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Hua MR, Zhao YL, Yang JZ, Zou L, Zhao YY, Li X. Membranous nephropathy: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic perspectives. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110317. [PMID: 37207447 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is one of the most common causes of non-diabetic nephrotic syndrome in adults. About 80% of cases are renal limited (primary MN) and 20% are associated with other systemic diseases or exposures (secondary MN). Autoimmune reaction is the main pathogenic factor of MN, and the discovery of autoantigens including the phospholipase A2 receptor and thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 7A has led to new insights into the pathogenesis, they can induce humoral immune responses led by IgG4 makes them suitable for the diagnosis and monitoring of MN. In addition, complement activation, genetic susceptibility genes and environmental pollution are also involved in MN immune response. In clinical practice, due to the spontaneous remission of MN, the combination of supportive therapy and pharmacological treatment is widely used. Immunosuppressive drugs are the cornerstone of MN treatment, and the dangers and benefits of this approach vary from person to person. In summary, this review provides a more comprehensive review of the immune pathogenesis, interventions and unresolved issues of MN in the hope of providing some new ideas for clinical and scientific researchers in the treatment of MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ru Hua
- Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, No. 777 Xitai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Yan-Long Zhao
- Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, No. 777 Xitai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Jun-Zheng Yang
- Guangdong nephrotic drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Consun Co. for Chinese Medicine in Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Consun Pharmaceutical Group, No. 71 Dongpeng avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, No. 777 Xitai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China; School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China; School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, No. 777 Xitai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China.
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Chen Y, Liu J, Su Y, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Wen M, Lu S, Cao X, Zhang W, Liu L, Wu J. Annexin V - and tissue factor + microparticles as biomarkers for predicting deep vein thrombosis in patients after joint arthroplasty. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 536:169-179. [PMID: 36191610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common and severe complication of joint arthroplasty. Microparticles (MPs) containing phosphatidylserine (PS) and tissue factor (TF) can trigger coagulation in VTE. This study aims to measure and compare MP levels in joint arthroplasty patients with and without VTE. METHODS This prospective cohort study enrolled 181 patients who underwent joint arthroplasty. Ultrasound examination was used to diagnose VTE on preoperative day 0 and postoperative day 6. MPs were analysed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and flow cytometry. The levels of platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs), endothelial cell-derived microparticles (EMPs), granulocyte-derived microparticles (GMPs), red cell-derived microparticles (RMPs), monocyte-derived microparticles (MMPs), Annexin V+ MPs (AV+ MPs), and tissue factor+ MPs (TF+ MPs) derived from five kinds of MPs were measured on day 0 (before surgery), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 after surgery. RESULTS The levels of AV-TF+ EMPs and AV-TF+ MMPs were significantly increased in patients with VTE on postoperative day 5 compared to those without VTE (P=0.031 and P=0.031, respectively). CONCLUSION AV-TF+ MPs may indicate the development of VTE and serve as predictive markers in joint arthroplasty patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Jian Liu
- Adult reconstruction department, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Yu Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Huiru Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Yujing Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Meng Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Xiangyu Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, P.R.China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, P.R.China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, P.R.China.
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Abstract
Tissue factor (TF), an initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway, is positively correlated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) of tumor patients. Beyond thrombosis, TF plays a vital role in tumor progression. TF is highly expressed in cancer tissues and circulating tumor cell (CTC), and activates factor VIIa (FVIIa), which increases tumor cells proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells(CSCs) activity. Furthermore, TF and TF-positive microvesicles (TF+MVs) activate the coagulation system to promote the clots formation with non-tumor cell components (e.g., platelets, leukocytes, fibrin), which makes tumor cells adhere to clots to form CTC clusters. Then, tumor cells utilize clots to cause its reducing fluid shear stress (FSS), anoikis resistance, immune escape, adhesion, extravasation and colonization. Herein, we review in detail that how TF signaling promotes tumor metastasis, and how TF-targeted therapeutic strategies are being in the preclinical and clinical trials.
