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Khan A, Yadav S, Ibrar I, Al Juboori RA, Razzak SA, Deka P, Subbiah S, Shah S. Fouling and Performance Investigation of Membrane Distillation at Elevated Recoveries for Seawater Desalination and Wastewater Reclamation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12100951. [PMID: 36295710 PMCID: PMC9606868 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the impact of elevated recovery (i.e., 80%, 85%, and 90%) on the fouling and performance of air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) with real seawater and landfill leachate wastewater samples using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer membranes. Increasing the feed temperature from 55 °C to 65 °C improved the water flux of seawater and wastewater and shortened the operating time by 42.8% for all recoveries. The average water flux in the 80%, 85%, and 90% recovery experiments at the 65 °C feed temperature was 32%, 37.32%, and 36.7% higher than the case of 55 °C for the same recoveries. The water flux decline was more severe at a higher temperature and recovery. The highest flux decline was observed with a 90% recovery at 65 °C feed temperature, followed by an 85% recovery at 65 °C. Close examination of the foulants layer revealed that seawater formed a cake fouling layer made predominantly of metal oxides. In contrast, the landfill leachate fouling was a combination of pore blocking and cake formation, consisting mainly of carbonous and nitrogenous compounds. Physical cleaning with deionized (DI) water at 55 °C and 65 °C and chemical cleaning with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated for their efficiency in removing membrane foulants. Analytical results revealed that seawater fouling caused membrane pore blockage while wastewater fouling formed a porous layer on the membrane surface. The results showed that membrane cleaning with hydrogen peroxide restored >97% of the water flux. Interestingly, the fouling factor in seawater tests was 10%, while it was 16% for the wastewater tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Khan
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Mechanical Department at Taif Technical College, Technical and Vocational Training Corporation (TVTC), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sudesh Yadav
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ibrar Ibrar
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Raed A. Al Juboori
- NYUAD Water Research Centre, New York University, Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sara Ali Razzak
- Medical Physics Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51001, Iraq
| | - Priyamjeet Deka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Senthilmurugan Subbiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Shreyansh Shah
- Lexcru Water Tech Pvt. Ltd., Ahmeadabad 382418, Gujarat, India
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Suhendra D, Ryantin Gunawan E, Hajidi H. Synthesis and Characterization of N-Methyl Fatty Hydroxamic Acids from Ketapang Seed Oil Catalyzed by Lipase. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213895. [PMID: 31671840 PMCID: PMC6865262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl fatty hydroxamic acid (N-MFHA), which is a derivative of hydroxamic acid (HA), was synthesized from ketapang seed oil (Terminalia catappa L.). In general, HAs have wide applications due to their chelating properties and biological activities. N-MFHAs were synthesized using immobilized lipase (Lipozyme TL IM) in biphasic medium which was the ketapang seed oil dissolved in hexane and N-methylhydroxylamine dissolved in water. The products were characterized through color testing and FT-IR spectroscopy after purification. Various factors affecting the enzyme activity investigated in the study included the effect of incubation time, the amount of lipase used, and the temperature. On the basis of the results, the optimum conditions for the synthesis of N-MFHA obtained are 25 h of incubation time, a temperature of 40 °C, and a ratio of 1:100 for the amount of enzyme (g)/oil (g). At the optimum conditions of the reaction, 59.7% of the oils were converted to N-MFHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedy Suhendra
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Mataram, Mataram 83125, Indonesia.
| | - Erin Ryantin Gunawan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Mataram, Mataram 83125, Indonesia.
| | - Hajidi Hajidi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Mataram, Mataram 83125, Indonesia.
