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Wang Y, Yang H, Liang X, Song H, Tao Z. Effect of metallic lubricant additives on morphology, nanostructure, graphitization degree and oxidation reactivity of diesel particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135588. [PMID: 35803373 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of metallic lubricant additives on the morphology, nanostructure, graphitization degree, and oxidation reactivity of diesel exhaust particles. The experiments were conducted on a turbocharged heavy-duty diesel engine. Four typical lubricant oil additives, including Ca-based, Zn-based, Mo-based and ashless additives, were mixed into diesel at 0.5% and 1.0% by mass. Analytical characterization equipment used in this study includes a high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), a Raman spectroscopy, and a Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Results showed that the lubricant additives significantly changed the soot properties. Diesel fuels blended with ashless and Zn-based additives led to a more disordered nanostructure of diesel particles, thereby improving their oxidation reactivity. When Ca and Mo additives participated in combustion, the oxidation mass loss curve of soot particles shifted to a higher temperature range due to the combined effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of soot particles and the catalytic oxidation of metallic ash. Although Ca, Mo, and other metals in lubricant additives could promote the soot oxidation, the changes in the physicochemical properties of soot particles (including increased fringe length, reduced fringe tortuosity, and higher graphitization degree) rendered it more difficult to oxidize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - He Yang
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xingyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Haiqing Song
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhiping Tao
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
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McElroy S, Dimitrova A, Evan A, Benmarhnia T. Saharan Dust and Childhood Respiratory Symptoms in Benin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4743. [PMID: 35457613 PMCID: PMC9025829 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mineral dust is one of the largest natural constituents of coarse particulate matter (PM10). Most of these dust emissions originate from northern Africa, and several hundred tera-grams of dust are emitted annually from this region. Previous evidence has linked dust PM10 to adverse respiratory outcomes in children. However, most of these studies have been from high-income countries (HICs) or examined dust from other regions of the world, mainly Asia. Evidence from low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs) in Africa is scarce. Respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of under-five mortality across the globe. However, there is a poignant disparity in studies examining these outcomes in children in the region where most dust is emitted. This study linked remotely sensed satellite data to a nationally representative survey to examine acute exposure to dust in children living in Benin using a time-stratified case-crossover analysis. We identified acute effects of exposure to dust and increased risk of cough in children under five. The effect of increased risk is strongest within two weeks of exposure and dissipates by four weeks. Children living in rural areas and households with lower income had a greater risk of adverse respiratory outcomes when exposed to dust. We could elucidate the specific period and conditions of increased risk for respiratory problems in children living in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McElroy
- Hebert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Anna Dimitrova
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.D.); (A.E.); (T.B.)
| | - Amato Evan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.D.); (A.E.); (T.B.)
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.D.); (A.E.); (T.B.)
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Norbäck D, Zhang X, Tian L, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Yang L, Chen X, Zeng Z, Lu C, Zhao Z. Prenatal and perinatal home environment and reported onset of wheeze, rhinitis and eczema symptoms in preschool children in Northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145700. [PMID: 33609817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Early life environment can affect asthma and allergies but few cohort studies on this issue are available from China. Our aim was to investigate reported onset of childhood wheeze, rhinitis and eczema symptoms in relation to prenatal, perinatal and postnatal home environment. Data on home environment and symptoms (ISAAC based questions) in first two years of life and in the past 12 months were reported by parents of the children (3-6 y) in a cross-sectional questionnaire survey in ten day care centers in Taiyuan, northern China (N = 3606). Changes of symptoms from the first 2 years of life to the past 12 months (recall period) were calculated retrospectively. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was applied. Reported onset of wheeze, rhinitis and eczema were 11.8%, 22.2% and 3.3%, respectively. Redecorating during pregnancy increased reported onset of rhinitis (OR = 2.29) and eczema (OR = 4.91). New furniture during pregnancy increased reported onset of rhinitis (OR = 1.47). Perinatal indoor mould increased reported onset of wheeze (OR = 1.51), rhinitis (OR = 1.65) and eczema (OR = 1.91). Perinatal mould odour increased reported onset of wheeze (OR = 1.85). Perinatal window pane condensation increased reported onset of wheeze (OR = 1.54) and rhinitis (OR = 1.24). Perinatal stuffy air and dry air in the home increased reported onset of all three symptoms (ORs 1.46-2.24). Dog keeping increased reported onset of wheeze (OR = 1.69) and eczema (OR = 2.13). Based on principal component analysis, four exposure scores were calculated (renovation, new furniture, mould and indoor air quality scores). Dose-response relationships were observed between these exposure scores and reported onset of symptoms. In conclusion, prenatal and postnatal exposure to emissions from renovation and new furniture can increase reported onset of childhood wheeze, rhinitis and eczema. Perinatal indoor mould, mould odour, condensation on window panes and impaired indoor air quality at home can be associated with reported development of wheeze, rhinitis and eczema in preschoolers in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Norbäck
