1
|
Chakraborty S, Connor S, Velagic M. Development of a simple, rapid, and sensitive diagnostic assay for enterotoxigenic E. coli and Shigella spp applicable to endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010180. [PMID: 35089927 PMCID: PMC8827434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Shigella spp (Shigella) are complex pathogens. The diagnostic assays currently used to detect these pathogens are elaborate or complicated, which make them difficult to apply in resource poor settings where these diseases are endemic. The culture methods used to detect Shigella are not sensitive, and the methods used to detect ETEC are only available in a few research labs. To address this gap, we developed a rapid and simple diagnostic assay–"Rapid LAMP based Diagnostic Test (RLDT)." The six minutes sample preparation method directly from the fecal samples with lyophilized reaction strips and using established Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) platform, ETEC [heat labile toxin (LT) and heat stable toxins (STh, and STp) genes] and Shigella (ipaH gene) detection was made simple, rapid (<50 minutes), and inexpensive. This assay is cold chain and electricity free. Moreover, RLDT requires minimal equipment. To avoid any end user’s bias, a battery-operated, handheld reader was used to read the RLDT results. The results can be read as positive/negative or as real time amplification depending on the end user’s need. The performance specifications of the RLDT assay, including analytical sensitivity and specificity, were evaluated using fecal samples spiked with ETEC and Shigella strains. The limit of detection was ~105 CFU/gm of stool for LT, STh, and STp and ~104 CFU/gm of stool for the ipaH gene, which corresponds to about 23 CFU and 1 CFU respectively for ETEC and Shigella per 25uL reaction within 40 minutes. The RLDT assay from stool collection to result is simple, and rapid and at the same time sufficiently sensitive. RLDT has the potential to be applied in resource poor endemic settings for the rapid diagnosis of ETEC and Shigella. Enterotoxigenic E. coli and Shigella are the leading causes of moderate to severe diarrhea in the low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). A critical constraint to determine the ETEC and Shigella disease burden at the country or sub-national level, is the complex diagnostic methods currently required for detecting these pathogens. These methods are neither sufficiently sensitive nor standardized and are not feasible in the resource poor settings where these infections occur most commonly. We developed a simple and rapid diagnostic assay called "Rapid Loop-mediated isothermal amplification based Diagnostic Test (RLDT)" for the detection of these pathogens in low-resource settings. Using RLDT, ETEC and Shigella were detected directly from the stool, in less than 1 hour with minimal hands-on time. The assay does not require maintaining a cold chain and is electricity-free. Being rapid, simple, and sensitive, RLDT can be scaled up and is appropriate to apply in the LMICs where ETEC and Shigella diarrhea are endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sean Connor
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mirza Velagic
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pancza B, Szathmáry M, Gyurján I, Bánkuti B, Tudós Z, Szathmary S, Stipkovits L, Sipos-Kozma Z, Ásványi B, Varga L, Szenthe K, Bánáti F. A rapid and efficient DNA isolation method for qPCR-based detection of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in milk. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
3
|
Griffioen K, Cornelissen J, Heuvelink A, Adusei D, Mevius D, Jan van der Wal F. Development and evaluation of 4 loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays to detect mastitis-causing bacteria in bovine milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8407-8420. [PMID: 32564949 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Farmers prefer fast, sensitive, and on-site tests for treatment decisions on mastitis. Due to the time to results of the currently available diagnostic tools, these are rarely used for that purpose. Genotypic tests that do not require a growth step may be suitable for on-site testing, for example loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), which has been described as a sensitive test that can be used on-site. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and evaluate LAMP assays for the detection of a subset of mastitis-causing pathogens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus spp., in milk from cows with clinical mastitis. Furthermore, a generic nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay (NALFIA) was evaluated as a potential on-site readout of the LAMP assays. For each assay of LAMP and NALFIA, the limit of detection and analytical specificity were determined using isolates, and the diagnostic specificity was determined using selected samples with known etiology. In addition, the diagnostic specificity of LAMP was determined using field samples with unknown etiology at testing. Bacteriological culture with identification by mass spectrometry was used as a reference method. The 4 assays had a kappa ≥0.73 with the reference method when testing the selected samples, but ≥0.47 when testing field samples. After correcting for prevalence, kappa was ≥0.80 for the E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Staph. aureus assays. The Streptococcus spp. assay had a kappa of 0.47 (0.48 after correction) with the reference method, probably caused by the assay broadly targeting a genus instead of a particular species. The NALFIA readout was found to have kappa ≥0.81 for the E. coli, Staph. aureus, and Streptococcus spp. assays at a generic runtime, but for the K. pneumoniae assay a shorter runtime could be used. In conclusion, LAMP is a promising method for fast on-site tests for mastitis-causing pathogens if the current elaborate method for sample preparation is replaced by a simplified protocol. The NALFIA is an easy and reliable readout for on-site use, with the observation that for the current assay designs a generic runtime is not yet possible for the chosen set of pathogens. If associated with a simple and fast sample preparation protocol, the combination of LAMP and NALFIA has the potential to enable fast and reliable on-site testing of clinical mastitis milk samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karien Griffioen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan Cornelissen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | - Daniela Adusei
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Dik Mevius
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80165, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fimme Jan van der Wal
