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Garling KA, Litten K, Temple H. Development, implementation, and assessment of a tailored oral milestone remediation examination process for fourth-year pharmacy students. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2024; 16:102139. [PMID: 39002342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2024.102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Performance assessments for student pharmacists are required by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education to monitor student knowledge, retention, and professional skill sets. Near the end of their Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPEs), fourth-year pharmacy students (P4s) at the University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy must pass a milestone exam (P4ME) to graduate. The P4ME contains four sections: adult medicine, ambulatory care, community, and hospital. If a student fails one or more sections of the initial multiple-choice P4ME, they must retake that specific section(s) on the makeup P4ME. If a student fails the makeup multiple-choice P4ME, they participate in a case based oral exam designed to determine whether they meet minimal competencies to pass the P4ME. This report outlines the process undertaken by the faculty to develop a high-stakes P4 milestone oral exam. While only a few students have participated in the process, outcomes differentiated P4s eligible for graduation versus those who needed to repeat an APPE. Lessons learned about the oral exam process include minimizing the number of faculty in attendance, shortening the exam duration, and standardizing the exam process. Positive aspects include remediation led by a subject matter expert and implementation of a unique rubric to assess student performance. Overall, the authors find the P4 oral milestone exam to be a feasible assessment tool for students who perform poorly on the initial and makeup multiple-choice P4MEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ashley Garling
- Pharmacy Practice, The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, United States of America.
| | - Kathryn Litten
- Pharmacy Practice, The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, United States of America.
| | - Holli Temple
- Pharmacy Practice, The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, United States of America.
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Shtaynberg J, Rivkin A, Rozaklis L, Gallipani A. Multifaceted Strategy That Improves Students' Achievement of Entrustable Professional Activities Across Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100755. [PMID: 39098566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To outline an approach to help students achieve Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) entrustment during a sequence of Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPEs) by implementing longitudinal monitoring and individualized intervention and remediation strategies. METHODS Using the recommended EPAs within the core APPEs (acute care, ambulatory care, community, institutional), students were expected to achieve entrustment on all EPAs by graduation. A longitudinal monitoring approach, using an "EPA report card," was implemented to continuously identify students at risk of not meeting the EPA requirement of "Level 3" entrustment (perform with reactive supervision). Individualized interventions, including proactive outreach and in-sequence remediation, were incorporated into the APPE core and elective sequence to help ensure all students were entrusted by the end of APPEs without requiring further end-of-year remediation to graduate. RESULTS For the graduating classes of 2023 and 2024, 12% (8 of 69) and 16% (12 of 75) students, respectively, were identified as at risk of not meeting EPA entrustment. Proactive outreach, in-sequence remediation, or a combination of both strategies, were used to enhance learning and EPA performance. As a result, all students achieved "Level 3" entrustment on the deficient EPA(s) by the end of the APPE sequence. No student required further end-of-year remediation to graduate. CONCLUSION Utilizing a multifaceted strategy provided timely, real-world practice opportunities to improve the students' achievement of EPAs across the APPE curriculum and decreased the need for end-of-year remediation and potential graduation delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shtaynberg
- Fairleigh Dickinson University School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Florham Park, NJ, USA.