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Gunawan ER, Suhendra D, Hidayat I, Kurniawati L. Optimization of Alkyldiethanolamides Synthesis from Terminalia catappa L. Kernel Oil through Enzymatic Reaction. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:949-955. [PMID: 30012893 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkyldiethanolamides (fatty acid diethanolamides) synthesis from Terminalia catappa L. kernel oil was optimized using lypozyme as a catalyst. The result showed that the optimal reaction conditions were 2 hours reaction time, with a ratio of oil mass (g) to diethanolamine (mmol) of 1:5, a ratio of oil mass to enzyme (g) of 1: 0.075, and a temperature of 40°C. The percentage of alkyldiethanolamides at optimum condition was 56-60%. The synthesis results were also analyzed by FTIR. FTIR spectra revealed specific absorption at several wave numbers (3434 cm-1, 1655 cm-1, 1280 cm-1), indicating that amide and alcohol bonds (C=O, C-N, and O-H) were formed. GC-MS was employed to identify the types of fatty acid diethanolamides that were successfully synthesized. The fatty acid diethanolamides formed were palmitoyldiethanolamide (Rt = 32.96 min) and oleyldiethanolamide (Rt = 35.57 min). The total nitrogen content of alkyldietanolamides was 0.26%, or 0.19 mmol of the amide group in 1 g of sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dedy Suhendra
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Mataram
| | - Ipan Hidayat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Mataram
| | - Lely Kurniawati
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Mataram
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Abstract
In this paper, a comprehensive study has been made on the detection of free fatty acids (FFAs) in palm oil via an optical technique based on enzymatic aminolysis reactions. FFAs in crude palm oil (CPO) were converted into fatty hydroxamic acids (FHAs) in a biphasic lipid/aqueous medium in the presence of immobilized lipase. The colored compound formed after complexation between FHA and vanadium (V) ion solution was proportional to the FFA content in the CPO samples and was analyzed using a spectrophotometric method. In order to develop a rapid detection system, the parameters involved in the aminolysis process were studied. The utilization of immobilized lipase as catalyst during the aminolysis process offers simplicity in the product isolation and the possibility of conducting the process under extreme reaction conditions. A good agreement was found between the developed method using immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose lipase as catalyst for the aminolysis process and the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) standard titration method (R2 = 0.9453).
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Jahangirian H, Haron MJ, Silong S, Yusof NA. Enzymatic synthesis of phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids from canola and palm oils. J Oleo Sci 2012; 60:281-6. [PMID: 21606615 DOI: 10.5650/jos.60.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids (PFHAs) were synthesized from canola or palm oils and phenyl hydroxylamine (FHA) catalyzed by Lipozyme TL IM or RM IM. The reaction was carried out by shaking the reaction mixture at 120 rpm. The optimization was carried out by changing the reaction parameters, namely; temperature, organic solvent, amount and kind of enzyme, period of reaction and the mol ratio of reactants. The highest conversion was obtained when the reaction was carried out under the following conditions: temperature, 39°C; solvent, petroleum ether; kind and amount of lipase, 80 mg Lipozyme TL IM/mmol oil; reaction period, 72 h and FHA-oil ratio, 7.3 mmol FHA/ mmol oil. The highest conversion percentage of phenyl hydroxylaminolysis of the Ladan and Kristal brands commercial canola oils, palm stearin and palm kernel oils were 55.6, 52.2, 51.4 and 49.7 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jahangirian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Hoidy WH, Ahmad MB, Al-Mulla EAJ, Yunus WMZW, Ibrahim NAB. Synthesis and characterization of fatty hydroxamic acids from triacylglycerides. J Oleo Sci 2010; 59:15-9. [PMID: 20032595 DOI: 10.5650/jos.59.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, fatty haydroxamic acids (FHAs), which have biological activities as antibiotics and antifungal, have been synthesized via refluxing of triacylglycrides, palm olein, palm stearin or corn oil with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The products were characterized using the complex formation test of hydroxamic acid group with zinc(I), copper(II) and iron(III), various technique methods including nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Parameters that may affect the conversion of oils to FHAs including the effect of reaction time, effect of organic solvent and effect of hydro/oil molar issue were also investigated in this study. Results of characterization indicate that FHAs were successfully produced from triacylglycrides. The conversion percentages of palm stearin, palm olein and corn oil into their fatty hydroxamic acids are 82, 81 and 78, respectively. Results also showed that hexane is the best organic solvent to produce the FHAs from the three oils used in this study. The optimum reaction time to achieve the maximum conversion percentage of the oils to FHAs was found to be 10 hours for all the three oils, while the optimum molar ration of hydro/to oil was found to be 7:1 for all the different three oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam H Hoidy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Mohamad S, Yunus WMZW, Haron MJ, Rahman MZA. Enzymatic Synthesis of Fatty Hydrazides from Palm Oils. J Oleo Sci 2008; 57:263-267. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.57.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
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Suhendra D, Pei Yeen K, Jelas Haron M, Silong S, Basri M, Wan Yunus WMZ. Copper Ion Extraction by a Mixture of Fatty Hydroxamic Acids Synthesized from Commercial Palm Olein. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/07366290500230545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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