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Roth A, Zhao P, Soukup ST, Guigas C, Stärke J, Kulling SE, Diel P. Chemical Stability and Bioactivity of tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone in in vitro test systems. Toxicol Lett 2023; 375:21-28. [PMID: 36563867 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Danshen Si Wu is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used for menopausal complains. Beside tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), Danshen also contains tanshinone I (Tan I), cryptotanshinone (CT) and dihydrotanshinone (DT). The aim of this study was to compare the biological activity of these tanshinones and to determine their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Purities and stabilities of the substances were analyzed by LC-DAD and LC-MS analyses. DT and CT concentrations decreased rapidly in dimethylsulfoxide and were converted to Tan I and Tan IIA, respectively. In aqueous solution concentration of all tanshinones decreased after 24 h. Tan I and Tan IIA showed dose-dependent bioactivity mediated by ERα and ERβ. No cytotoxic and genotoxic effects for Tan I and Tan IIA were detected. In a yeast transactivation assay Tan I and Tan IIA showed antiandrogenic activity. A significant anabolic activity in C2C12 cells could be detected for Tan I and Tan IIA. In conclusion our data provide evidence that Tan I and Tan IIA are the most relevant bioactive tanshinones in Danshen. Our finding that all tanshinones display a certain instability in aqueous solutions is relevant when discussing their potential therapeutic benefits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Roth
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Piwen Zhao
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029 Bejing, PR. China
| | - Sebastian T Soukup
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Guigas
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joachim Stärke
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Kim CW, Lee HJ, Ahn D, Go RE, Choi KC. Establishment of a platform for measuring mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate for cardiac mitochondrial toxicity. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:511-522. [PMID: 36277363 PMCID: PMC9532483 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart has an abundance of mitochondria since cardiac muscles require copious amounts of energy for providing continuous blood through the circulatory system, thereby implying that myocardial function is largely reliant on mitochondrial energy. Thus, cardiomyocytes are susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction and are likely targets of mitochondrial toxic drugs. Various methods have been developed to evaluate mitochondrial toxicity by evaluating toxicological mechanisms, but an optimized and standardized assay for cardiomyocytes remains unmet. We have therefore attempted to standardize the evaluation system for determining cardiac mitochondrial toxicity, using AC16 human and H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes. Three clinically administered drugs (acetaminophen, amiodarone, and valproic acid) and two anticancer drugs (doxorubicin and tamoxifen) which are reported to have mitochondrial effects, were applied in this study. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR), which directly reflects mitochondrial function, and changes in mRNA levels of mitochondrial respiratory complex I to complex V, were analyzed. Our results reveal that exposure to all five drugs results in a concentration-dependent decrease in the basal and maximal levels of OCR in AC16 cells and H9C2 cells. In particular, marked reduction in the OCR was observed after treatment with doxorubicin. The reduction in OCR after exposure to mitochondrial toxic drugs was found to be associated with reduced mRNA expression in the mitochondrial respiratory complexes, suggesting that the cardiac mitochondrial toxicity of drugs is majorly due to dysfunction of mitochondrial respiration. Based on the results of this study, we established and standardized a protocol to measure OCR in cardiomyocytes. We expect that this standardized evaluation system for mitochondrial toxicity can be applied as basic data for establishing a screening platform to evaluate cardiac mitochondrial toxicity of drugs, during the developmental stage of new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Ahn
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Eun Go
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
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3
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Ahn D, Kim CW, Go RE, Choi KC. Evaluation of mitochondrial oxidative toxicity in mammalian cardiomyocytes by determining the highly reproducible and reliable increase in mitochondrial superoxides after exposure to therapeutic drugs. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 83:105393. [PMID: 35618243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important cytoplasmic elements present in eukaryotic cells, and are involved in converting energy to ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby making it imperative to evaluate the toxicity. However, existing methods that evaluate mitochondrial toxicity in cardiomyocytes are limited. In the current study, we aimed to determine a mitochondrial biomarker that measures the toxicity of mitochondria, and subsequently suggest an efficient evaluation system for evaluating mitochondrial-specific oxidative toxicity. To achieve this, AC16 human cardiomyocytes, H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to acetaminophen (AP), amiodarone hydrochloride (AMD), doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox), valproic acid sodium salt (Val), and (Z)-4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). Mitochondrial oxidative stress was determined by staining the drug-treated cells with MitoSOX™ red fluorescence dye, followed by imaging with a fluorescence microscope. All working concentrations of Dox showed increased levels of red fluorescence in AC16 and H9C2 cells, whereas exposure to Val did not alter the red fluorescence level of both cells. Considering our results, increased MitoSOX™ subsequent to drug exposure is a highly reproducible and reliable method to measure the mitochondrial-specific oxidative toxicity. These results indicate that a screening system using MitoSOX™ has the potential to be applied as a reliable biomarker for determining mitochondrial oxidative toxicity in new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohee Ahn
