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Khadivi F, Mojaverrostami S, Ramesh M, Rastegar T, Abbasi Y, Bashiri Z. Protective effects of human amniotic membrane derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) secreted factors on mouse spermatogenesis and sperm chromatin condensation following unilateral testicular torsion. Ann Anat 2023; 249:152084. [PMID: 36972855 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Testicular torsion is considered a urological disorder that requires immediate detorsion surgery. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury after testicular torsion detorsion causes of drastic impairment of spermatogenesis and infertility. Cell-free-based approaches seem to be a promising strategy to prevent I/R injury, they have more stable biological properties, and they contain paracrine factors of mesenchymal stem cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of human amniotic membrane derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) secreted factors on mouse sperm chromatin condensation and spermatogenesis improvement after I/R injury. hAMSCs were isolated and characterized by RT- PCR and flow cytometry, preparation of hAMSCs secreted factors was performed. Forty male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham-operated, torsion detorsion, torsion detorsion+ intratesticular injection of DMEM/F-12, and torsion detorsion+ intratesticular injection of hAMSCs secreted factors. After one cycle of spermatogenesis, the mean number of germ cells, Sertoli, Leydig, myoid as well as tubular parameters, Johnson score, and spermatogenesis indexes were evaluated by H& E and PAS stainings. Sperm chromatin condensation and relative expression of c-kit and prm 1 genes were assessed by aniline blue staining and real-time PCR, respectively. The mean number of spermatogenic cells, Leydig, Myoid, Sertoli, spermatogenesis parameters, Johnson score, as well as germinal epithelial height and diameters of seminiferous tubules decreased significantly after I/R injury. The thickness of basement membrane and percentage of sperm with excessive histone significantly increased, while the relative expression of c-kit and prm 1 significantly decreased in torsion detorsion group (p<0.001). hAMSCs secreted factors remarkably restored normal sperm chromatin condensation, spermatogenesis parameters and histomorphometric organization of seminiferous tubules via intratesticular injection (p<0.001). Thus, hAMSCs secreted factors may potentially salvage torsion-detorsion-induced infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Khadivi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Sina Mojaverrostami
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahya Ramesh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Rastegar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Abbasi
- School of dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Bashiri
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Omid fertility and infertility clinic, Hamedan, Iran
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Bi M, Li D, Zhang J. Role of curcumin in ischemia and reperfusion injury. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1057144. [PMID: 37021057 PMCID: PMC10067738 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1057144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an inevitable pathological process after organic transplantations. Although traditional treatments restore the blood supply of ischemic organs, the damage caused by IRI is always ignored. Therefore, the ideal and effective therapeutic strategy to mitigate IRI is warrented. Curcumin is a type of polyphenols, processing such properties as anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. However, although many researches have been confirmed that curcumin can exert great effects on the mitigation of IRI, there are still some controversies about its underlying mechanisms among these researches. Thus, this review is to summarize the protective role of curcumin against IRI as well as the controversies of current researches, so as to clarify its underlying mechanisms clearly and provide clinicians a novel idea of the therapy for IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Bi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Danyi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiading District Central Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Zhang,
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Mohamadian M, Parsamanesh N, Chiti H, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. Protective effects of curcumin on ischemia/reperfusion injury. Phytother Res 2022; 36:4299-4324. [PMID: 36123613 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a term used to describe phenomena connected to the dysfunction of various tissue damage due to reperfusion after ischemic injury. While I/R may result in systemic inflammatory response syndrome or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, there is still a long way to improve therapeutic outcomes. A number of cellular metabolic and ultrastructural alterations occur by prolonged ischemia. Ischemia increases the expression of proinflammatory gene products and bioactive substances within the endothelium, such as cytokines, leukocytes, and adhesion molecules, even as suppressing the expression of other "protective" gene products and substances, such as thrombomodulin and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (e.g., prostacyclin, nitric oxide [NO]). Curcumin is the primary phenolic pigment derived from turmeric, the powdered rhizome of Curcuma longa. Numerous studies have shown that curcumin has strong antiinflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. It also prevents lipid peroxidation and scavenges free radicals like superoxide anion, singlet oxygen, NO, and hydroxyl. In our study, we highlight the mechanisms of protective effects of curcumin against I/R injury in various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Mohamadian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Negin Parsamanesh
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Chiti
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Ayobami AFOLABI O, Adebola ALABI B, Adedamola AJIKE R, Simeon OYEKUNLE O, ADEGOKE W, Adebayo OJETOLA A. Evaluation of testicular torsion management in Ogbomoso, South-Western Nigeria and surgical detorsion-augmented treatment with phytochemical fractions of Corchorus olitorius leaf in expermiental rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 30:103495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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5