| | - Anastasia Rivkin
- Fairleigh Dickinson University School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Florham Park, NJ, USA
| | - Lillian Rozaklis
- Fairleigh Dickinson University School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Florham Park, NJ, USA
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Park SK, Chen AMH, Daugherty KK, Borchert JS. Perceptions of Remediation Policies and Procedures in Pharmacy Education. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100722. [PMID: 38823672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to (1) explore the perceptions of current remediation processes among pharmacy program administrators and faculty, and (2) identify factors surrounding successful or unsuccessful remediation in a pharmacy program. METHODS This qualitative study used the following 3 stakeholder focus groups with distinct perspectives: didactic faculty, experiential faculty, and administrators. A screening survey was used to identify eligible participants, and quota sampling was used to represent various institution types and stakeholder experience. Focus groups were conducted using structured interview questions by an expert interviewer who was not part of the research team. Data were coded using the constant comparison method until consensus was achieved on the identified themes. RESULTS Three themes associated with remediation were identified with 12 coded categories. The codes discussed by all 3 stakeholder groups included methods to identify students who need remediation, types of remediation, remediation challenges, consequences of remediation, remediation effectiveness, and necessary improvements to the remediation process. The didactic and experiential faculty groups discussed the management of remediation plans, methods of remediation prevention, and lessons learned from remediation. The timing of remediation was discussed by didactic faculty. The experiential faculty noted the need for preceptor development to provide timely feedback and ensure successful remediation. All 3 groups mentioned having clear policies and procedures for successful remediation. CONCLUSION Overall, faculty and administrators had similar perceptions regarding remediation practices. The differences in concerns about remediation were most notable between the experiential and didactic faculty. While all 3 groups believed that remediation may be useful and necessary, challenges remain and monitoring is needed to determine the most effective practices, particularly in experiential education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Park
- Notre Dame of Maryland University, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Aleda M H Chen
- Cedarville University, School of Pharmacy, Cedarville, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly K Daugherty
- Sullivan University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jill S Borchert
- Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove Campus, Downers Grove, IL, USA
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Newman K, Arnoldi J, Michael A. A National Survey Exploring Practices and Perceptions of Sharing Experiential Evaluations With Future Preceptors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100596. [PMID: 37778701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to understand pharmacy programs' policies and processes of sharing Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) assessment information among preceptors and to determine the types of grading scales currently being used nationally. METHODS A 14-question survey was utilized to collect information on Experiential Education policies and practices regarding APPE evaluations and assessment data sharing. The survey was administered electronically to Experiential Education Administrators at accredited schools of pharmacy nationally and gathered information on approach to APPE assessment, information sharing with future preceptors and open-ended responses on how struggling student learners are supported. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative responses, while qualitative open-ended comments were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS A total of 95 responses were included in the analysis (67.9% response rate). The majority of programs (83.2%) reported not sharing student performance assessments with future preceptors. Themes that emerged from the analysis of open-ended comments included concerns about bias and privacy violations, and the benefits of sharing evaluations for preceptor preparation and longitudinal student growth. The grading approach varied, with 53.7% of programs using traditional tiered letter grades and 45.3% using a pass/fail grading system. CONCLUSION Most pharmacy programs do not share APPE assessment information with future preceptors due to concerns about bias and protecting student privacy. However, programs may be looking for alternative processes that address the need to facilitate student growth and to support struggling learners. Examples shared may provide stimulus and insight for Experiential Education Offices to engage in programmatic discussions about the approach to assessment sharing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Newman
- Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Pharmacy, Edwardsville, IL, USA.