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Eun Go
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Pires de Mello CP, Carmona-Moran C, McAleer CW, Perez J, Coln EA, Long CJ, Oleaga C, Riu A, Note R, Teissier S, Langer J, Hickman JJ. Microphysiological heart-liver body-on-a-chip system with a skin mimic for evaluating topical drug delivery. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:749-759. [PMID: 31970354 PMCID: PMC7123528 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00861f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Body-on-a-chip in vitro systems are a promising technology that aims to increase the predictive power of drug efficacy and toxicity in humans when compared to traditional animal models. Here, we developed a new heart-liver body-on-a-chip system with a skin surrogate to assess the toxicity of drugs that are topically administered. In order to test the utility of the system, diclofenac, ketoconazole, hydrocortisone and acetaminophen were applied topically through a synthetic skin surrogate (Strat-M membrane) and the toxicity results were compared to those of acute drug exposure from systemically applying the compounds. The heart-liver system was successful in predicting the effects for both cardiac and liver functions changes due to the compounds. The difference in the concentrations of drugs applied topically compared to systemically indicates that the barrier properties of the skin surrogate were efficient. One important advantage of this heart-liver system was the capability of showing differential effects of acute and chronic drug exposure which is necessary as part of the International Conference in Harmonisation (ICH) tri-partate guidelines. In conclusion, this work indicates a promising heart-liver body-on-a-chip system that can be used for the assessment of potential drug toxicity from dermal absorption as well as evaluate transport dynamics through the skin in the same system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Carmona-Moran
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | | | - Julian Perez
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Coln
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | | | - Carlota Oleaga
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Anne Riu
- L'Oreal Research, and Innovation Division, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Reine Note
- L'Oreal Research, and Innovation Division, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Silvia Teissier
- L'Oreal Research, and Innovation Division, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Jessica Langer
- L'Oreal Research, and Innovation Division, Clark, NJ, USA
| | - James J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA. and Hesperos, Inc., Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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KhabazianZadeh F, Kazemi T, Nakhaee S, Ng PC, Mehrpour O. Acetaminophen poisoning-induced heart injury: a case-based review. Daru 2019; 27:839-851. [PMID: 31713183 PMCID: PMC6895290 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acetaminophen (Paracetamol, APAP) poisoning is frequently implicated in self-harm. Cases of acetaminophen-associated cardiotoxicity are rare in relation to the number of patients with acetaminophen poisoning. A review of acetaminophen cardiotoxicity in 1996 concluded that there was no decisive evidence demonstrating that acetaminophen overdose has a cardiotoxic effect. This review study aimed to determine whether acetaminophen could induce heart injury. METHODS We searched for keywords of acetaminophen, paracetamol, cardiotoxicity, heart injury, heart damage, myocarditis, pericarditis, myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, and Persian databases. The search included articles published from January 1950 to October 2018 with no language restrictions. RESULTS The search yielded 64 citations in English; 36 of the articles were excluded as they were not relevant; 5 articles were excluded since they were duplicates, leaving 23 articles. Full-text articles of the 23 citations were obtained and reviewed. Myocardial infarction, heart dysfunction and failure, cardiac arrhythmias, pericarditis, heart cell necrosis, and sudden cardiac death were reported in acetaminophen overdose. CONCLUSIONS Ddysrhythmias, heart failure, and various other cardiac effects could occur following acetaminophen induced hepatic failure. However, the evidence for direct injury on cardiac tissue is weak. Graphical abstract Potential mechanisms for cardiotoxicity of acetaminophen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh KhabazianZadeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Tooba Kazemi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Samaneh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Patrick C Ng
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran.
