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Ghosh S, Ghzaiel I, Vejux A, Meaney S, Nag S, Lizard G, Tripathi G, Naez F, Paul S. Impact of Oxysterols in Age-Related Disorders and Strategies to Alleviate Adverse Effects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:163-191. [PMID: 38036880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols or cholesterol oxidation products are a class of molecules with the sterol moiety, derived from oxidative reaction of cholesterol through enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes. They are widely reported in animal-origin foods and prove significant involvement in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, lipid transport, cellular signaling, and other physiological processes. Reports of oxysterol-mediated cytotoxicity are in abundance and thus consequently implicated in several age-related and lifestyle disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, bone disorders, pancreatic disorders, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and some types of cancers. In this chapter, we attempt to review a selection of physiologically relevant oxysterols, with a focus on their formation, properties, and roles in health and disease, while also delving into the potential of natural and synthetic molecules along with bacterial enzymes for mitigating oxysterol-mediated cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhrima Ghosh
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory 'Nutrition, Functional Food and Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Anne Vejux
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Steve Meaney
- School of Biological, Health and Sports Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Garima Tripathi
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Falal Naez
- Department of Microbiology, Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Srijita Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Gurudas College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Ouyang J, Xiao Y, Ren Q, Huang J, Zhou Q, Zhang S, Li L, Shi W, Chen Z, Wu L. 7-Ketocholesterol Induces Oxiapoptophagy and Inhibits Osteogenic Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182882. [PMID: 36139457 PMCID: PMC9496706 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
7-Ketocholesterol (7KC) is one of the oxysterols produced by the auto-oxidation of cholesterol during the dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism which has been implicated in the pathological development of osteoporosis (OP). Oxiapoptophagy involving oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis can be induced by 7KC. However, whether 7KC produces negative effects on MC3T3-E1 cells by stimulating oxiapoptophagy is still unclear. In the current study, 7KC was found to significantly decrease the cell viability of MC3T3-E1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, 7KC decreased ALP staining and mineralization and down-regulated the protein expression of OPN and RUNX2, inhibiting osteogenic differentiation. 7KC significantly stimulated oxidation and induced autophagy and apoptosis in the cultured MC3T3-E1 cells. Pretreatment with the anti-oxidant acetylcysteine (NAC) could effectively decrease NOX4 and MDA production, enhance SOD activity, ameliorate the expression of autophagy-related factors, decrease apoptotic protein expression, and increase ALP, OPN, and RUNX2 expression, compromising 7KC-induced oxiapoptophagy and osteogenic differentiation inhibition in MC3T3-E1 cells. In summary, 7KC may induce oxiapoptophagy and inhibit osteogenic differentiation in the pathological development of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ouyang
- College of Rehabilitation, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yaosheng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qun Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jishang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qingluo Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Linfu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Weimei Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Longhuo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Correspondence:
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Jiang W, Ruan W, Wang Z. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide inhibits vascular calcification via anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in chronic kidney disease. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22504. [PMID: 35980507 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200353rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is very common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but so far, there is no effective treatment. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOP), a natural component of Chinese herbal medicine, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity. Inflammation and apoptosis play an essential role in the progression of vascular calcification. However, the exact role and molecular mechanisms of DOP in vascular calcification remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of DOP on vascular calcification using vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), arterial rings, and CKD rats. Alizarin red staining and gene expression analysis revealed that DOP inhibited calcification and osteogenic differentiation of rat VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, ex vivo studies revealed that DOP inhibited the calcification of rat arterial rings. Furthermore, the administration of DOP alleviated vascular calcification in CKD rats. Moreover, DOP treatment suppressed VSMC inflammation and apoptosis. Finally, DOP treatment upregulated mRNA and protein levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX-1); both pharmacological inhibition of HMOX-1 by the HMOX-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin-9ZnPP9 and knockdown of HMOX-1 by siRNA markedly abrogated the suppression of inflammation and osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs by DOP. Collectively, these results suggest that DOP alleviates vascular calcification in CKD by suppressing apoptosis and inflammation via HMOX-1 activation. These results may provide a promising treatment for vascular calcification in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenfeng Ruan
