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Chouinard‐Watkins R, Lacombe RJS, Metherel AH, Masoodi M, Bazinet RP. DHA Esterified to Phosphatidylserine or Phosphatidylcholine is More Efficient at Targeting the Brain than DHA Esterified to Triacylglycerol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801224. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Chouinard‐Watkins
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - R. J. Scott Lacombe
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Adam H. Metherel
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Lipid BiologyNestlé Research EPFL Innovation Park 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
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Chang M, Zhang T, Han X, Tang Q, Yanagita T, Xu J, Xue C, Wang Y. Comparative Analysis of EPA/DHA-PL Forage and Liposomes in Orotic Acid-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Rats and Their Related Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1408-1418. [PMID: 29345914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one predictive factor of death from various illnesses. The present study was to comparatively investigate the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids forage (EPA-PL and DHA-PL) and liposomes (lipo-EPA and lipo-DHA) on NAFLD and demonstrate the possible protective mechanisms involved. The additive doses of EPA-PL and DHA-PL in all treatment groups were 1% of total diets, respectively. The results showed that Lipo-EPA could significantly improve hepatic function by down-regulating orotic acid-induced serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels by 55.6% and 34.2%, respectively (p < 0.01). Moreover, lipo-EPA exhibited excellent inhibition on the mRNA expression of SREBP-1c and FAS at the values of 0.454 ± 0.09 (p < 0.01) and 0.523 ± 0.08 (p < 0.01), respectively, thus ameliorating OA-induced NAFLD. Meanwhile, lipo-EPA could significantly suppress the SREBP-2 and HMGR levels (31.4% and 66.7%, p < 0.05, respectively). In addition, EPA-PL and lipo-DHA could also significantly suppress hepatic lipid accumulation mainly by enhancement of hepatic lipolysis and cholesterol efflux. Furthermore, DHA-PL played a certain role in inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and accelerating cholesterol efflux. The results obtained in this work might contribute to the understanding of the biological activities of EPA/DHA-PL and liposomes and further investigation on its potential application values for food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, PR China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, PR China
| | - Xiuqing Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, PR China
| | - Qingjuan Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, PR China
| | - Teruyoshi Yanagita
- Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University , Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, PR China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, PR China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao, Shandong Province PR China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province266003, PR China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao, Shandong Province PR China
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Wang DD, Wu F, Wen M, Ding L, Du L, Xue CH, Xu J, Wang YM. Replenishment of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Dietary n-3-Deficient Mice Fed DHA in Triglycerides or Phosphatidylcholines After Weaning. J Food Sci 2018; 83:481-488. [PMID: 29337366 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that DHA in triglyceride (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) forms are different in their bioavailability. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative effects of DHA-TG and DHA-PC on tissue DHA accretion in dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficient (n-3 Def) mice. The mice were fed with n-3 Def diet containing DHA-TG or DHA-PC (5 g/kg diet) for 2, 4, 7, or 14 d after weaning, respectively. The DHA levels in the cortex, liver, testis, and erythrocytes were analyzed by gas chromatography. For liver, DHA mainly existed in hepatic phospholipids relative to triglycerides. Both DHA-TG and DHA-PC could recover the hepatic DHA to a normal level. Interestingly, DHA-TG was more effective in increasing the DHA level in hepatic triglycerides, and DHA-PC was more effective in increasing the DHA level in hepatic phospholipids. For erythrocytes, during the first 7 d, no difference was observed after dietary DHA-TG and DHA-PC but a significantly higher DHA percentage was detected in the DHA-PC group after 14 d. For cortex, the DHA-TG group showed a higher cortical DHA level at the 4th day, but the DHA-PC group showed a higher cortical DHA level with a greater slope from Day 7 to Day 14, and the same trend was observed in testis. But unexpectedly, the DHA level in testis showed a downtrend from Day 7 to Day 14. This study suggests that, under dietary n-3-deficient condition, both DHA-TG and DHA-PC could recover the DHA level in tissues after weaning, and DHA-PC showed a better supplemental effect. