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Kim Y, Jeong KH, Kim E. A nationwide survey of the perception of the APPE by community pharmacy preceptors in South Korea. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:715-721.e3. [PMID: 34119425 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering that approximately 75% of active pharmacists work in a community pharmacy globally, experiential practice in community pharmacies is a crucial part of pharmacy education. Skilled preceptors and their perceptions are integral to experiential practice. However, the perception of community pharmacy preceptors on a nationwide level is rarely studied. OBJECTIVES To examine the perception of community pharmacy preceptors who had undertaken the newly implemented community pharmacy experiential practice in South Korea. METHODS This study was based on a self-administered, nationwide, online cross-sectional survey performed by the Korean Pharmaceutical Association in 2017. Active community pharmacy preceptors undertaking experiential practice in South Korea were enrolled. The preceptor's competence, satisfaction, stress, achievement, and the likelihood of continuing preceptorship were evaluated using a 4-point Likert scale. In addition, the determinants of perception were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 681 active preceptors, 390 (response rate: 57.3%) participated in this study, and the data of 385 participants were used for the final analysis. The majority of the preceptors were satisfied (83.1%), felt high achievement (85.8%), and were likely to continue with the preceptorship (85.7%). However, 52.8% reported increased stress due to the increased workload and lack of personal time. Preceptors who participated voluntarily had higher competence (odds ratio [OR] 2.050, 1.265-3.322) and exhibited lower stress (OR 0.560, 0.368-0.852). The academic degrees of preceptors and the number of preceptees trained by them were significantly related to competence. Preceptor age (>50 years) was negatively associated with stress (OR 0.635, 0.419-0.962). CONCLUSION Because competence is a key element associated with community pharmacy preceptors, it is necessary to create an environment in which preceptors can consider themselves competent. This nationwide study with community pharmacy preceptors will provide a basis for improving the quality of training at community pharmacies and may aid experiential practice administrators in revising the current program.
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Supapaan T, Low BY, Wongpoowarak P, Moolasarn S, Anderson C. A transition from the BPharm to the PharmD degree in five selected countries. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2019; 17:1611. [PMID: 31592299 PMCID: PMC6763299 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2019.3.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the studies and opinions around issues of transition from
the BPharm to the PharmD degree in the U.S., Japan, South Korea, Pakistan and
Thailand. The transition to the clinically orientated PharmD degree in many countries was
seen to be a means of developing the profession. However, some countries have
both clinically-oriented and pharmaceutical sciences-oriented PharmD programme
that are designed to meet the needs of their countries. Each country created a
different process to handle the transition to an all-PharmD programme, but
mostly had the process of school accreditation mandated by the regulatory
bodies. The main barrier to the transition in most of the countries was the
issue of educational quality. A set of indicators is needed to measure and
monitor the impact/outcome of the PharmD degree. Each country has different needs due to the different contexts of health care
systems and the scope of pharmacy practice. In order to increase their chances
of benefiting from the new programme, academic leaders should critically assess
their countries’ needs before deciding to adopt a PharmD programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teeraporn Supapaan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University. Ubon Ratchathani (Thailand).
| | - Bee Y Low
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia. Selangor, (Malaysia).
| | - Payom Wongpoowarak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University. Songkhla (Thailand).
| | - Summana Moolasarn
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University. Ubon Ratchathani (Thailand).
| | - Claire Anderson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham. Nottingham (United Kingdom).
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Kawaguchi-Suzuki M, Law MG, Prisco J, Head K, Fu L, Yumoto T, Kamei J, Yang M, Cheng KJ, Hogue MD. Cultural Sensitivity and Global Pharmacy Engagement in Asia: China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:7214. [PMID: 31223161 PMCID: PMC6581361 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Interest in global engagement among schools and colleges of pharmacy in the United States and Asian countries is growing. To develop fruitful relationships and engage in mutually enriching experiences, the cultural aspects of these countries need to be understood and respected. The aim of this paper is to facilitate culturally sensitive interactions between practitioners, faculty members, and students in the United States and those in Asian countries when they engage in health care practice and/or education. This paper introduces general information about China (including Macau and Hong Kong), Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Unique characteristics of the health care system and pharmacy education are described for each country. Stereotypes and misconceptions are discussed. Recommendations are included for initiating interactions and developing learning programs and scholarly collaborations while promoting culturally sensitive engagement. These recommendations are provided for US scholars, health care professionals, and students traveling to these countries as well as for those hosting visitors from these countries in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kawaguchi-Suzuki
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Hillsboro, Oregon
- Pacific University, Office of Global Pharmacy Education and Research, Hillsboro, Oregon
| | - Miranda G Law
- Howard University College of Pharmacy, Washington, DC
| | | | - Kathleen Head
- MCPHS University, Center for International Studies, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lei Fu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Mihi Yang
- Sookmyung Women's University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kuei-Ju Cheng
- Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael D Hogue
- Loma Linda University, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California