- Department of Orthopedics, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, China
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Navas-Madroñal M, Castelblanco E, Camacho M, Consegal M, Ramirez-Morros A, Sarrias MR, Perez P, Alonso N, Galán M, Mauricio D. Role of the Scavenger Receptor CD36 in Accelerated Diabetic Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197360. [PMID: 33028031 PMCID: PMC7583063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus entails increased atherosclerotic burden and medial arterial calcification, but the precise mechanisms are not fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the implication of CD36 in inflammation and calcification processes orchestrated by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under hyperglycemic and atherogenic conditions. We examined the expression of CD36, pro-inflammatory cytokines, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, and mineralization-regulating enzymes by RT-PCR in human VSMCs, cultured in a medium containing normal (5 mM) or high glucose (22 mM) for 72 h with or without oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) (24 h). The uptake of 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate-fluorescently (DiI) labeled oxLDL was quantified by flow cytometry and fluorimetry and calcification assays were performed in VSMC cultured in osteogenic medium and stained by alizarin red. We observed induction in the expression of CD36, cytokines, calcification markers, and ER stress markers under high glucose that was exacerbated by oxLDL. These results were confirmed in carotid plaques from subjects with diabetes versus non-diabetic subjects. Accordingly, the uptake of DiI-labeled oxLDL was increased after exposure to high glucose. The silencing of CD36 reduced the induction of CD36 and the expression of calcification enzymes and mineralization of VSMC. Our results indicate that CD36 signaling is partially involved in hyperglycemia and oxLDL-induced vascular calcification in diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- Calcinosis/genetics
- Calcinosis/metabolism
- Calcinosis/pathology
- Diabetes Complications/genetics
- Diabetes Complications/metabolism
- Diabetes Complications/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Glucose/adverse effects
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/genetics
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/pathology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Navas-Madroñal
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Esmeralda Castelblanco
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mercedes Camacho
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
- Center for Biomedical Research on Cardiovascular Disease (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Consegal
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Anna Ramirez-Morros
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, University Hospital and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Maria Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Center for Biomedical Research on Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paulina Perez
- Department of Angiology & Vascular Surgery, University Hospital and Health Sciences Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Nuria Alonso
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, University Hospital and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - María Galán
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (D.M.); Tel.: +34-93-556-56-22 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-61 (D.M.); Fax: +34-93-556-55-59 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-02 (D.M.)
| | - Dídac Mauricio
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research on Cardiovascular Disease (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (D.M.); Tel.: +34-93-556-56-22 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-61 (D.M.); Fax: +34-93-556-55-59 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-02 (D.M.)
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5
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Anderson A, Campo A, Fulton E, Corwin A, Jerome WG, O'Connor MS. 7-Ketocholesterol in disease and aging. Redox Biol 2020; 29:101380. [PMID: 31926618 PMCID: PMC6926354 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
7-Ketocholesterol (7KC) is a toxic oxysterol that is associated with many diseases and disabilities of aging, as well as several orphan diseases. 7KC is the most common product of a reaction between cholesterol and oxygen radicals and is the most concentrated oxysterol found in the blood and arterial plaques of coronary artery disease patients as well as various other disease tissues and cell types. Unlike cholesterol, 7KC consistently shows cytotoxicity to cells and its physiological function in humans or other complex organisms is unknown. Oxysterols, particularly 7KC, have also been shown to diffuse through membranes where they affect receptor and enzymatic function. Here, we will explore the known and proposed mechanisms of pathologies that are associated with 7KC, as well speculate about the future of 7KC as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in medicine.
