming pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Mavridou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece.
| | - Olga Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece.
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Hellenic Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, 15123 Maroussi, Greece.
| | - Olga Papatzitze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece.
- West Attica General Hospital, "Santa Barbara", 12351 Santa Barbara, Greece.
| | - Chrysa Dioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece.
| | | | - Panagiotis Drossos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece.
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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Leme E, Silva EP, Rodrigues PS, Silva IR, Martins MFM, Bondan EF, Bernardi MM, Kirsten TB. Billings reservoir water used for human consumption presents microbiological contaminants and induces both behavior impairments and astrogliosis in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:364-373. [PMID: 29902616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Billings reservoir is the largest water-storage facility in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region, with only a small part of the reservoir used for water supply. Recently, the São Paulo Metropolitan Region has experienced the greatest water collapse ever recorded. Thus, the intensification of use of the Billings reservoir should be considered. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the water from different areas of the Billings reservoir related to human consumption (water supply and fishing): Rio Pequeno, Rio Grande, and Bororé rivers. We performed microbiological and physical studies on one water sample collected at each of these sites. Adult zebrafish were exposed to such water samples and their behaviors were evaluated. Finally, we studied central glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, which is related to neuroinflammatory processes. Water samples from Rio Pequeno, Rio Grande, and Bororé presented microbiological contamination for Escherichia coli and heterotrophic bacteria. Water from the Rio Pequeno river induced both motor/exploratory impairments and anxiogenic-like behavior in zebrafish. Water from the Bororé river induced behaviors in zebrafish related to respiratory impairments (hypoxia) as well as higher alarm reaction. Zebrafish exposed to water from the Bororé also presented astrogliosis, which seems to have happened in detrimental of the high heterotrophic bacterial contamination. Rio Grande and Bororé water increased the lethality rates. Considering the present results of microbiological contaminants and behavior impairments, lethality, as well as astrogliosis in zebrafish, the water from Rio Pequeno, Rio Grande, and Bororé rivers should be considered unacceptable for human use in their untreated state. The Basic Sanitation Company of the State of Sao Paulo should consider adopting rigorous processes of microbiological water treatment. Authorization for fishing at Bororé river should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ednilse Leme
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Ericka P Silva
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Paula S Rodrigues
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Igor R Silva
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Maria F M Martins
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Bondan
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Maria M Bernardi
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Thiago B Kirsten
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil.
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Masoud G, Abbass A, Abaza A, Hazzah W. Bacteriological quality of some swimming pools in Alexandria with special reference to Staphylococcus aureus. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:412. [PMID: 27312255 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Swimming pools have been identified as posing some public health risks to users due to either bacterial or chemical contamination. As a result, maintaining good swimming pool water quality is an important issue in preventing health risks for bathers. This study aimed to evaluate the bacteriological quality of some swimming pools in Alexandria and to investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in water samples. A total of 120 water samples from 10 swimming pools were collected. Bacteriological analysis included heterotrophic plate count (HPC) using pour plate method; enumeration of total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and S. aureus by membrane filtration technique. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on isolated S. aureus. Residual chlorine and pH were measured at swimming pools side. HPC was the least complying microbial parameter, followed by TC. S. aureus was recovered from 18 samples; 9 isolates were methicillin resistant S.aureus (MRSA), compared to E. coli that was detected in 7 samples. HPC and TC showed statistically significant correlations with all investigated parameters. In conclusion, the examined pools showed poor quality regarding all examined parameters collectively according to the Egyptian guidelines, which necessitates implementation of proper measures to ensure safer environment in swimming pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Masoud
- Microbiology Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165, El-Horreya Avenue, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Aleya Abbass
- Microbiology Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165, El-Horreya Avenue, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amani Abaza
- Microbiology Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165, El-Horreya Avenue, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walaa Hazzah
- Microbiology Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165, El-Horreya Avenue, Alexandria, Egypt.
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