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Dietary DHA is essential for neurodevelopment which is usually accompanied by large amounts of DHA accretion in the brain. Our present study showed that DHA-PC had a better efficiency for DHA accretion in the brain and other tissues compared with DHA-TG. The findings are supposed to pave the way for the DHA in phospholipids as a novel nutrient added into the infant formula and assisted food for neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Fang Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Min Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Lei Du
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido Univ., 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
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Ding L, Wang D, Zhou M, Du L, Xu J, Xue C, Wang Y. Comparative Study of EPA-enriched Phosphatidylcholine and EPA-enriched Phosphatidylserine on Lipid Metabolism in Mice. J Oleo Sci 2016; 65:593-602. [PMID: 27321119 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that EPA enriched PLs have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. Our previous study has demonstrated that the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects of EPA-PL were superior to DHA-PL. In the present study, we comparatively evaluated the effects of EPA-enriched phosphatidylcholine (EPA-PC) and EPA-enriched phosphatidylserine (EPA-PS) on lipid metabolism in mice. Both 2% dietary EPA-PC and EPA-PS significantly improved serum and hepatic lipid levels in mice. The HDL-c level in mice on EPA-PC diet was significantly higher than the other two groups. The level of DHA in hepatic TG and PL were significantly increased in both EPA-PC and EPA-PS fed groups (98.3 and 117.8%, respectively; p < 0.05). Notably, the proportion of DHA in EPA-PS group was significantly higher than the EPA-PC group. EPA-PC and EPA-PS suppressed hepatic SREBP-1c mediated lipogenesis and activated PPARα mediated fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver. These data are the first to indicate that EPA-PS has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
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Kuroe M, Kamogawa H, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K. Dietary ALA from Spinach Enhances Liver n-3 Fatty Acid Content to Greater Extent than Linseed Oil in Mice Fed Equivalent Amounts of ALA. Lipids 2015; 51:39-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Omega-3 phospholipids from fish suppress hepatic steatosis by integrated inhibition of biosynthetic pathways in dietary obese mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:267-78. [PMID: 24295779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) accompanies obesity and insulin resistance. Recent meta-analysis suggested omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids DHA and EPA to decrease liver fat in NAFLD patients. Antiinflammatory, hypolipidemic, and insulin-sensitizing effects ofDHA/EPA depend on their lipid form, with marine phospholipids showing better efficacy than fish oils. We characterized the mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of DHA/EPA phospholipids, alone or combined with an antidiabetic drug, on hepatosteatosis. C57BL/6N mice were fed for 7 weeks an obesogenic high-fat diet (cHF) or cHF-based interventions: (i) cHF supplemented with phosphatidylcholine-rich concentrate from herring (replacing 10% of dietary lipids; PC), (ii) cHF containing rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg diet; R), or (iii) PC + R. Metabolic analyses, hepatic gene expression and lipidome profiling were performed. Results showed that PC and PC + R prevented cHlF-induced weight gain and glucose intolerance, while all interventions reduced abdominal fat and plasma triacylglycerols. PC and PC + R also lowered hepatic and plasma cholesterol and reduced hepatosteatosis. Microarray analysis revealed integrated downregulation of hepatic lipogenic and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways by PC, while R-induced lipogenesis was fully counteracted in PC + R Gene expression changes in PC and PC + R were associated with preferential enrichment of hepatic phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions by DHA/EPA. The complex downregulation of hepatic lipogenic and cholesterol biosynthesis genes and the antisteatotic effects were unique to DHA/EPA-containing phospholipids, since they were absent in mice fed soy-derived phosphatidylcholine. Thus, inhibition of lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis associated with potent antisteatotic effects in the liver in response to DHA/EPA-containing phospholipids support their use in NAFLD prevention and treatment.