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Gargiulo S, Gamba P, Testa G, Leonarduzzi G, Poli G. The role of oxysterols in vascular ageing. J Physiol 2016; 594:2095-113. [PMID: 26648329 DOI: 10.1113/jp271168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ageing endothelium progressively loses its remarkable and crucial ability to maintain homeostasis of the vasculature, as it acquires a proinflammatory phenotype. Cellular and structural changes gradually accumulate in the blood vessels, and markedly in artery walls. Most changes in aged arteries are comparable to those occurring during the atherogenic process, the latter being more marked: pro-oxidant and proinflammatory molecules, mainly deriving from or triggered by oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDLs), are undoubtedly a major driving force of this process. Oxysterols, quantitatively relevant components of oxLDLs, are likely candidate molecules in the pathogenesis of vascular ageing, because of their marked pro-oxidant, proinflammatory and proapoptotic properties. An increasing bulk of experimental data point to the contribution of a variety of oxysterols of pathophysiological interest, also in the age-related genesis of endothelium dysfunction, intimal thickening due to lipid accumulation, and smooth muscle cell migration and arterial stiffness due to increasing collagen deposition and calcification. This review provides an updated analysis of the molecular mechanisms whereby oxysterols accumulating in the wall of ageing blood vessels may 'activate' endothelial and monocytic cells, through expression of an inflammatory phenotype, and 'convince' smooth muscle cells to proliferate, migrate and, above all, to act as fibroblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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7
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Sudo R, Sato F, Azechi T, Wachi H. 7-Ketocholesterol-induced lysosomal dysfunction exacerbates vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via oxidative stress. Genes Cells 2015; 20:982-91. [PMID: 26419830 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is known to reduce the elasticity of aorta. Several studies have suggested that autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is associated with vascular calcification. A major component of oxidized low-density lipoproteins, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), has been reported to promote inorganic phosphorus (Pi)-induced vascular calcification and induce ALP. The aim of this study was to unravel the relationship between ALP and the progression of calcification by 7-KC. Calcification of human VSMCs was induced by Pi stimulation in the presence or absence of 7-KC. FACS analysis showed that 7-KC-induced apoptosis at a high concentration (30 μM), but not at a low concentration (15 μM). Interestingly, 7-KC promoted calcification in VSMCs regardless of apoptosis. Immunoblotting and immunostaining showed that 7-KC inhibits not only the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes but also causes a swell of lysosomes with the reduction of cathepsin B and D. Moreover, lysosomal protease inhibitors exacerbated the apoptosis-independent calcification by 7-KC although inhibition of autophagosome formation by Atg5 siRNA did not. Finally, the 7-KC-induced progression of calcification was alleviated by the treatment with antioxidant. Taken together, our data showed that 7-KC promotes VSMC calcification through lysosomal-dysfunction-dependent oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sudo
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Analytical Pathophysiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Azechi
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wachi
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
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Miyazaki-Anzai S, Masuda M, Demos-Davies KM, Keenan AL, Saunders SJ, Masuda R, Jablonski K, Cavasin MA, Kendrick J, Chonchol M, McKinsey TA, Levi M, Miyazaki M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress effector CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) regulates chronic kidney disease-induced vascular calcification. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000949. [PMID: 24963104 PMCID: PMC4309099 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and vascular calcification are a major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, the long‐awaited results of the Study of Heart and Renal Protection trial were reported. This large randomized clinical trial found that an extensive cholesterol‐lowering therapy through the combination of simvastatin and ezetimibe significantly reduced cardiovascular diseases in a wide range of patients with CKD. However, the mechanism by which this cholesterol‐lowering therapy reduces CKD‐dependent vascular diseases remains elusive. The objective of the present study was to determine the contribution of the oxysterol‐induced pro‐apoptotic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) on the pathogenesis of CKD‐dependent cardiovascular diseases through endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling. Methods and Results CKD increased levels of serum oxysterols such as 7‐ketocholesterol in human patients and ApoE−/− mice. Treatment with simvastatin plus ezetimibe strongly reduced levels of serum oxysterols and attenuated CKD‐dependent atherosclerosis, vascular cell death, vascular calcification, and cardiac dysfunction. This therapy also reduced aortic endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by CKD. The short hairpin RNA‐mediated knockdown of CHOP and activating transcription factor‐4 in vascular smooth muscle cells attenuated oxysterol‐induced mineralization, osteogenic differentiation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, CHOP deficiency protected ApoE−/− mice from CKD‐dependent vascular calcification, cardiac dysfunction, and vascular cell death. Conclusions These data reveal that the cholesterol‐lowering therapy of simvastatin plus ezetimibe attenuates CKD‐dependent vascular diseases through a reduction of oxysterol‐mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress. CHOP plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CKD‐dependent vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Miyazaki-Anzai
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Masashi Masuda
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Kimberly M Demos-Davies
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (K.M.D.D., M.A.C., T.A.M.K.)
| | - Audrey L Keenan
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Sommer J Saunders
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Rumiko Masuda
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Kristen Jablonski
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Maria A Cavasin
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (K.M.D.D., M.A.C., T.A.M.K.)
| | - Jessica Kendrick
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (K.M.D.D., M.A.C., T.A.M.K.)
