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Glachant S, Salle B, Langlois-Jacques C, Labrune E, Renault L, Roy P, Benchaib M, Fraison E. [Predictive factors of spontaneous pregnancies among women with diminished ovarian reserve patients treated with DHEA]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2023; 51:400-407. [PMID: 37331511 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diminished ovarian reserve remains a challenge in the reproductive medicine field. Treatment options for these patients are limited and there is no consensus to make any recommendations. Regarding adjuvant supplements, DHEA could play a role in follicular recruitment and, therefore, may increase spontaneous pregnancy rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a monocentric historical and observational cohort study carried out in the reproductive medicine department at the University Hospital, Femme-Mère-Enfant in Lyon. All women presenting with a diminished ovarian reserve treated with 75mg/day of DHEA were consecutively included. The main objective was to evaluate the spontaneous pregnancy rate. The secondary objectives were to identify predictive factors for pregnancy and the evaluation of treatment side effects. RESULTS Four hundred and thirty-nine women were included. In all, 277 were analyzed, 59 had a spontaneous pregnancy (21.3%). The probability of being pregnant was respectively 13.2% (IC95 9-17.2%), 21.3% (IC95 15.1-27%) and 38.8% (IC95 29.3-48.4%) at 6, 12 and 24 months. Only 20.6% of patients complained of side effects. CONCLUSION DHEA may improve spontaneous pregnancies in women with diminished ovarian reserve without any stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Glachant
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital Mère-Enfant, 59, boulevard Pinel, Bron, France; Faculté de médecine Laennec, université Claude-Bernard, 7, rue Guillaume-Paradin, Lyon, France
| | - B Salle
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital Mère-Enfant, 59, boulevard Pinel, Bron, France; Faculté de médecine Lyon Sud, université Claude-Bernard, 165, chemin du Petit-Revoyet, Oullins, France; Inserm unité 1208, 18, avenue Doyen-Lépine, Bron, France
| | - C Langlois-Jacques
- Service de biostatistique et bioinformatique, hospices civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR 5558, laboratoire de biométrie et biologie évolutive, équipe biostatistique-santé, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - E Labrune
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital Mère-Enfant, 59, boulevard Pinel, Bron, France; Faculté de médecine Laennec, université Claude-Bernard, 7, rue Guillaume-Paradin, Lyon, France; Inserm unité 1208, 18, avenue Doyen-Lépine, Bron, France
| | - L Renault
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital Mère-Enfant, 59, boulevard Pinel, Bron, France; Faculté de médecine Laennec, université Claude-Bernard, 7, rue Guillaume-Paradin, Lyon, France; Inserm unité 1208, 18, avenue Doyen-Lépine, Bron, France
| | - P Roy
- Service de biostatistique et bioinformatique, hospices civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR 5558, laboratoire de biométrie et biologie évolutive, équipe biostatistique-santé, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Benchaib
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital Mère-Enfant, 59, boulevard Pinel, Bron, France; Faculté de médecine Laennec, université Claude-Bernard, 7, rue Guillaume-Paradin, Lyon, France; Inserm unité 1208, 18, avenue Doyen-Lépine, Bron, France
| | - E Fraison
- Service de médecine de la reproduction, hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital Mère-Enfant, 59, boulevard Pinel, Bron, France; Faculté de médecine Laennec, université Claude-Bernard, 7, rue Guillaume-Paradin, Lyon, France.