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Ding N, Xue Y, Tang X, Sun ZM, Yanagita T, Xue CH, Wang YM. Short-term Effects of Different Fish Oil Formulations on Tissue Absorption of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Mice Fed High- and Low-Fat Diets. J Oleo Sci 2013; 62:883-91. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.62.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Tang X, Li ZJ, Xu J, Xue Y, Li JZ, Wang JF, Yanagita T, Xue CH, Wang YM. Short term effects of different omega-3 fatty acid formulation on lipid metabolism in mice fed high or low fat diet. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:70. [PMID: 22676394 PMCID: PMC3393618 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bioactivities of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) depend on their chemical forms. The present study was to investigate short term effects of triglyceride (TG), ethyl ester (EE), free fatty acid (FFA) and phospholipid (PL) forms of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) on lipid metabolism in mice, fed high fat or low fat diet. Method Male Balb/c mice were fed with 0.7% different Omega-3 fatty acid formulation: DHA bound free fatty acid (DHA-FFA), DHA bound triglyceride (DHA-TG), DHA bound ethyl ester (DHA-EE) and DHA bound phospholipid (DHA-PL) for 1 week, with dietary fat levels at 5% and 22.5%. Serum and hepatic lipid concentrations were analyzed, as well as the fatty acid composition of liver and brain. Result At low fat level, serum total cholesterol (TC) level in mice fed diets with DHA-FFA, DHA-EE and DHA-PL were significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Hepatic TG level decreased significantly in mice fed diets with DHA-TG (P < 0.05), DHA-EE (P < 0.05) and DHA-PL (P < 0.05), while TC level in liver was significantly lower in mice fed diets with TG and EE compared with the control group (P < 0.05). At high fat level, mice fed diets with DHA-EE and DHA-PL had significantly lower hepatic TC level compared with the control diet (P < 0.05). Hepatic PL concentration experienced a significant increase in mice fed the diet with PL at high fat level (P < 0.05). Furthermore, both at low and high fat levels, hepatic DHA level significantly increased and AA level significantly decreased in all forms of DHA groups (P < 0.05), compared to control groups at two different fat levels, respectively. Additionally, cerebral DHA level in mice fed diets with DHA-FFA, DHA-EE and DHA-PL significantly increased compared with the control at high fat level (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed among dietary treatments for mice fed diets with low fat level. Conclusion The present study suggested that not only total dietary fat content but also the molecular forms of omega-3 fatty acids contributed to lipid metabolism in mice. DHA-PL showed effective bioactivity in decreasing hepatic and serum TC, TG levels and increasing omega-3 concentration in liver and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Hiratsuka S, Koizumi K, Ooba T, Yokogoshi H. Effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid connecting phospholipids on the learning ability and fatty acid composition of the brain. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2009; 55:374-80. [PMID: 19763040 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.55.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) connecting phospholipids on the learning ability and fatty acid composition of the brain were investigated in hypercholesterolemic mice. ICR mice were subjected to a very low level of n-3 fatty acids through two generations. At 4 wk of age, the F(1) generation, n-3 fatty acid deficient male mice were provided with an experimental diet containing four kinds of lipids (safflower oil: Saf, DHA connecting triacylglycerols: DHA-TG, DHA connecting phospholipids: DHA-PL, soybean phospholipids: Soy-PL) for 5 wk. Another group of ICR mice were obtained and fed a commercial diet (CE-2, CLEA Japan, Inc.) as a control. The learning and memory abilities of the mice were evaluated by the modified avoidance procedure. The learning and memory ability level was significantly higher in mice fed the DHA-PL diet than in those fed the Saf and Soy-PL diets, and was the same level as the control. The DHA levels of phosphatidylethanolamine in the brain were significantly higher in the mice fed the two types of DHA-containing diets than in those fed the Saf and Soy-PL diets and was not significantly different between DHA-TG and DHA-PL. The dimethylacetal levels in the brain were significantly higher in the mice fed the DHA-PL diet than in those fed the Saf and DHA-TG diets. These results suggest that the dietary DHA connecting phospholipids have the effect of improving memory learning, and may be related to the both the DHA and plasmalogen levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Hiratsuka
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery, Yaizu, Shizuoka, Japan.
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