Repeated bouts of eccentrically biased endurance exercise stimulate salivary IgA secretion rate

The Repeated Bout Effect of Multiarticular Exercises on Muscle Damage Markers and Physical Performances: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses

ABSTRACT

Doma, K, Matoso, B, Protzen, G, Singh, U, and Boullosa, D. The repeated bout effect of multiarticular exercises on muscle damage markers and physical performances: a systematic review and meta-analyses. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2504-2515, 2023-This systematic review and meta-analysis compared muscle damage markers and physical performance measures between 2 bouts of multiarticular exercises and determined whether intensity and volume of muscle-damaging exercises affected the outcomes. The eligibility criteria consisted of (a) healthy male and female adults; (b) multiarticular exercises to cause muscle damage across 2 bouts; (c) outcome measures were compared at 24-48 hours after the first and second bouts of muscle-damaging exercise; (d) at least one of the following outcome measures: creatine kinase (CK), delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), muscle strength, and running economy. Study appraisal was conducted using the Kmet tool, whereas forest plots were derived to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and statistical significance and alpha set a 0.05. After screening, 20 studies were included. The levels of DOMS and CK were significantly greater during the first bout when compared with the second bout at T24 and T48 (p < 0.001; SMD = 0.51-1.23). Muscular strength and vertical jump performance were significantly lower during the first bout compared with the second bout at T24 and T48 (p ≤ 0.05; SMD = -0.27 to -0.40), whereas oxygen consumption and rating of perceived exertion were significantly greater during the first bout at T24 and T48 (p < 0.05; SMD = 0.28-0.65) during running economy protocols. The meta-analyses were unaffected by changes in intensity and volume of muscle-damaging exercises between bouts. Multiarticular exercises exhibited a repeated bout effect, suggesting that a single bout of commonly performed exercises involving eccentric contractions may provide protection against exercise-induced muscle damage for subsequent bouts.

Effect of Processed Soybeans (Tofu and Tempeh) Consumption, and Exercise on Upper Respiratory Tract Immunity

Background

IgA is widely used as Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) risk marker, as a lower concentration in sIgA indicates a higher incidence of URTI. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different types of exercise; combined with Tempeh consumption in increasing sIgA concentration in saliva sample.

Methods

19 sedentary male subjects aged 20-23 were recruited and assigned into 2 groups based on the exercise type, endurance (n=9), and resistance (n=10). These subjects underwent 2 weeks of Tofu and Tempeh consumption, then were assigned to do exercises based on their groups.

Results

This study showed an increased mean value of sIgA concentrations in the endurance group; the baseline value, after food treatment, and after food and exercise treatment were 71.726 ng/mL, 73.266 ng/mL, and 73.921 ng/mL, respectively for Tofu treatment; and 71.726 ng/mL, 73.723 ng/mL, and 75.075 ng/mL, respectively for Tempeh treatment. While in the resistance group, there was also an increase in the mean value of sIgA concentrations; baseline, after food treatment, and after food and exercise treatments were 70.123 ng/mL, 71.801 ng/mL, and 74.430 ng/mL, respectively for Tofu treatment; and 70.123 ng/mL, 72.397 ng/mL, and 77.216 ng/mL, respectively for Tempeh treatment. These results indicated that combining both Tempeh consumption and moderate intensity resistance exercise was more effective to increase sIgA concentration.

Conclusion

This study showed that combining moderate intensity resistance exercise with consumption of 200 gr Tempeh for 2 weeks was more effective in increasing sIgA concentration; compared to endurance exercise and Tofu consumption.

The Effects of Play Behavior, Feeding, and Time of Day on Salivary Concentrations of sIgA in Calves

Simple Summary

The focus of animal welfare science has shifted over the last decades from efforts to avoid negative states to ways of allowing animals the experience of positive emotions. The emotional state of an animal interacts with its immune system. Secretory immunoglobulin A, a class of antibodies present on mucosal surfaces and acting as the first line of defense against infections, is influenced by positive and negative emotions in humans; the few studies of its association with emotions in animals focused almost exclusively on the impact of negative emotions and yielded conflicting results. We present the first study that focuses on salivary immunoglobulin A to investigate a possible relationship between positive emotions and immune functioning in calves. We detected a circadian rhythm of immunoglobulin A concentrations, with lowest levels at 14:00 h. Immunoglobulin A concentrations were decreased directly after feeding, possibly due to increased saliva flow rates, and we did not find higher immunoglobulin A concentrations after play. The results are important for the design of future studies of positive emotions, although they do not support immunoglobulin A as an indicator of positive emotional states.