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Gündoğan Gİ, Kıg C, Karacan M, Doğruman H. Investigation of Physiological Effects Induced by Dehydroepiandrosterone in Human Endothelial Cells and Ovarian Cancer Cell Line. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:185-191. [PMID: 33902257 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.58827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an endogenous hormone that acts as a ligand for several cellular receptors. An age-dependent decline in circulating levels of DHEA is linked to changes in various physiological functions. In gynecological clinical practice, DHEA is commonly prescribed to induce ovulation. Some clinical studies report a positive association between high serum concentrations of DHEA and an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer. However, the in vitro physiological effects of DHEA on ovarian cancerous cells have not been explored thus far. In this study, we aimed to investigate the physiological effects of DHEA treatment (0-200 μM, 24-72 hours) on MDAH-2774 human ovarian cancer cell line and primary HuVeC human endothelial cells. Materials and Methods The physiological effects of DHEA treatment (0-200 μM, 24-72 hours) on MDAH-2774 human ovarian cancer cell line and primary HuVeC human endothelial cells were investigated with the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, and scratch assay. Results DHEA treatment promoted proliferation of the MDAH-2774 cancer cell line in a dose-dependent manner (r=0.6906, p<0.0001, for 24 hours) (r=0.6802, p<0.0001, for 48 hours) (r=0.7969, p<0.0001, for 72 hours). In contrast, DHEA inhibited proliferation of the primary HuVeC cells (r=0.9490, p<0.0001, for 24 hours) (r=0.9533, p<0.0001, for 48 hours) (r=0.9584, p<0.0001, for 72 hours). In agreement with these observations, DHEA treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the number of necrotic cells in the primary HuVeC cells (r=0.97, p<0.0001). However, the number of necrotic or apoptotic cells did not change significantly when the MDAH-2774 cells was exposed to DHEA. Moreover, we found that DHEA treatment reduced the migration rate of HuVeC cells in a dose-dependent manner (r=0.9868, p<0.0001), whereas only a slight increase was observed in the MDAH-2774 ovarian cancer cell line (r=0.8938, p<0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggest that DHEA promotes the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Moreover, DHEA induced necrosis and inhibited proliferation in endothelial cells. Although mechanistic evidence is required, our preliminary findings imply that exposure to high doses of DHEA may be associated with an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül İpek Gündoğan
- Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cenk Kıg
- Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meriç Karacan
- Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüsniye Doğruman
- Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Muhammad T, Wan Y, Sha Q, Wang J, Huang T, Cao Y, Li M, Yu X, Yin Y, Chan WY, Chen ZJ, You L, Lu G, Liu H. IGF2 improves the developmental competency and meiotic structure of oocytes from aged mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2118-2134. [PMID: 33318299 PMCID: PMC7880328 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced maternal-age is a major factor adversely affecting oocyte quality, consequently worsening pregnancy outcomes. Thus, developing strategies to reduce the developmental defects associated with advanced maternal-age would benefit older mothers. Multiple growth factors involved in female fertility have been extensively studied; however, the age-related impacts of various growth factors remain poorly studied. In the present study, we identified that levels of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) are significantly reduced in the serum and oocytes of aged mice. We found that adding IGF2 in culture medium promotes oocyte maturation and significantly increases the proportion of blastocysts: from 41% in the untreated control group to 64% (50 nM IGF2) in aged mice (p < 0.05). Additionally, IGF2 supplementation of the culture medium reduced reactive oxygen species production and the incidence of spindle/chromosome defects. IGF2 increases mitochondrial functional activity in oocytes from aged mice: we detected increased ATP levels, elevated fluorescence intensity of mitochondria, higher mitochondrial membrane potentials, and increased overall protein synthesis, as well as increased autophagy activity and decreased apoptosis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that IGF2 supplementation in culture media improves oocyte developmental competence and reduces meiotic structure defects in oocytes from aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Muhammad
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yanling Wan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qianqian Sha
- Fertility Preservation Laboratory, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yongzhi Cao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Mengjing Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaochen Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yingying Yin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200000, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Li You
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Lu