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zefei Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xingyi Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhaohua Zeng
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chan Lu
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Norbäck D, Hashim Z, Ali F, Hashim JH. Asthma symptoms and respiratory infections in Malaysian students-associations with ethnicity and chemical exposure at home and school. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111061. [PMID: 33785322 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known on respiratory effects of indoor chemicals in the tropics. We investigated associations between asthma and respiratory infections in Malaysian students and chemical exposure at home and at school. Moreover, we investigated differences in home environment between the three main ethnic groups in Malaysia (Malay, Chinese, Indian). Totally, 462 students from 8 junior high schools in Johor Bahru participated (96% participation rate). The students answered a questionnaire on health and home environment. Climate, carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were measured inside and outside the schools. Multilevel logistic regression was applied to study associations between exposure and health. Totally 4.8% were smokers, 10.3% had wheeze, 9.3% current asthma, and had 18.8% any respiratory infection in the past 3 months. Malay students had more dampness or mould (p < 0.001), more environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (p < 0.001) and more cats (p < 0.001) at home as compared to Chinese or Indian students. Wheeze was associated with ethnicity (p = 0.02; lower in Indian), atopy (p = 0.002), current smoking (p = 0.02) and recent indoor painting at home (p = 0.03). Current asthma was associated with ethnicity (p = 0.001; lower in Chinese) and para-dichlorobenzene in classroom air (p = 0.008). Respiratory infections were related to atopy (p = 0.002), ethylbenzene (p = 0.02) and para-dichlorobenzene (p = 0.01) in classroom air. Para-dichlorobenzene is used in Asia against insects. In conclusion, chemical emissions from recent indoor painting at home can increase the risk of wheeze. In schools, para-dichlorobenzene can increase the risk of current asthma and respiratory infections while ethylbenzene can increase the risk of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Norbäck
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zailina Hashim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Ali
- Primary Care Unit, Johor State Health Department, 80100, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Selangor, 40000, Shah Alam, Malaysia; Department of Community Health, National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Gao X, Xu Y, Cai Y, Shi J, Chen F, Lin Z, Chen T, Xia Y, Shi W, Zhao Z. Effects of filtered fresh air ventilation on classroom indoor air and biomarkers in saliva and nasal samples: A randomized crossover intervention study in preschool children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108749. [PMID: 31557603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the short-term effects of filtered fresh air ventilation system on classroom indoor air and biomarkers in saliva and nasal samples in preschool children, a randomized crossover study was conducted in a kindergarten in Shanghai, China in 2016. Two classrooms at the same grade (n = 43) were selected and fresh air ventilation systems (FAVS) with high efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) were installed. In the first week, FAVS-HEPA was run in one classroom for 2 continuous school days and the other classroom was remained as usual with no use of FAVS-HEPA. After one week of wash-out, the ventilation modes exchanged between two classrooms and another 2 days of intervention were repeated. Real-time indoor and outdoor air pollution and climate factors (PM2.5, Temp and relative humidity (R.H.)) were measured. Saliva and nasal internal mucosa samples were collected immediately at the end of each intervention scenario. Linear mixed-effect regression model was applied to evaluate the effects of intervention on children's health indicators controlling for age, gender, height, BMI and temperature. The results showed, with FAVS-HEPA, the classroom indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5)(29.1 ± 17.9 μg/m3) was on average significantly lower than that without FAVS-HEPA (85.7 ± 43.2 μg/m3). By regression analysis, each 10 μg/m3 decrease of indoor PM2.5 during the 8 school hours in the first intervention day was associated with an average of 1.76% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-3.08%) increase in saliva lysozyme. This percentage increased to 2.41% (95%CI 0.52-4.26%) if related to the PM2.5 level in 16 school hours over 2 days of intervention. A total of 19 nasal bacterial taxa were lower in subjects exposed to FAVS-HEPA, compared to that with no use of FAVS-HEPA, despite the general bacteria diversity levels in nasal samples were not statistically different. Among others, Providencia species showed significant effects in mediating the associations between higher PM2.5 and lower lysozyme. In conclusion, using FAVS-HEPA was effective in decreasing the classroom indoor PM2.5. Saliva lysozyme, as a non-specific immune biomarker, was significantly inversely associated with indoor PM2.5. Certain nasal bacteria might play key roles in mediating PM2.5 exposure and children's lysozyme levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehuan Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunfei Cai