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.) Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (M.M.)
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9
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Huang JD, Amaral J, Lee JW, Larrayoz IM, Rodriguez IR. Sterculic acid antagonizes 7-ketocholesterol-mediated inflammation and inhibits choroidal neovascularization. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:637-46. [PMID: 22342272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sterculic acid is a cyclopropene fatty acid with numerous biological activities. In this study we demonstrate that sterculic acid is a potent inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and related inflammation caused by 7-ketocholesterol (7KCh). 7KCh is a highly toxic oxysterol suspected in the pathogenesis of various age-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and age-related macular degeneration. Sterculic acid demonstrated to be 5-10 times more effective than other anti-inflammatory fatty acids at inhibiting 7KCh-mediated inflammatory responses in cultured cells. In vivo, sterculic acid was effective at inhibiting the formation of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in the laser-injury rat model. Our data suggests that sterculic acid may be useful in treating CNV in certain forms of age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahn-Dar Huang
- Mechanism of Retinal Diseases Section, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Gu X, Masters KS. Role of the Rho pathway in regulating valvular interstitial cell phenotype and nodule formation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H448-58. [PMID: 21131478 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01178.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) to a myofibroblastic or osteoblast-like phenotype is commonly found in calcific valvular stenosis, although the molecular-level mechanisms of this process remain poorly understood. Due to the role of the Rho pathway in various vascular diseases and in the expression of a myofibroblast phenotype, the present study was inspired by the hypothesis that Rho activation is involved in regulating cellular processes related to valve calcification. It was found that increased RhoA and Rho kinase (ROCK) activity was associated with increased nodule formation in VIC cultures in vitro, and intentional induction of RhoA activity led to a further increase in nodules and expression of α-smooth muscle actin. VICs treated with ROCK inhibitors were also examined for nodule formation, proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of myofibroblastic or osteoblastic markers. ROCK inhibition dramatically reduced myofibroblast-regulated nodule formation in VIC cultures, as evidenced by a decrease in nodule number, total nodule area, α-smooth muscle actin-positive stress fibers, apoptosis, and gene expression of myofibroblast-related phenotypic markers. Meanwhile, ROCK inhibition was less effective at reducing nodule formation associated with osteogenic activity. In fact, ROCK inhibition increased the expression of alkaline phosphatase and effected only a modest decrease in nodule number when applied to VIC cultures with higher osteogenic activity. Thus, the Rho pathway possesses a complex role in regulating the VIC phenotype and nodule formation, and it is hoped that further elucidation of these molecular-level events will lead to an improved understanding of valvular disease and identification of potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Gu
- Materials Science Program, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr., no. 2152, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Tsuchiya M, Hosaka M, Moriguchi T, Zhang S, Suda M, Yokota-Hashimoto H, Shinozuka K, Takeuchi T. Cholesterol biosynthesis pathway intermediates and inhibitors regulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and secretory granule formation in pancreatic beta-cells. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4705-16. [PMID: 20685866 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is reportedly abundant in the endocrine secretory granule (SG) membrane. In this study, we examined the involvement of cholesterol biosynthesis intermediates and inhibitors in insulin secretion and SG formation mechanisms. There are two routes for the supply of cholesterol to the cells: one via de novo biosynthesis and the other via low-density lipoprotein receptor-mediated endocytosis. We found that insulin secretion and content are diminished by β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A inhibitor lovastatin but not by lipoprotein depletion from the culture medium in MIN6 β-cells. Cholesterol biosynthesis intermediates mevalonate, squalene, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and the former two increased insulin content. The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion-enhancing effect of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was also confirmed in perifusion with rat islets. Morphologically, mevalonate and squalene increased the population of SGs without affecting their size. In contrast, lovastatin increased the SG size with reduction of insulin-accumulating dense cores, leading to a decrease in insulin content. Furthermore, insulin was secreted in a constitutive manner, indicating disruption of regulated insulin secretion. Because secretogranin III, a cholesterol-binding SG-residential granin-family protein, coincides with SG localization based on the cholesterol composition, secretogranin III may be associated with insulin-accumulating mechanisms. Although the SG membrane exhibits a high cholesterol composition, we could not find detergent-resistant membrane regions using a lipid raft-residential protein flotillin and a fluorescent cholesterol-Si-pyrene probe as markers on a sucrose-density gradient fractionation. We suggest that the high cholesterol composition of SG membrane with 40-50 mol% is crucial for insulin secretion and SG formation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Tsuchiya