| | - Jennifer Arnoldi
- Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Pharmacy, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Arielle Michael
- Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Pharmacy, Edwardsville, IL, USA
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Porter AL, Margolis A, Pitterle ME, Gallimore C, Barnett SG, Portillo E, Maes ML, Shah S, Walbrandt Pigarelli DL, Janetski B, Martin B. Associating Student Performance in Pharmacy Practice Didactic and Skills-Based Courses With Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:ajpe8988. [PMID: 36207031 PMCID: PMC10159531 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To determine the association between pharmacy practice didactic course examinations and performance-based assessments with students' performance during their advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs).Methods. This retrospective analysis included data from the graduating classes of 2018 to 2020. Students were coded as APPE poor performers (final course grade <83%) or acceptable performers. Assessments in pharmacy practice didactic and skills-based courses in students' second and third years were included in the analysis, with thresholds correlating to grade cutoffs. The association between poor performance mean examination scores and performance-based assessments with APPE performance was calculated.Results. Of the 403 graduates, analysis sample sizes ranged from 254 to 403. There were 49 students (12%) who met the criteria for poor performance in the APPE year. When comparing pharmacy practice didactic course performance to APPE poor performance, the proportion of mean examination scores that were <83% for six of the seven pharmacy practice didactic courses was significant; five of the seven mean examination scores were significant at the <78% threshold. Performance-based assessments that were significantly associated with APPE poor performance often required critical thinking.Conclusion. A gap in identification of students with APPE poor performance who did not fail a didactic course was demonstrated. Specifically, this finding suggests that pre-APPE curriculum should focus on assessments that include critical thinking. These methods could be used by other pharmacy programs to find components of their curricula that help identify students who need additional support prior to the APPE year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ed Portillo
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Shweta Shah
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - Beth Martin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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6
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Litten KP, McQuade BM, Wettergreen SA, Nardolillo JA, Stewart MP. Failure to fail - Perspective from junior faculty preceptors on the challenges of evaluating underperforming students in the experiential learning environment. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:238-241. [PMID: 37029076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preceptors serve as the gatekeepers between individuals progressing from student pharmacist to independent practitioner. This responsibility is challenging if a student is not progressing as required and is at risk of failure. In this article, we will review the potential consequences and barriers of "failing to fail" a student, share the emotions that come with the decision, and suggest actions that may aid in preceptor decision-making. COMMENTARY A preceptor's failure to fail a student has a global impact on many parties including the student, their future employer and patients, the preceptor, and the school or college of pharmacy. Despite supportive factors, preceptors may experience an internal struggle about the ripple effect of failing or not failing an experiential student. IMPLICATIONS Underperformance in the experiential setting is a complex issue that remains largely unseen due to "failure to fail," a concept that should be researched further in the pharmacy setting. Empowering preceptors, particularly newer preceptors, to assess and manage failing students is possible through increased discussion around the topic and focused preceptor development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P Litten
- Division of Pharmacy Practice, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Ave, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Brianna M McQuade
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
| | - Sara A Wettergreen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mail Stop C238. 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Joseph A Nardolillo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
| | - Morgan P Stewart
- Division of Pharmacy Practice, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, 2409 University Ave, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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Park SK, Daugherty KK, Chen AMH, Fettkether RM. Considerations for remediation policy and procedures in pharmacy education. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:547-551. [PMID: 35715094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the heterogeneous nature of remediation definitions, processes, and impact on learning, it is commonly understood as a process for identifying student deficiencies in knowledge, skills, and attitudes that need to be corrected prior to student progression in the program. COMMENTARY Current issues related to remediation in pharmacy education include inconsistencies in practices and types within and among institutions, a lack of correlation to student academic success, effects on attrition both positive (student staying on-time for graduation) and negative (students sitting back one year), increase in faculty workload, and negativity or stigma associated with the student. IMPLICATIONS Key considerations in developing and implementing remediation policies and procedures include being student-focused, providing a positive frame for remediation, implementing a clear process, and early identification of students who need help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Park
- Notre Dame of Maryland University School of Pharmacy, 4701 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21210, United States.
| | - Kimberly K Daugherty
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2100 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, KY 40205, United States.
| | - Aleda M H Chen
- Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, United States.
| | - Rebekah M Fettkether
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, 222 SE 8th Avenue, Hillsboro, OR 97123, United States.