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma S, Pandey M, Onteru SK, Singh D. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for Detection of Ureaplasma diversum from Cervico-vaginal Swab of Buffaloes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:1201-1211. [PMID: 31729698 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The main plan of the current study was to develop a rapid, robust, and field-applicable loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Ureaplasma diversum. A strain-specific 16S rRNA gene of Ureaplasma diversum was used for detection which was cloned, sequenced, and characterized earlier. LAMP results were visualized within 90 min with the naked eye. Cervico-vaginal swabs of 50 buffaloes were randomly collected from Livestock Research Center of NDRI as per the Institute Animal ethics guidelines. Out of 50 cervico-vaginal swab samples collected randomly, 34 were found positive with LAMP while 16 samples were negative. Conventional PCR results showed the same result. Therefore, the accuracy of the developed LAMP was about 100%. The developed LAMP assay can also be used to screen the animals for Ureaplasma diversum infection in cervico-vaginal swab. However, further study is needed to assess sensitivity and accuracy towards their detection and their relationship in disease diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sharma
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Mamta Pandey
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kogovšek P, Ambrožič-Avguštin J, Dovč A, Dreo T, Hristov H, Krapež U, Ravnikar M, Slavec B, Lotrič M, Žel J, Zorman Rojs O. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification: rapid molecular detection of virulence genes associated with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in poultry. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1500-1510. [PMID: 30476321 PMCID: PMC6377436 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with pathogenic Escherichia coli can lead to different animal- and human-associated diseases. E. coli infections are common in intensive poultry farming, and important economic losses can be expected during infections with avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains followed by colibacillosis. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays were developed for rapid detection of 3 APEC-associated virulence genes: sitA, traT, and ompT. All 3 LAMP assays are shown to be specific, repeatable, and reproducible. High sensitivities of the assays are shown, where as few as 1,000 bacterial cells/mL can be detected in different matrices. On-site applicability of this LAMP method is demonstrated through testing of different sample types, from animal swabs and tissues, and from environmental samples collected from 6 commercial poultry farms. All 3 virulence genes were detected at high rates (above 85%) in samples from layer and broiler chickens with clinical signs and, interestingly, high prevalence of those genes was detected also in samples collected from clinically healthy broiler flock (above 75%) while lower prevalence was observed in remaining 3 clinically healthy chicken flocks (less than 75%). Importantly, these virulence genes were detected in almost all of the air samples from 11 randomly selected poultry houses, indicating air as an important route of E. coli spread. Three LAMP assays that target APEC-associated virulence genes are shown to be sensitive and robust and are therefore applicable for rapid on-site testing of various sample types, from animal swabs to air. This on-site LAMP testing protocol offers rapid diagnostics, with results obtained in <35 min, and it can be applied to other important microorganisms to allow the required prompt measures to be taken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alenka Dovč
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Dreo
- National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hristo Hristov
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Krapež
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Wine Research Centre, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Jana Žel
- National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olga Zorman Rojs
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xin L, Zhang L, Meng Z, Lin K, Zhang S, Han X, Yi H, Cui Y. Development of a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of lipolytic Pseudomonas fluorescens in raw cow milk from north China. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7802-7811. [PMID: 28780114 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lipases secreted by psychrotrophic bacteria are known to be heat resistant and can remain active even after the thermal processing of milk products. Such enzymes are able to destabilize the quality of milk products by causing a rancid flavor. Rapid detection of a small amount of heat-resistant lipase-producing psychrotrophic bacteria is crucial for reducing their adverse effects on milk quality. In this study, we established and optimized a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Pseudomonas fluorescens in raw cow milk, as the most frequently reported heat-resistant lipase-producing bacterial species. Pseudomonas fluorescens-specific DNA primers for LAMP were designed based on the lipase gene sequence. Reaction conditions of the LAMP assay were tested and optimized. The detection limit of the optimized LAMP assay was found to be lower than that of a conventional PCR-based method. In pure culture, the detection limit of the LAMP assay was found to be 4.8 × 101 cfu/reaction of the template DNA, whereas the detection limit of the PCR method was 4.8 × 102 cfu/reaction. Evaluation of the performance of the method in P. fluorescens-contaminated pasteurized cow milk revealed a detection limit of 7.4 × 101 cfu/reaction, which was 102 lower than that of the PCR-based method. If further developed, the LAMP assay could offer a favorable on-farm alternative to existing technologies for the detection of psychotrophic bacterial contamination of milk, enabling improved quality control of milk and milk products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xin
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhaoxu Meng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kai Lin
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - HuaXi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yanhua Cui
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Salazar JK. Culture-Independent Rapid Detection Methods for Bacterial Pathogens and Toxins in Food Matrices. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 15:183-205. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Div. of Food Processing Science and Technology; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Bedford Park IL U.S.A
| | - Joelle K. Salazar
- Div. of Food Processing Science and Technology; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Bedford Park IL U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|