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Zhu H, Xu L, Liu X, Liu B, Zhai C, Wang R, Yang X. Anti-PLA2R antibody measured by ELISA predicts the risk of vein thrombosis in patients with primary membranous nephropathy. Ren Fail 2022; 44:594-600. [PMID: 35380081 PMCID: PMC8986254 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2057861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is associated with the highest risk for developing venous thrombosis compared with other nephrotic diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the predictive value of the pathognomonic anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibody with regard to incidence of venous thrombosis in PMN. Methods A total of 365 in-hospital patients diagnosed with PMN were enrolled in the study. Anti-PLA2R antibody was detected by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariate logistic regression was used to detect the independent risk factors for venous thrombosis. Results Thirty-seven patients (10.14%) had venous thrombosis. Patients with venous thrombosis had higher levels of cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and D-dimer than those without venous thrombosis (p < .05). Patients with venous thrombosis had significantly lower levels of albumin (23.95 ± 5.53 vs. 26.18 ± 6.59 g/L, p = .049). No significant differences were found in proteinuria, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, platelets, and fibrinogen between patients with and without thrombosis. Anti-PLA2R antibody levels in patients with venous thrombosis were significantly higher than in patients without it (p = .002). In the univariate logistic regression, Ln anti-PLA2R antibody (OR: 1.340; p = .004), albumin (OR: 0.945; p = .050), CHOL (OR: 1.191; p = .006), and LDL (OR: 1.271, p = .006) were associated with venous thrombosis. Ln anti-PLA2R antibody (OR = 1.269; 95%CI: 1.032–1.561), and LDL (OR = 1.213; 95%CI: 1.017–1.448) were the independent risk factors for venous thrombosis (p < .05) in multivariate analysis. Conclusions Anti-PLA2R antibody was the independent risk factor for venous thrombosis in PMN. Larger prospective studies were warranted to verify the results in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizi Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunjuan Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Mahida RY, Price J, Lugg ST, Li H, Parekh D, Scott A, Harrison P, Matthay MA, Thickett DR. CD14-positive extracellular vesicles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as a new biomarker of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L617-L624. [PMID: 35234046 PMCID: PMC8993517 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00052.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play a role in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). EVs have been identified as potential biomarkers of disease severity and prognosis in other pulmonary diseases. We sought to characterize the EV phenotype within bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients with ARDS, and to determine whether BAL EV could be used as a potential biomarker in ARDS. BAL was collected from patients with sepsis with and without ARDS, and from esophagectomy patients postoperatively (of whom a subset later developed ARDS during hospital admission). BAL EVs were characterized with regard to size, number, and cell of origin. Patients with sepsis-related ARDS had significantly higher numbers of CD14+/CD81+ monocyte-derived BAL EV than patients with sepsis without ARDS (P = 0.015). However, the converse was observed in esophagectomy patients who later developed ARDS (P = 0.003). Esophagectomy patients who developed ARDS also had elevated CD31+/CD63+ and CD31+/CD81+ endothelial-derived BAL EV (P ≤ 0.02) compared with esophagectomy patients who did not develop ARDS. Further studies are required to determine whether CD31+ BAL EV may be a predictive biomarker for ARDS in esophagectomy patients. CD14+/CD81+ BAL EV numbers were significantly higher in those patients with sepsis-related ARDS who died during the 30 days following intensive care unit admission (P = 0.027). Thus, CD14+/CD81+ BAL EVs are a potential biomarker for disease severity and mortality in sepsis-related ARDS. These findings provide the impetus to further elucidate the contribution of these EVs to ARDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Y Mahida
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Price
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian T Lugg
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Li
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dhruv Parekh
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Scott
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - David R Thickett
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Liu W, Huang G, Rui H, Geng J, Hu H, Huang Y, Huo G, Liu B, Xu A. Course monitoring of membranous nephropathy: Both autoantibodies and podocytes require multidimensional attention. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 21:102976. [PMID: 34757091 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A variety of podocyte antigens have been identified in human membranous nephropathy (MN), which is divided into various antigen-dominated subtypes, confirming the concept that MN is the common pattern of glomerular injury in multiple autoimmune responses. The detection of autoantibodies has been widely used, which promoted the clinical practice of MN toward personalized precision medicine. However, given the potential risks of immunosuppressive therapy, more autoantibodies and biomarkers need to be identified to predict the prognosis and therapeutic response of MN more accurately. In this review, we attempted to summarize the autoantigens/autoantibodies and autoimmune mechanisms that can predict disease states based on the current understanding of MN pathogenesis, especially the podocyte injury manifestations. In conclusion, both the autoimmune response and podocyte injury require multidimensional attention in the disease course of MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guangrui Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Rui