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Strachan DA, Maarsingh H. Pharmacy student reflections and perceptions of competency and predictors of success in remediation. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:1160-1167. [PMID: 34330394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacy programs employ a variety of remediation methods intended to bring underperforming students to a level of competency. Our objective was to evaluate pharmacy students' perceptions of eligibility criteria and academic outcomes of remediation and potential predictors for lack of success in the original and remediated course. METHODS Palm Beach Atlantic University School of Pharmacy revised its remediation policy in fall 2017, shifting from a course-centric to student-centric policy. Pharmacy students (N = 265) were surveyed in spring 2019 regarding eligibility criteria and academic outcomes of remediation. Enrolled students who remediated under the revised policy were surveyed on the lack of success in the original course and the remediation process. RESULTS Students viewed remediation as an opportunity to prevent delayed graduation. They agreed with the revised, student-centric eligibility criteria and with the new approach allowing all courses to be remediated. First-year students provided lower scores, whereas students who never failed a course gave higher scores. Students agreed that remediation produces proficient students who are as competent as those who passed the original course. The main reason for failing the original course was lack of study time. Students who failed remediation tended to spend more time on external activities and used less remediation resources. CONCLUSIONS A student-centric approach to remediation with active involvement from students and faculty support was successful in producing students who are viewed just as proficient and competent as students who passed the original course. Predictors for success were study time and the use of remediation resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana A Strachan
- Palm Beach Atlantic University, 901 S. Flagler Drive, West Palm Beach, FL 33401, United States.
| | - Harm Maarsingh
- Palm Beach Atlantic University, 901 S. Flagler Drive, West Palm Beach, FL 33401, United States.
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Chen JS, Matthews DE, Van Hooser J, Knockel LE, Lintner K, Stoa M, Woodyard JL, Tran D. Improving the Remediation Process for Skills-based Laboratory Courses in the Doctor of Pharmacy Curriculum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2021; 85:8447. [PMID: 34544739 PMCID: PMC8499664 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
When students fail to meet minimum competence standards on summative pharmacy skills-based assessments, remediation can be used to ensure student readiness for progression. Skills-based remediation is challenging as a high volume of resources is required to develop an action plan that addresses the heterogeneity in student needs and to create and execute another assessment equivalent to the initial assessment. Although many Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) programs face these same challenges, there is no consensus on how to best address them. Recently, faculty from six PharmD programs convened to share ideas and approaches to overcoming these challenges. This commentary aims to define remediation as it pertains to summative skills-based assessments, share our consensus views regarding remediation best practices, and highlight areas where there is more work to be done. Our intent is to advance the ongoing conversation and empower institutions to develop their own effective and impactful skills-based remediation policies, procedures, and activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Chen
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Kim Lintner
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Morgan Stoa
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Deanna Tran
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
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Tafreshi J, Chorbadjian S, Jaradat D, Johannesmeyer S. Supporting students with academic difficulties. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:255-260. [PMID: 33641735 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up 15% of health professions students experience academic difficulties. We describe an early tracking system that effectively identifies and supports students with performance deficiencies. The objectives of this study were to discuss changes made in an academic success system at our new college of pharmacy, describe effectiveness of the updated program after one-year of use, and present changes that are being discussed based on the faculty and student feedback. METHODS We conducted in-person faculty interviews using open-ended questions to evaluate the effectiveness of our original program for supporting students with academic difficulties called the Early Tracking System (ETS). We then developed a new program titled the Individualized Plan for Academic Success System (IPASS). We conducted more faculty interviews and a student survey after the implementation of IPASS to evaluate its effectiveness. RESULTS In the 2018-2019 academic year at our institution, IPASS was activated 291 times, of which there were 27 course failures. The results of our study indicated a pass rate of 90.72% post-IPASS for all pharmacy students. CONCLUSIONS The goal of this study was to revise and implement an early tracking system that all faculty members, students, and administrators can utilize efficiently and effectively. This study demonstrated that students with academic difficulties have the potential for progression if their deficiencies are detected early. We described a unique system by which we addressed the needs of the at-risk students. The interview of faculty and survey of students indicated satisfaction with IPASS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Tafreshi
- Marshall B. Ketchum University College of Pharmacy, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, United States.
| | - Sophia Chorbadjian
- Marshall B. Ketchum University College of Pharmacy, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, United States.
| | - Dania Jaradat
- Marshall B. Ketchum University College of Pharmacy, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, United States.
| | - Samantha Johannesmeyer
- Marshall B. Ketchum University College of Pharmacy, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92831, United States.