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
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Calkin AC, Tontonoz P. Liver x receptor signaling pathways and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1513-8. [PMID: 20631351 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.191197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
First discovered as orphan receptors, liver X receptors (LXRs) were subsequently identified as the nuclear receptor target of the cholesterol metabolites, oxysterols. There are 2 LXR receptors encoded by distinct genes: LXRalpha is most highly expressed in the liver, adipose, kidney, adrenal tissues, and macrophages and LXRbeta is ubiquitously expressed. Despite differential tissue distribution, these isoforms have 78% homology in their ligand-binding domain and appear to respond to the same endogenous ligands. Work over the past 10 years has shown that the LXR pathway regulates lipid metabolism and inflammation via both the induction and repression of target genes. Given the importance of cholesterol regulation and inflammation in the development of cardiovascular disease, it is not surprising that activation of the LXR pathway attenuates various mechanisms underlying atherosclerotic plaque development. In this brief review, we will discuss the impact of the LXR pathway on both cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Calkin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Box 951662, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
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Larrayoz IM, Huang JD, Lee JW, Pascual I, Rodríguez IR. 7-ketocholesterol-induced inflammation: involvement of multiple kinase signaling pathways via NFκB but independently of reactive oxygen species formation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:4942-55. [PMID: 20554621 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 7-Ketocholesterol (7KCh) accumulates in oxidized lipoprotein deposits and is known to be involved in macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. 7-KCh is present in the primate retina and is associated with oxidized lipoprotein deposits located in the choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). 7-KCh can also be formed in the retina as a consequence of light-induced iron release. The purpose of this study was to examine the signaling pathways involved in the 7KCh-mediated inflammatory response focusing on three cytokines, VEGF, IL-6, and IL-8. METHODS ARPE-19 cells were treated with 7KCh solubilized in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Cytokines were quantified by qRT-PCR (mRNA) and ELISA (protein) using commercially available products. NFκB activation was determined by IκBα mRNA induction. RESULTS Treatment of ARPE-19 cells with 15 μM 7KCh markedly induced the expression of VEGF, IL-6, and IL-8. No increase in NOX-4 expression or ROS formation was detected. 7KCh induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK, and inhibitors to these kinases markedly reduced the cytokine expression but did not affect the IκBα mRNA expression. By contrast, inhibition of PI3K and PKCζ significantly decreased the cytokine and IκBα mRNA expression. Inhibition of the IκB kinase complex essentially ablated all cytokine induction. CONCLUSIONS 7KCh induces cytokines via three kinase signaling pathways, AKT-PKCζ-NFκB, p38 MAPK, and ERK. The MAPK/ERK pathways seem to preferentially enhance cytokine induction downstream from NFκB activation. The results of this study suggest that 7KCh activates these pathways through interactions in the plasma membrane, but the mechanism(s) remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Mechanisms of Retinal Diseases Section, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Oxysterols are biologically active molecules that result from the oxidation of cholesterol. Several oxysterols are found in macrophages and macrophage-derived 'foam cells' in atherosclerotic tissue. Lipophilic oxysterols penetrate cell membranes and, therefore, their concentrations can reach harmful levels in endothelial and smooth muscle cells located in close proximity to the atherosclerotic plaques or inflammatory zones. New findings suggest that the effects of oxysterols on cardiomyocytes can lead to cell hypertrophy and death. This may make oxysterols one of the major factors precipitating morbidity in atherosclerosis-induced cardiac diseases and inflammation-induced heart complications. The pathological actions of oxysterols on muscle cells were shown to depend on dysfunctional Ca(2+) signaling; however, the mechanisms of the effects remain to be elucidated. Understanding the effects of oxysterols could lead to therapies that modulate malfunction of cardiomyocytes. This review discusses the experimental findings and the relevance of oxysterols to heart failure, and suggests strategies for important future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Lukyanenko