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingjin Shi
- The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute (IPMCH), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feier Chen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijing Lin
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tianyi Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongjie Xia
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenming Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Wang J, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Li B, Huang C, Zhang X, Deng Q, Lu C, Qian H, Yang X, Sun Y, Sundell J, Norbäck D. Asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema among parents of preschool children in relation to climate, and dampness and mold in dwellings in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104910. [PMID: 31226554 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The main aim was to study associations between asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema among adults across China and dampness and mold at home. Young adults (N = 40,279) in eight cities in China answered a questionnaire in 2010-2012 (response rate 75.0%). Data on asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema and the home environment was assessed by the questionnaire. Climate data was obtained from China Meteorological Administration and the website of Weather Underground. Health associations were analyzed by two-level logistic regression models, adjusting for covariates. Totally 1.6% had asthma, 6.6% allergic rhinitis and 2.2% eczema. Mold odor was associated with asthma (OR = 1.90) and allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.25-1.44). Window pane condensation in winter was associated with asthma (OR = 1.39), allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.26-1.58) and eczema (OR = 1.36-1.77). Presence of mold spots or damp stains was related to asthma (OR = 1.58-2.49), allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.35-1.76) and eczema (OR = 1.47-1.70). Water damage was related to asthma (OR = 1.69-1.82), allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.40-1.45) and eczema (OR = 1.44-1.96). Damp bed clothing was related to asthma (OR = 1.23), allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.23) and eczema (OR = 1.35). A higher dampness score was associated with increased odds ratios for diseases. Those living in older buildings had more asthma (OR = 1.39-1.76) and allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.16-1.21). Those living in suburban or rural areas had less asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema as compared to those living in urban areas (OR values from 0.24 to 0.66). Stronger health associations with dampness and mold were found in southern China and in newer buildings (constructed after 2005). In conclusion, dampness and mold at home can be risk factors for asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema among adults in China. Living in older buildings can be risk factors for asthma or allergic rhinitis while living in less urbanized areas can be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Research Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Energy Science and engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chan Lu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Energy Science and engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Norback D, Li T, Bai X, Li C, Zhao Z, Zhang X. Onset and remission of rhinitis among students in relation to the home and school environment-A cohort study from Northern China. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:527-538. [PMID: 30985976 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Few prospective studies exist on indoor and outdoor air pollution in relation to adolescent rhinitis. We studied associations between onset and remission of rhinitis among junior high school students in relation to the home and school environment. A 2-year questionnaire cohort study was performed among 1325 students (11-15 years) in eight schools in Taiyuan, Northern China. Climate and air pollution were measured by direct reading instruments and passive samplers inside and outside the schools at baseline. Associations were calculated by multilevel logistic regression. Two-year onset of rhinitis and weekly rhinitis were 26.7% and 13.1%, respectively. RH (P < 0.001), CO2 (P < 0.01) and PM10 (P < 0.01) in the classrooms, PM10 (P < 0.01) and NO2 (P < 0.05) outside the schools, and redecoration (OR = 2.25) and dampness/indoor mold at home (OR = 2.04) were associated with onset of weekly rhinitis. RH (P < 0.05) and CO2 (P < 0.05) in the classroom and dampness/indoor mold (OR = 0.67) and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home (OR = 0.63) reduced remission of rhinitis. In conclusion, dampness/mold and chemical emissions from new materials at home can increase onset of rhinitis and ETS and dampness/mold can reduce the remission. PM10 , RH, CO2 , and NO2 at school can increase the onset, and RH and CO2 can reduce the remission of rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Norback
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tian Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xu Bai