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Briceland LL, Caimano CR, Rosa SW, Veselov M, Jablanski C. Exploring the impact of engaging student pharmacists in developing individualized experiential success plans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie L. Briceland
- Pharmacy Practice Department Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Albany New York USA
| | - Courtney R. Caimano
- Pharmacy Practice Department Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Albany New York USA
| | - Sandra W. Rosa
- Pharmacy Practice Department Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Colchester Vermont USA
| | - Megan Veselov
- Pharmacy Practice Department Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Albany New York USA
| | - Cindy Jablanski
- Pharmacy Practice Department Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Colchester Vermont USA
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12
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Harmon KS, Gonzales AD, Fenn NE. Remediation and reassessment methods in pharmacy education: A systematic review. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:81-90. [PMID: 33131623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colleges of pharmacy are currently required to implement a remediation program within their curricula, but no specifications are provided on the ideal methodology. While the need for successful remediation strategies continues to grow, literature describing positive or negative outcomes of different approaches is significantly lacking. The objective of this literature review was to describe and evaluate remediation methodologies in pharmacy education. METHODS This literature review was completed following PRISMA criteria. A search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, Academic Search Complete, PsycInfo, Scopus, and ProQuest Central databases was conducted in July 2019. Studies were included if they involved pharmacy student education and described either remediation or reassessment. RESULTS The evaluated studies discussed a range of course types being remediated, a large variety of remediation strategies and timeframes, and differing overall outcomes. No studies provided comparison of remediation techniques or provided details on the implementation of their chosen approaches. A consistent finding within the evaluated studies was the inclusion of prevention strategies to attempt to avoid the need for remediation preemptively. Overall outcomes for each remedial program were inconsistent and no clear patterns were evident other than an improvement in student performance following remediation. IMPLICATIONS Remediation strategies included course repetition, summer restudy, reassessment, and individualized plans. Outcomes varied significantly between studies, making methodology comparisons difficult. Future studies that include more detail and consistency in the reported outcomes would be beneficial to students and help clarify remediation for colleges of pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersi S Harmon
- The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX 75799, United States.
| | - Alessa D Gonzales
- The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX 75799, United States.
| | - Norman E Fenn
- The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, Tyler, TX 75799, United States.
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13
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Rose TM. Getting Rigor Right. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2020; 84:7906. [PMID: 32577040 PMCID: PMC7298215 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A colleague of mine once shared a story he heard of an organic chemistry teacher who would tell people he had one of the most important, lifesaving jobs in the world. Why? Because he made sure academically unprepared premed students never made it to medical school. Teachers can have many possible motivations for maintaining high academic standards in their courses. A desire to ensure future health practitioners are adequately prepared to engage in the intellectual rigor of their profession may be just one of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Rose
- Roseman University of Health Sciences College of Pharmacy, South Jordan, Utah
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
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14
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Nguyen T, Wong E, Wang Z, Goldberg T. SOAP Notes During APPEs: Assessment of Student Performance. J Pharm Pract 2019; 34:665-668. [PMID: 31694447 DOI: 10.1177/0897190019885274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate and compare students' ability to perform in each area of the subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) note during advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) within an academic year. This study also aimed to compare the quality of SOAP notes between semesters: summer (1-3 rotation blocks), fall (4-6 rotation blocks), and spring (7-9 rotation blocks). METHODS During internal medicine and acute-care APPEs, students were required to submit a minimum of 2 SOAP notes. Each SOAP note was assessed by a full-time faculty member at a College of Pharmacy. Students were rated on the ability to perform in each area of the SOAP note using a rubric with a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = unacceptable/needs significant improvement, 5 = exemplary). This study was granted exempt approval by the Long Island University institutional review board. RESULTS Quality of the SOAP note summer versus fall versus spring rotations: Thirty-four SOAP notes were assessed during the summer, 48 SOAP notes were assessed during the fall, and 46 SOAP notes were assessed during the spring. Students performed similarly regardless of the semester they took for "subjective/objective, assess, and plan." All P values were nonstatistically significant. Performance on SOAP note #1 versus SOAP note # 2: On overall rubrics for SOAP notes 1 versus SOAP notes 2, students did better on SOAP notes 2 after feedback, and an opportunity to improve was provided. There were statistically significant differences on all areas of SOAP note "subjective/objective, assess, and plan." Conclusion: Overall, students performed adequately on the SOAP note activity during APPE rotations. Students performed similarly regardless of the semester/time when students took the APPEs during an academic year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Nguyen