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Banihani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
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7
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Ralapanawa U, Jayawickreme KP, Ekanayake EMM, Dissanayake AMSDM. A study on paracetamol cardiotoxicity. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 17:30. [PMID: 27411502 PMCID: PMC4944443 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sri Lanka has a high suicide rate, with more than 40 % of poisoning admissions due to overdose of drugs with Paracetamol being the commonest. Data regarding cardiotoxicity to paracetamol is very minimal though hepatotoxicity following poisoning is well studied. Paracetamol cardiotoxicity has rarely been clinically significant and may have well been overlooked. The possibility that paracetamol overdose might be directly cardiotoxic has been the subject of a few reports. Unexplained deaths and electrocardiographic changes associated with paracetamol poisoning have also been reported in which cardiac origin cannot be clearly ruled out. Although some studies state that paracetamol poisoning has no direct cardiotoxic effect, electrocardiographic changes due to metabolic derangement of hepatotoxicity have been shown in certain studies. Thus, we conducted this study to assess in detail the cardiotoxic effect of paracetamol poisoning. Methods This is a cross sectional descriptive study done on those with confirmed paracetamol poisoning. Serum paracetamol levels, Electrocardiogram, Echocardiogram, troponin I, and other basic investigations were done. Results Paracetamol ingestion is more common among teenagers and the young population in Sri Lanka. Although several cases of paracetamol poisoning induced cardiotoxicity has been described in the past, this study demonstrated no electrocardiographic, echocardiographic or cardiac biomarkers changes of myocardial toxicity. Conclusion Though literature review support cardiotoxicity following paracetamol poisoning, our study does not provide enough evidence for this. Continuous cardiac monitoring, serial troponin and echocaediogram assessment would be voluble adjunct in its management. Further experiments and research in this subject would be useful with a larger number of samples to further evaluate this important problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya Ralapanawa
- Department of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
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Aksu EH, Özkaraca M, Kandemir FM, Ömür AD, Eldutar E, Küçükler S, Çomaklı S. Mitigation of paracetamol-induced reproductive damage by chrysin in male rats via reducing oxidative stress. Andrologia 2016; 48:1145-1154. [PMID: 26914515 DOI: 10.1111/and.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol (PRC) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used widely as a painkiller for various diseases and as the symptomatic flu cure in several countries worldwide. PRC toxicity may occur under conditions of the overdose usage. Chrysin (CR) is a flavonoid that is naturally present in several plants, honey and propolis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CR (at the doses of 25 mg kg-1 and 50 mg kg-1 ) pre-treatment over seven consecutive days against PRC-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Our results showed that PRC toxicity decreased the sperm motility, and increased dead sperm rate, abnormal sperm cell rate, apoptosis and MDA levels in testicular tissues. Pre-treatment with CR at the dose of 25 and 50 mg kg-1 for 7 days mitigated side effects of acute PRC toxicity in male reproductive system proportionally in a dose-dependent manner. This possible protection mechanism might be dependent on the antioxidant activity of CR. In conclusion, pre-treatment with CR at the dose of 25 and 50 mg kg-1 for 7 days can be the beneficial against PRC-induced reproductive toxicity proportionally in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Aksu
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - M Özkaraca
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - F M Kandemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A D Ömür
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - E Eldutar
- Department of Biochemistry, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - S Küçükler
- Department of Biochemistry, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - S Çomaklı
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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