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haikun Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guiyang Huo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Anlong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Yang N, Zhao Y, Wu X, Zhang N, Song H, Wei W, Liu ML. Recent advances in Extracellular Vesicles and their involvements in vasculitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 171:203-218. [PMID: 33951487 PMCID: PMC9107955 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic vasculitis is a heterogeneous group of multisystem autoimmune disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. Although many progresses in diagnosis and immunotherapies have been achieved over the past decades, there are still many unanswered questions about vasculitis from pathological understanding to more advanced therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are double-layer phospholipid membrane vesicles harboring various cargoes. EVs can be classified into exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies depending on their size and origin of cellular compartment. EVs can be released by almost all cell types and may be involved in physical and pathological processes including inflammation and autoimmune responses. In systemic vasculitis, EVs may have pathogenic involvement in inflammation, autoimmune responses, thrombosis, endothelium injury, angiogenesis and intimal hyperplasia. EV-associated redox reaction may also be involved in vasculitis pathogenesis by inducing inflammation, endothelial injury and thrombosis. Additionally, EVs may serve as specific biomarkers for diagnosis or monitoring of disease activity and therapeutic efficacy, i.e. AAV-associated renal involvement. In this review, we have discussed the recent advances of EVs, especially their roles in pathogenesis and clinical involvements in vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Xiuhua Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Haoming Song
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
| | - Ming-Lin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center (Philadelphia), Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Dong Z, Liu Z, Dai H, Liu W, Feng Z, Zhao Q, Gao Y, Liu F, Zhang N, Dong X, Zhou X, Du J, Huang G, Tian X, Liu B. The Potential Role of Regulatory B Cells in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:7638365. [PMID: 33426094 PMCID: PMC7772048 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7638365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) are widely regarded as immunomodulatory cells which play an immunosuppressive role. Breg inhibits pathological autoimmune response by secreting interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and adenosine and through other ways to prevent T cells and other immune cells from expanding. Recent studies have shown that different inflammatory environments induce different types of Breg cells, and these different Breg cells have different functions. For example, Br1 cells can secrete IgG4 to block autoantigens. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is an autoimmune disease in which the humoral immune response is dominant and the cellular immune response is impaired. However, only a handful of studies have been done on the role of Bregs in this regard. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the types and functions of Breg found in human body, as well as the abnormal pathological and immunological phenomena in IMN, and propose the hypothesis that Breg is activated in IMN patients and the proportion of Br1 can be increased. Our review aims at highlighting the correlation between Breg and IMN and proposes potential mechanisms, which can provide a new direction for the discovery of the pathogenesis of IMN, thus providing a new strategy for the prevention and early treatment of IMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Dong
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Shandong First Medical University, No. 619 Changcheng Road, Tai'an City, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Haoran Dai
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Station East 5, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhendong Feng
- Beijing Chinese Medicine Hospital Pinggu Hospital, No. 6, Pingxiang Road, Pinggu District, Beijing 101200, China
| | - Qihan Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhou
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Jieli Du
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Guangrui Huang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
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Amiral J. Measurement of blood activation markers applied to the early diagnosis of cardiovascular alterations. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 20:85-98. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1704258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Amiral
- Scientific-Hemostasis-Consulting, Scientific Director and Consultant in Thrombosis-Hemostasis, Andrésy, France
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