- 44254Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Elaine Wong
- 44254Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- 471068Touro College of Pharmacy, NY, USA
| | - Tamara Goldberg
- 44254Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Bodenberg MM, Koehler JM. Effect of preceptor-initiated referral system on advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) students' rotation progress and graduation rate. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2019; 11:895-901. [PMID: 31570126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to determine whether the referral and monitoring system developed at Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (BUCOPHS) for advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) students is successful in improving on-time and overall graduation rates and decreasing rotation failures. METHODS In May 2014, a formalized process for referral and monitoring of APPE students was established. This allows preceptors to recommend (via the electronic final evaluation form) additional monitoring or intervention in the areas of professionalism, time management, drug information, communication, and therapeutic/drug knowledge. The experiential education director subsequently meets with referred students and develops a customized longitudinal plan to help each student improve in the identified areas. Data collected for students who were referred included the rotation block, rotation type, preceptor type, and the specific areas recommended for monitoring and referral. In addition, each student's quarterly progress, specific assessments outlined in each student's customized longitudinal plan, number of failed rotations, on-time graduation, and overall graduation status was recorded. The university's institutional review board approved the study. RESULTS Between May 2014 and April 2017, a total of 36 students were referred to the experiential education office for monitoring and/or intervention. Of these, 35/36 (97.2%) graduated on time. There were eight students who failed one APPE; no students received more than one failure. CONCLUSIONS Development of a referral and monitoring system for preceptors aids in retention of professional pharmacy students and increases on-time and overall graduation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Bodenberg
- Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46208, United States.
| | - Julia M Koehler
- Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46208, United States.
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Welch LH, Bonner CL, Augustine JM, Duke LJ. Academic success plans in advanced pharmacy practice experiences to promote self-awareness and improve performance. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2019; 11:321-328. [PMID: 31040007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacy schools should encourage self-awareness, provide exposure to the continuous professional development cycle, and intervene early when students exhibit performance deficiencies. Academic success plans (ASPs) have been shown in other disciplines to be successful intervention tools which encourage student reflection and self-awareness. This study evaluates the impact of ASPs used during the advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) curriculum at two schools. METHODS ASPs were assigned to students who had either a "needs development" or lower documented for the same learning outcome during more than one APPE, for poor overall performance during an APPE, or for documented professionalism issues. Average scores were calculated by assigning point values to each learning outcome assessment score (exceeds expectations = 1; competent = 0; needs development, needs significant development, remediation required = -1). RESULTS During AY2014-2015 and AY2015-2016, 104 ASPs were assigned to 75 students (13.5% of students). The majority (89.6%) were assigned due to repeated deficiencies in the same learning outcome(s), with the most frequent being "Develop, Implement, and Monitor Drug Therapy Plans." After completion of an ASP, average scores significantly improved (p < 0.05) in 9 out of 12 learning outcomes among all students who completed an ASP. Thirteen students completed 15 ASPs for professionalism reasons, most commonly punctuality. CONCLUSIONS Prior to 2015, Experiential Education Office interventions were primarily grades-based, not necessarily based on achievement of specific learning outcomes. ASPs were successfully used to allow students to practice self-awareness skills, to engage in the CPD process, and to improve APPE performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey H Welch
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
| | - C Lea Bonner
- Mercer University College of Pharmacy, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
| | - Jill M Augustine
- Mercer University College of Pharmacy, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
| | - Lori J Duke
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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