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chenghuan Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Norbäck D, Lu C, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhao Z, Huang C, Zhang X, Qian H, Sun Y, Sundell J, Juan W, Liu W, Deng Q. Onset and remission of childhood wheeze and rhinitis across China - Associations with early life indoor and outdoor air pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:61-69. [PMID: 30496983 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few longitudinal studies exist on childhood exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution and respiratory illness in China. We studied associations between indoor and outdoor environment and prevalence, onset and remission of wheeze and rhinitis among children across China. METHODS Children (3-6 y) were recruited from randomized day care centres in six cities. The main data analysis was restricted to children not moving since birth (N = 17,679). Data on wheeze, rhinitis and the home environment were assessed by a parental questionnaire. Prevalence in the first two years of life (baseline) and the last year (follow-up) was used to calculate onset and remission. Outdoor PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 at the day care centre were modelled from monitoring station data. Associations were calculated by multilevel logistic regression. RESULTS Prenatal NO2 was associated with decreased remission of wheeze and increased prevalence and increased onset of rhinitis. Prenatal PM2.5 was associated with increased prevalence of wheeze. Postnatal NO2 and postnatal PM10 were associated with increased prevalence and lower remission of wheeze and rhinitis. Mould, window pane condensation, renovation and cockroaches at home were associated with increased prevalence and increased onset of wheeze and rhinitis. Gas cooking was associated with increased onset of rhinitis. Children of mothers with industrial work had more wheeze. CONCLUSIONS Outdoor PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 can increase childhood wheeze and rhinitis. Dampness and mould can increase onset and decrease remission. Crowdedness, cockroaches at home and emissions from new building materials and gas cooking can be risk factors for wheeze and rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Norbäck
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Chan Lu
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wang Juan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Zhang X, Norbäck D, Fan Q, Bai X, Li T, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhao Z, Huang C, Deng Q, Lu C, Qian H, Xu Y, Sun Y, Sundell J, Wang J. Dampness and mold in homes across China: Associations with rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue among adults. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:30-42. [PMID: 30379348 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We studied dampness and mold in China in relation to rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue. A questionnaire study was performed in six cities including 36 541 randomized parents of young children. Seven self-reported signs of dampness were evaluated. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs). Totally, 3.1% had weekly rhinitis, 2.8% eye, 4.1% throat and 4.8% skin symptoms, 3.0% headache and 13.9% fatigue. Overall, 6.3% of the homes had mold, 11.1% damp stains, 35.3% damp bed clothing, 12.8% water damage, 45.4% window pane condensation, 11.1% mold odor, and 37.5% humid air. All dampness signs were associated with symptoms (ORs from 1.2 to 4.6; P < 0.001), including rhinitis (ORs from 1.4 to 3.2; P < 0.001), and ORs increased by number of dampness signs. The strongest associations were for mold odor (ORs from 2.3 to 4.6) and humid air (ORs from 2.8 to 4.8). Associations were stronger among men and stronger in Beijing as compared to south China. In conclusion, dampness and mold are common in Chinese homes and associated with rhinitis and ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue. Men can be more sensitive to dampness and health effects of dampness can be stronger in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Qiannan Fan
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xu Bai
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tian Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chan Lu
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Residential Ambient Traffic in Relation to Childhood Pneumonia among Urban Children in Shandong, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061076. [PMID: 29799501 PMCID: PMC6025011 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is a leading cause of childhood death. Few studies have investigated associations between residential ambient environmental exposures and pneumonia. In January⁻April 2015, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Shandong Province (China) and collected 9597 (response rate: 78.7%) parent-reported questionnaires for 3⁻6-year-old children from 69 urban kindergartens. We then selected 5640 children who had never changed residence since birth and examined associations between residential ambient traffic-related facilities and childhood pneumonia considering residential characteristics. Prevalence of doctor-diagnosed pneumonia during lifetime-ever was 25.9%. In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, residence close to a main traffic road (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 1.23, 1.08⁻1.40) and automobile 4S shop (1.76, 1.16⁻2.67) within 200 m, residence close to a filling station within 100 m (1.71, 1.10⁻2.65; reference: >200 m), as well as having a ground car park in the residential community (1.24, 1.08⁻1.42) were significantly associated with childhood pneumonia. The cumulative numbers of these traffic-related facilities had a positive dose-response relationship with the increased odds of childhood pneumonia. These associations and dose-response relationships were stronger among boys and among children with worse bedroom ventilation status during the night. Associations of residence close to the main traffic road and ground car parks in the residential community with childhood pneumonia were stronger among children living in the 1st⁻3rd floors than those living on higher floors. Similar results were found in the two-level (kindergarten-child) logistic regression analyses. Our findings indicate that living near traffic-related facilities is likely a risk factor for childhood pneumonia among urban children. The child's sex, bedroom floor level, and bedroom ventilation could modify associations of ambient traffic-related facilities with childhood pneumonia.
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