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Lu T, Zou X, Liu G, Deng M, Sun B, Guo Y, Liu D, Li Y. A Preliminary Study on the Characteristics of microRNAs in Ovarian Stroma and Follicles of Chuanzhong Black Goat during Estrus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11090970. [PMID: 32825655 PMCID: PMC7564575 DOI: 10.3390/genes11090970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in ovarian follicular maturity, but miRNA expression patterns in ovarian stroma (OS), large follicles (LF), and small follicles (SF) have been rarely explored. We herein aimed to identify miRNAs, their target genes and signaling pathways, as well as their interaction networks in OS, LF, and SF of Chuanzhong black goats at the estrus phase using small RNA-sequencing. We found that the miRNA expression profiles of LF and SF were more similar than those of OS—32, 16, and 29 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in OS vs. LF, OS vs. SF, and LF vs. SF, respectively. Analyses of functional enrichment and the miRNA-targeted gene interaction network suggested that miR-182 (SMC3), miR-122 (SGO1), and miR-206 (AURKA) were involved in ovarian organogenesis and hormone secretion by oocyte meiosis. Furthermore, miR-202-5p (EREG) and miR-485-3p (FLT3) were involved in follicular maturation through the MAPK signaling pathway, and miR-2404 (BMP7 and CDKN1C) played a key role in follicular development through the TGF-β signaling pathway and cell cycle; nevertheless, further research is warranted. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate miRNA expression patterns in OS, LF, and SF of Chuanzhong black goats during estrus. Our findings provide a theoretical basis to elucidate the role of miRNAs in follicular maturation. These key miRNAs might provide candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of follicular maturation and will assist in developing new therapeutic targets for female goat infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (M.D.); (B.S.); (Y.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Xian Zou
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (M.D.); (B.S.); (Y.G.); (D.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangbin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (M.D.); (B.S.); (Y.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Ming Deng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (M.D.); (B.S.); (Y.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Baoli Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (M.D.); (B.S.); (Y.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Yongqing Guo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (M.D.); (B.S.); (Y.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Dewu Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (M.D.); (B.S.); (Y.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Yaokun Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (G.L.); (M.D.); (B.S.); (Y.G.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1862-019-3682
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Pacchierotti F, Masumura K, Eastmond DA, Elhajouji A, Froetschl R, Kirsch-Volders M, Lynch A, Schuler M, Tweats D, Marchetti F. Chemically induced aneuploidy in germ cells. Part II of the report of the 2017 IWGT workgroup on assessing the risk of aneugens for carcinogenesis and hereditary diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 848:403023. [PMID: 31708072 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As part of the 7th International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing held in Tokyo, Japan in November 2017, a workgroup of experts reviewed and assessed the risk of aneugens for human health. The present manuscript is one of three manuscripts from the workgroup and reports on the unanimous consensus reached on the evidence for aneugens affecting germ cells, their mechanisms of action and role in hereditary diseases. There are 24 chemicals with strong or sufficient evidence for germ cell aneugenicity providing robust support for the ability of chemicals to induce germ cell aneuploidy. Interference with microtubule dynamics or inhibition of topoisomerase II function are clear characteristics of germ cell aneugens. Although there are mechanisms of chromosome segregation that are unique to germ cells, there is currently no evidence for germ cell-specific aneugens. However, the available data are heavily skewed toward chemicals that are aneugenic in somatic cells. Development of high-throughput screening assays in suitable animal models for exploring additional targets for aneuploidy induction, such as meiosis-specific proteins, and to prioritize chemicals for the potential to be germ cell aneugens is encouraged. Evidence in animal models support that: oocytes are more sensitive than spermatocytes and somatic cells to aneugens; exposure to aneugens leads to aneuploid conceptuses; and, the frequencies of aneuploidy are similar in germ cells and zygotes. Although aneuploidy in germ cells is a significant cause of infertility and pregnancy loss in humans, there is currently limited evidence that aneugens induce hereditary diseases in human populations because the great majority of aneuploid conceptuses die in utero. Overall, the present work underscores the importance of protecting the human population from exposure to chemicals that can induce aneuploidy in germ cells that, in contrast to carcinogenicity, is directly linked to an adverse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pacchierotti
- Health Protection Technology Division, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - David A Eastmond
- Department of Molecular, Cell and System Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Azeddine Elhajouji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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