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Mori-Kawabe M, Tsushima H, Fujimoto S, Tada T, Ito JI. Role of Rho/Rho-kinase and NO/cGMP signaling pathways in vascular function prior to atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 16:722-32. [PMID: 19755789 DOI: 10.5551/jat.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease; however, there is little information on signal transduction for vascular function in the early stage of atherosclerosis. In this work, we investigated the role of Rho/Rho-kinase and nitrogen oxide (NO)/cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling pathways in the aorta prior to atherosclerosis. METHODS Tension, the expression of RhoA protein, Rho-kinase activity and the cGMP level were measured using endothelium-intact or -denuded aorta prepared from apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-KO) and C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice at 2 months of age. RESULTS Phenylephrine (PE) induced less maximal contraction in the endothelium-denuded aorta from apoE-KO than from WT mice. A Rho-kinase inhibitor (Y-27632) reduced more effectively the contraction of apoE-KO than WT mice, but their RhoA proteins and Rho-kinase activities were not so different. Acetylcholine caused larger relaxation of the PE-stimulated, endothelium-intact aorta in apoE-KO due to endothelial NO release than WT mice. The basal cGMP level in the endothelium-intact aorta of apoE-KO mice was higher than that of WT. CONCLUSIONS Smooth muscle contraction via alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor shows higher dependency on Rho-kinase activity, suggesting down-regulation of the mechanism different from Rho/Rho kinase signaling in the aorta prior to atherosclerosis. Endothelium-dependent relaxation is also intensified through the NO/cGMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Mori-Kawabe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan.
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Hsu JJ, Lu J, Huang MS, Geng Y, Sage AP, Bradley MN, Tontonoz P, Demer LL, Tintut Y. T0901317, an LXR agonist, augments PKA-induced vascular cell calcification. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1344-8. [PMID: 19327357 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of liver X receptor (LXR) agonists on vascular calcification, prevalent in atherosclerotic lesions. T0901317, an LXR agonist, augmented protein kinase A (PKA)-induced mineralization and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in aortic smooth muscle cells isolated from wild-type, but not from Lxrbeta(-/-)mice. A six-hour T0901317 treatment augmented the PKA-induced expression of the phosphate transporter Pit-1, a positive regulator of mineralization, suggesting a direct role. A ten-day T0901317 treatment attenuated PKA-induced expression of mineralization inhibitors, osteopontin and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1, suggesting an indirect role. The effects of T0901317 were attenuated by inhibition of ALP, Pit-1 and Rho-associated kinase, but not by inhibition of PKA. These results suggest that T0901317-augmented mineralization occurs downstream of PKA, involving both direct and indirect LXR-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hsu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, CHS A2-237, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
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Morishita R, Ishii J, Kusumi Y, Yamada S, Komai N, Ohishi M, Nomura M, Hishida H, Niihashi M, Mitsumata M. Association of Serum Oxidized Lipoprotein(a) Concentration with Coronary Artery Disease: Potential Role of Oxidized Lipoprotein(a) in the Vasucular Wall. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 16:410-8. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.no224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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[Calcium homeostasis and diabetes mellitus]. Cardiovasc Pathol 2006; 22:167-75. [PMID: 16883034 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with various organ dysfunctions through hyperglycemia, insulin deficiency, or advanced glycation end products, which can also cause impaired calcium homeostasis such as the reductions of parathyroid hormone secretion, vitamin D receptor (VDR) number, and 25- (OH) vitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity in the parathyroid gland, intestine, and kidney, respectively. On the contrary, abnormal calcium homeostasis such as vitamin D deficiency/insensitivity and hyperparathyroidism can cause glucose intolerance or diabetes. Vitamin D deficiency/insensitivity induces type 2 diabetes through impaired insulin secretion involving VDR on pancreatic beta cells, as well as type 1 diabetes through the reduction in immuno-modulatory action of 1,25 (OH)(2) vitamin D. Primary hyperparathyroidism induces glucose intolerance via insulin resistance due to elevated intracellular calcium in the targeted organ of insulin.
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