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Martinez G. First-line Evaluation of Sperm Parameters in Mice ( Mus musculus ). Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4529. [PMID: 36353714 PMCID: PMC9606453 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility has become a major public health problem, with a male factor involved in about half the cases. Mice are the most widely used animal model in reproductive biology research laboratories, but changes in sperm parameters in mice can be subtle and, in the absence of official guidelines, it is important that analyses are carried out in a strict and reproductive manner. This protocol successively details the different steps required to obtain spermatozoa under good conditions, the measurement of sperm motility using a Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis System (CASA) device, the calculation of sperm concentration in the epididymides using a sperm counting cell, and the examination of sperm morphology. The combination of these assays provides an overview of the basic sperm parameters in mice. This is both a diagnostic and a decision-making tool for researchers to orient their scientific strategy according to the observed abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Martinez
- UM de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Genetic Epigenetic and Therapies of Infertility team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
,
*For correspondence:
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Feng S, Yan L, Lou Y, Ying L. The protective effect of curcumin on testicular tissue in a cryptorchid rat model. J Pediatr Urol 2022; 18:409.e1-409.e7. [PMID: 35803866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptorchidism is the most common abnormality of male sexual development. For the protection of testicular functions, antioxidants have emerged as novel options. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of curcumin (Cur), a strong antioxidant, on the Flutamide-induced cryptorchidism testicular tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant rats were randomly allocated to 3 groups (n = 10, each): a control, a model, and a Cur-treated group (100 mg/kg/d). All offspring were delivered by days 21-22 of gestation and the male rats were sacrificed at postnatal birth days (PNDs) PND60. The testicles were separated and weighed, followed by TUNEL staining to detect germ cell apoptosis, an ELISA kit to measure SOD and MDA, and Western blot analysis to evaluate the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and PCNA. RESULTS Curcumin administration ameliorated the histological appearance of the testis and greatly reduced the level of apoptosis in cryptorchidism rats' testicular cells. After curcumin treatment, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was restored in the testis tissues of cryptorchidism rats. Curcumin therapy reduced Bax expression while increasing Bcl-2 expression, according to the molecular study. Curcumin therapy also reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in cryptorchidism rats' testis tissue. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that curcumin administration significantly reduced the germ cell apoptosis in rats with cryptorchidism, which provides new insight for antioxidant therapy in preserving testicular functions before or after surgery in cryptorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Feng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Ying
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Keivan M, Mansouri Torghabeh F, Davoodi S, Moradi Maryamneghari S, Dadfar R. Single intratesticular injection of blood-serum-derived exosomes can potentially alleviate testopathy following testicular torsion. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:362-368. [PMID: 35593125 PMCID: PMC9434569 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Testicular torsion (TT) is an acute inflammatory process leading to male infertility. Today, anti‐inflammatory effects of exosomes derived from blood serum are used in various laboratory procedures. In the present study, the anti‐inflammatory effects of blood‐serum‐derived exosomes in treatment of acute inflammation following TT in mice were evaluated. Materials and Methods Eighteen male mice were grouped as healthy control, TT, and TT + exosome. TT was induced surgically, and exosomes were extracted from blood serum and administrated by a single intratesticular injection (10 IU). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Griess assays were used to evaluate the level of oxidative stress. Sperm indices, testosterone (Tes), and apoptotic gene expression (p‐53, Bcl2, and Caspase‐3) were also assessed. H&E and immunohistochemistry (IHC) stainings were used for histopathological investigations. Data analysis was applied by SPSS (v.19) software. Results Oxidative stress and apoptotic genes expression were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in TT group compared with control. Sperm parameters and Tes were significantly increased, and expression of apoptotic genes was significantly reduced in TT + exosome group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Since the blood‐serum‐derived exosomes have anti‐inflammatory features, the intratesticular application of blood‐serum‐derived exosomes can be used clinically in acute phase of orchitis following TT to inhibit testicular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Keivan
- Member of Research Committee, Medical SchoolKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | | | - Samira Davoodi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical SchoolKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Shima Moradi Maryamneghari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical SchoolKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Reza Dadfar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineAJA University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Poojary KK, Nayak G, Vasani A, Kumari S, Dcunha R, Kunhiraman JP, Gopalan D, Rao RR, Mutalik S, Kalthur SG, Murari MS, Raghu SV, Adiga SK, Kalthur G. Curcumin nanocrystals attenuate cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 433:115772. [PMID: 34715073 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cancer therapy using cyclophosphamide (CP) has been associated with adverse effects on the testicular function that raises concerns about the future fertility potential among cancer survivors. Curcumin, a polyphenol, has shown to possess a plethora of biological functions including tissue protective effects. