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Subramaniam MD, Chirayath RB, Iyer M, Nair AP, Vellingiri B. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON): a potential therapeutic approach for future. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:2949-2964. [PMID: 35357640 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic neuropathy has become a new typical syndromic multi-system disease that leads to optic atrophy. This review discusses potential treatments and advances of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a sporadic genetic disorder. LHON is caused due to slight mutations in mitochondria leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, causing vision loss. There are no current significant treatments that have been proven to work for LHON. METHODS However, extensive review was carried out on capable studies that have shown potential treatment sensory systems and are being evaluated currently. Some of these studies are in clinical trials, whereas other ones are still being planned. Here, we focus more on treatment based on mesenchymal stem cells-mediated mitochondrial transfer via various techniques. We discuss different mitochondrial transfer modes and possible ways to understand the mitochondria transfer technique's phenotypic characteristics. CONCLUSION It is clearly understood that transfer of healthy mitochondria from MSC to target cell would regulate the range of reactive oxygen species and ATP'S, which are majorly responsible for mutation upon irregulating. Therefore, mitochondrial transfer is suggested and discussed in this review with various aspects. The graphical abstract represents different means of mitochondrial transport like (a) Tunnelling nanotubules, (b) Extracellular vesicles, (c) Cell fusion and (d) Gap junctions. In (a) Tunnelling nanotubules, the signalling pathways TNF- α/TNF αip2 and NFkB/TNF αep2 are responsible for forming tunnels. Also, Miro protein acts as cargo for the transport of mitochondria with myosin's help in the presence of RhoGTPases [35]. In (b) Extracellular vesicles, the RhoA ARF6 contributes to Actin/Cytoskeletal rearrangement leading to the shedding of microvesicles. Coming to (c) Cell fusion when there is a high amount of ATP, the cells tend to fuse when in close proximity leading to the transfer of mitochondria via EFF-1/HAP2 [48]. In (d) Gap Junctions, Connexin43 is responsible for the intracellular channel in the presence of more ATP [86].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India.
| | - Ruth Bright Chirayath
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Aswathy P Nair
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
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Theodorou-Kanakari A, Karampitianis S, Karageorgou V, Kampourelli E, Kapasakis E, Theodossiadis P, Chatziralli I. Current and Emerging Treatment Modalities for Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: A Review of the Literature. Adv Ther 2018; 35:1510-1518. [PMID: 30173326 PMCID: PMC6182630 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-018-0776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this review is to present the current and emerging treatment alternatives for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), emphasizing the most recent use of idebenone and stem cells or gene therapy. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was performed at the PubMed database regarding the various treatment modalities for LHON. RESULTS Treatment modalities for LHON include nutritional supplements, activators of mitochondrial biogenesis, brimonidine, and symptomatic and supportive treatment, but nowadays attention is being paid to idebenone and gene therapy or stem cells. CONCLUSION The treatment of LHON remains challenging, given the nature of the disease and its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eleni Kampourelli
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Theodossiadis
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Irini Chatziralli
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Seo KS, Kim JH, Min KN, Moon JA, Roh TC, Lee MJ, Lee KW, Min JE, Lee YM. KL1333, a Novel NAD + Modulator, Improves Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in MELAS Fibroblasts. Front Neurol 2018; 9:552. [PMID: 30026729 PMCID: PMC6041391 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), one of the most common maternally inherited mitochondrial diseases, is caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations that lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. Several treatment options exist, including supplementation with CoQ10, vitamins, and nutrients, but no treatment with proven efficacy is currently available. In this study, we investigated the effects of a novel NAD+ modulator, KL1333, in human fibroblasts derived from a human patient with MELAS. KL1333 is an orally available, small organic molecule that reacts with NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) as a substrate, resulting in increases in intracellular NAD+ levels via NADH oxidation. To elucidate the mechanism of action of KL1333, we used C2C12 myoblasts, L6 myoblasts, and MELAS fibroblasts. Elevated NAD+ levels induced by KL1333 triggered the activation of SIRT1 and AMPK, and subsequently activated PGC-1α in these cells. In MELAS fibroblasts, KL1333 increased ATP levels and decreased lactate and ROS levels, which are often dysregulated in this disease. In addition, mitochondrial functional analyses revealed that KL1333 increased mitochondrial mass, membrane potential, and oxidative capacity. These results indicate that KL1333 improves mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and thus represents a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of MELAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Sik Seo
- R&D Center, Yungjin Pharmaceutical, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Kim
- R&D Center, Yungjin Pharmaceutical, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Nam Min
- R&D Center, Yungjin Pharmaceutical, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jeong-A Moon
- R&D Center, Yungjin Pharmaceutical, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Chul Roh
- R&D Center, Yungjin Pharmaceutical, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Lee
- R&D Center, Yungjin Pharmaceutical, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kang-Woo Lee
- R&D Center, Yungjin Pharmaceutical, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Min
- R&D Center, Yungjin Pharmaceutical, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Young-Mock Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Lyons LA, Creighton EK, Alhaddad H, Beale HC, Grahn RA, Rah H, Maggs DJ, Helps CR, Gandolfi B. Whole genome sequencing in cats, identifies new models for blindness in AIPL1 and somite segmentation in HES7. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:265. [PMID: 27030474 PMCID: PMC4815086 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reduced cost and improved efficiency of whole genome sequencing (WGS) is drastically improving the development of cats as biomedical models. Persian cats are models for Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), the most severe and earliest onset form of visual impairment in humans. Cats with innocuous breed-defining traits, such as a bobbed tail, can also be models for somite segmentation and vertebral column development. METHODS The first WGS in cats was conducted on a trio segregating for LCA and the bobbed tail abnormality. Variants were identified using FreeBayes and effects predicted using SnpEff. Variants within a known haplotype block for cat LCA and specific candidate genes for both phenotypes were prioritized by the predicted variant effect on the proteins and concordant segregation within the trio. The efficiency of WGS of a single trio of domestic cats was evaluated. RESULTS A stop gain was identified at position c.577C > T in cat AIPL1, a predicted p.Arg193*. A c.5A > G variant causing a p.V2A was identified in HES7. The variants segregated concordantly in a Persian - Japanese bobtail pedigree. Over 1700 cats from 40 different breeds and populations were genotyped for the AIPL1 variant, defining an allelic frequency in only Persian -related breeds of 1.15%. A sub-set of cats was genotyped for the HES7 variant, supporting the variant as private to the Japanese bobtail breed. Approximately 18 million SNPs were identified for application in cat research. The cat AIPL1 variant would have been considered a high priority variant for evaluation, regardless of a priori knowledge from previous genetic studies. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first effort of the 99 Lives Cat Genome Sequencing Initiative to identify disease--causing variants in the domestic cat using WGS. The current cat reference assembly is efficient for gene and variant identification. However, as the feline variant database improves, development of cats as biomedical models for human disease will be more efficient, providing an alternative, large animal model for drug and gene therapy trials. Undiagnosed human patients with early-onset blindness should be screened for this AIPL1 variant. The HES7 variant should further calibrate the somite segmentation clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Lyons
- />Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 1600 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Erica K. Creighton
- />Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 1600 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- />College of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, 13060 Kuwait
| | | | - Robert A. Grahn
- />Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - HyungChul Rah
- />Graduate School of Health Science Business Convergence, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chongju, Chungbuk Province 28644 South Korea
| | - David J. Maggs
- />Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher R. Helps
- />Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU UK
| | - Barbara Gandolfi
- />Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 1600 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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