Abstract

The focus of animal welfare science has shifted over the last decades from efforts to avoid negative states to ways of allowing animals the experience of positive emotions. They may influence physiological processes in farmed animals, potentially providing health benefits; in addition, the physiological changes might be used as indicators of emotional states. We investigated calves’ salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations with regard to a possible circadian rhythm and two situations that elicit positive emotions. Ten saliva samples of 14 calves were taken on two consecutive days; within the course of a day we observed a significant decline in salivary sIgA concentrations at 14:00 h. Further, we probed the animals before and after milk feeding and, contrarily to our prediction, detected lower sIgA concentrations 5 min after feeding than 15 min before. A probable explanation might be an increase in salivary flow rate caused by milk ingestion. We also took samples before and after we stimulated play behavior in calves. There was no significant difference in sIgA concentrations between samples taken before and after play. Although there was a significant correlation between the change in sIgA concentrations and the amount of play behavior shown, the correlation depended on an unexpected decrease of sIgA in animals that played little, and thus, does not support our hypothesis. In general, the data showed a large variability that might arise from different factors that are difficult to standardize in animals. Thus, the use of salivary sIgA concentrations as a marker of positive emotions in calves is not supported conclusively by the present data.

Elevated salivary IgA, decreased anxiety, and an altered oral microbiota are associated with active participation on an undergraduate athletic team

BACKGROUND

Previous reports indicate that regular, but not excessive, exercise can moderate the response to anxiety and alter the immune response, therefore we hypothesized that college student athletes who were actively participating on an NCAA Division III athletics team ("in-season") would have lower levels of anxiety and higher salivary IgA levels than similar college athletes who were in their "off-season". NCAA Division III athletes participate in athletics at a level of intensity that is more moderate compared to other NCAA divisions. Alterations in the microbiome have been associated with alterations in psychosocial well-being and with exercise. Therefore, we also proposed that the oral microbiota would be different in "in-season" versus "off-season" athletes.

METHOD

In this pilot study, nineteen female students participating on a NCAA Division III athletic team (hockey="in-season"; soccer="off-season") were compared for level of fitness (modified Balke test of VO₂ max), salivary IgA levels by immunoassay, anxiety (using a GAD-7 survey), salivary cortisol levels by immunoassay, and numbers of culturable bacteria by growth of CFU/ml on blood agar, mitis salivarius agar and Staphylococcus 110 agar.

RESULTS

The proportion of subjects reporting "severe anxiety" on an anxiety scale (GAD-7) were significantly greater in the "off-season" group compared to the "in-season" group (p=0.047, Chi-squared test). "In-season" athletes had significantly higher salivary IgA/total protein levels than "off-season" athletes (one-sided Student's t-test; p=0.03). Cortisol levels were not significantly different in the two groups. The total culturable bacteria counts were higher among "in-season" athletes (p=0.0455, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test), as measured by CFUs on blood agar plates, an estimate of total culturable bacteria, including pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. In contrast, there was a decrease in the growth of bacteria from the oral cavity of the "in-season" athletes, when the growth of bacteria on mitis salivarius agar (primarily oral streptococcus) was measured (p=0.0006, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test). There was a negative correlation (Spearman Rank correlation coefficient=-0.651, p=0.0018 one-sided) between high IgA levels and the growth of bacteria on mitis salivarius agar in the combined group of "in-season" and "off-season" athletes, suggesting a protective response of high IgA levels to the typical oral pathogenic bacteria. Anxiety levels (GAD-7) in the "in-season" group were positively correlated with growth of oral bacteria on blood agar (Spearman Rank correlation coefficient of 0.622 for "in-season", p value=0.033 one-sided) and mitis salivarius agar (Spearman Rank correlation coefficient=0.671 for "in-season, p value=0.021 one-sided), and negatively correlated in "off-season" athletes on blood agar (-0.689 for "off-season", p value=0.028 one-sided), supporting the hypothesis that the microbiota are distinct in "in-season" and "off-season" athletes and may be associated with anxiety levels.

CONCLUSION

These findings are supportive of the hypothesis that participation in college level athletics has a positive effect on student-athlete health, specifically enhanced protective oral immunity, reduced anxiety, and alterations in oral microbial populations.