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of curcumin nanocrystals (NC) in mitigation of CP-induced testicular toxicity. Healthy adult (8-10 week) and prepubertal (2 week) male Swiss albino mice were injected with a single dose of CP (200 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p). NC (4 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered every alternate day, for 35 days in adult mice while, a single dose of NC was injected intraperitoneally to prepubertal mice 1 h prior to CP. Administration of multiple doses of NC ameliorated CP-induced testicular toxicity in adult mice, which was evident from the improved sperm functional competence, sperm chromatin condensation, seminiferous tubule architecture and decreased apoptosis in testicular cells. Further, administration of NC 1 h prior to CP in prepubertal mice modulated the expression of genes pertaining to proliferation, pluripotency, DNA damage and DNA repair in spermatogonial cells at 24 h after the treatment. Overall, these results suggest that NC could be a promising chemoprotective agent, which can have potential application in male fertility preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana Karunakar Poojary
- Division of Clinical Embryology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Guruprasad Nayak
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Ashna Vasani
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Sandhya Kumari
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Reyon Dcunha
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Jyolsna Ponnaratta Kunhiraman
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Divya Gopalan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Rajat Radhakrishna Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Sneha Guruprasad Kalthur
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - M S Murari
- DST PURSE Program, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri 574199, Karnataka, India
| | - Shamprasad Varija Raghu
- Neurogenetics Lab, Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri 574199, Karnataka, India
| | - Satish Kumar Adiga
- Division of Clinical Embryology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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Mansouri Torghabeh F, Rostamzadeh P, Davoudi S, Keivan M, Shokri-Asl V. Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis on orchitis following spermatic cord torsion-detorsion in male mice with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14252. [PMID: 34554588 DOI: 10.1111/and.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchitis as inflammation of testis occurs following traumatic injuries such as testicular torsion leading to high levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. Rosmarinus officinalis is a herb with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study assessed therapeutic effects of rosemary following testicular torsion. A total of 36 male mice were categorised; control, torsion, rosemary (100 and 200 mg/kg) and torsion+rosemary groups. Torsion was induced surgically, and rosemary was gavaged. Total antioxidant capacity of extract was approved by Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma. Malondialdehyde and Griess protocols were hired to assess oxidative stress. Finally, sperm parameters and testosterone levels were analysed. Immunofluorescent (of Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha), hematoxylin and eosin stainings and expression of inflammatory genes (Interleukin-1α, Interleukin-1β, Interferon-γ) were also assessed. Data were analysed using SPSS (v. 19), and graphs were drawn by GraphPad Prism (v. 9). Significantly (p < .05), oxidative stress indices and inflammatory genes expression were increased in torsion group, and total antioxidant capacity was increased in rosemary groups. In torsion+rosemary groups, total antioxidant capacity, sperm parameters and testosterone levels were increased, and inflammatory gene expression decreased significantly (p < .05). Rosemary with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties accelerates testicular healing in torsion cases, especially in therapeutic dose of 200 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mansouri Torghabeh
- Department of Physiology Sciences, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parsa Rostamzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Samira Davoudi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mona Keivan
- Member of Research Committee, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Vahid Shokri-Asl
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Tvrdá E, Benko F, Slanina T, du Plessis SS. The Role of Selected Natural Biomolecules in Sperm Production and Functionality. Molecules 2021; 26:5196. [PMID: 34500629 PMCID: PMC8434568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence from in vivo as well as in vitro studies indicates that natural biomolecules may play important roles in the prevention or management of a wide array of chronic diseases. Furthermore, the use of natural compounds in the treatment of male sub- or infertility has been proposed as a potential alternative to conventional therapeutic options. As such, we aimed to evaluate the effects of selected natural biomolecules on the sperm production, structural integrity, and functional activity. At the same time, we reviewed their possible beneficial or adverse effects on male reproductive health. Using relevant keywords, a literature search was performed to collect currently available information regarding molecular mechanisms by which selected natural biomolecules exhibit their biological effects in the context of male reproductive dysfunction. Evidence gathered from clinical trials, in vitro experiments and in vivo studies suggest that the selected natural compounds affect key targets related to sperm mitochondrial metabolism and motion behavior, oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA integrity and cell death. The majority of reports emphasize on ameliorative, stimulating and protective effects of natural biomolecules on the sperm function. Nevertheless, possible adverse and toxic behavior of natural compounds has been indicated as well, pointing out to a possible dose-dependent impact of natural biomolecules on the sperm survival and functionality. As such, further research leading to a deeper understanding of the beneficial or adverse roles of natural compounds is necessary before these can be employed for the management of male reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tvrdá
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (F.B.); (T.S.)
| | - Filip Benko
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (F.B.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (F.B.); (T.S.)
| | - Stefan S. du Plessis
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates;
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