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Suttajit S, Suwannaprom P, Supapaan T, Eakanunkul S, Tangkiatkumjai M, Kongkaew C, Anderson C, Wongpoowarak P. Are we on the right track? Answers from a national survey of Thai graduates' perceptions during the transition to the 6-year PharmD program. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2018; 9:713-722. [PMID: 30310347 PMCID: PMC6167127 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s173014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To serve the higher demands of pharmaceutical services, pharmacy education in Thailand has shifted from 5-year BPharm program to 6-year PharmD program with two specialization tracks: pharmaceutical care (PC) and industrial pharmacy (IP). This study aimed to compare the perceptions regarding professional competencies, pharmacy profession, and planned workplace between graduates with 5-year BPharm and 6-year PharmD and between those with PC and IP specialty. METHODS A cross-sectional national survey using a paper-pencil self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all new graduates attending the pharmacy licensure examination in March 2015. RESULTS Of all 1,937 questionnaires distributed, 1,744 were returned and completed (90% response rate). Pharmacy graduates rated highest on their competencies in professional ethics, followed by PC services and system management. They rated low confidence in medication selection procurement and pharmaceutical industry competencies. The 6-year PharmD graduates showed higher confidence in ethics and professional pride than the 5-year BPharm graduates. Graduates with PC specialty rated higher perceived competency in PC, system management, primary care, and consumer protection domains, while the IP graduates were superior in IP and medication selection and procurement domains, and most graduates (PC and IP) intended to work mainly in a hospital or a community pharmacy. Hospital was preferred for the PC graduates, and the IP graduates were more likely to work in pharmaceutical industry, regulation and consumer protection, sales and marketing, and academia. CONCLUSION With some gaps still to be filled, the transition from 5-year BPharm to 6-year PharmD program with specialty tracks gave extra confidence to graduates in their specialty competencies and professional pride, leading to differences in preferred workplace. The findings of this study reflect that Thai pharmacy education continues to adjust to the needs of the society and the changing health care environments. Longitudinal monitoring to observe this transition is needed for both curriculum adjustment and competency of the graduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siritree Suttajit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,
| | - Puckwipa Suwannaprom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,
| | - Teeraporn Supapaan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Suntara Eakanunkul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Mayuree Tangkiatkumjai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Chuenjid Kongkaew
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Claire Anderson
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Payom Wongpoowarak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Chanakit T, Low BY, Wongpoowarak P, Moolasarn S, Anderson C. Does a transition in education equate to a transition in practice? Thai stakeholder's perceptions of the introduction of the Doctor of Pharmacy programme. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2015; 15:205. [PMID: 26585968 PMCID: PMC4653906 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-015-0473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacy education and pharmacy practice are facing remarkable changes following new scientific discoveries, evolving patient needs and the requirements of advanced pharmacy competency for practices. Many countries are introducing or undertaking major transformations in pharmacy education. The Thai pharmacy curriculum has been changed from a 5-year BPharm and a 6-year PharmD to only a 6-year PharmD programme. Curriculum change processes usually involve stakeholders, including both internal and external educational institutions, at all levels. This study aims to understand the experiences and perceptions of stakeholders regarding the transition to an all-PharmD programme in Thailand. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Thailand with 130 stakeholders (e.g., policy makers, pharmacy experts, educators, health care providers, patients, students and parents) from August-October 2013. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using an inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Three main themes were derived from the findings: 1. influences on curriculum change (e.g., the needs of pharmacists to provide better patient care, the US-Thai consortium for the development of pharmacy education); 2. perceived benefits (e.g., improve pharmacy competencies from generalists to specialists, ready to work after graduation, providing a high quality of patient care); and 3. concerns (e.g., the higher costs of study for a longer period of time, the mismatch between the pharmacy graduates' competency and the job market's needs, insufficient preceptors and training sites, lack of practical experience of the faculty members and issues related to the separate licenses that are necessary due to the difference in the graduates' specialties). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to highlight the issues surrounding the transition to the 6-year PharmD programme in Thailand, which was initiated due to the need for higher levels of competency among the nation's pharmacists. The transition was influenced by many factors. Many participants perceived benefits from the new pharmacy curriculum. However, some participants were concerned about this transition. Although most of the respondents accepted the need to go forward to the 6-year PharmD programme, designing an effective curriculum, providing a sufficient number of qualified PharmD preceptors, determining certain competencies of pharmacists in different practices and monitoring the quality of pharmacy education still need to be addressed during this transitional stage of pharmacy education in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bee Yean Low
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Payom Wongpoowarak
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Summana Moolasarn
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warin Chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Claire Anderson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Chanakit T, Low BY, Wongpoowarak P, Moolasarn S, Anderson C. A Survey of Pharmacy Education in Thailand. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2014; 78:161. [PMID: 26056400 PMCID: PMC4453078 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe789161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the current status of pharmacy education in Thailand. METHODS The International Pharmaceutical Federation of the World Health Organization's (FIP-WHO) Global Survey of Pharmacy Schools was used for this study. The survey instrument was distributed to the deans of the 19 faculties (colleges) of pharmacy in Thailand. RESULTS More than half the colleges have been in existence less than 20 years, and the government owns 80% of them. There were 2 paths of admission to study pharmacy: direct admission and central admission system. The doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) programs can be divided into 4 types. Approximately 60% of all teaching staff holds a doctoral degree. Regarding the work balance among teaching staff, around 60% focus on teaching activities, 20% focus on research, and less than 20% focus on patient care services concurrent with real practice teaching. The proportion of student time dedicated to theory, practice, and research in PharmD programs is 51.5%, 46.7%, and 1.8%, respectively. Sites owned by the colleges or by others were used for student training. Colleges followed the Office of the National Education Standards' Internal Quality Assurance (IQA) and External Quality Assurance (EQA), and the Pharmacy Council's Quality Assessment (ONESQA). CONCLUSION This study provides a picture of the current status of curriculum, teaching staff, and students in pharmacy education in Thailand. The curriculum was adapted from the US PharmD program with the aim of meeting the country's needs and includes industrial pharmacy and public health tracks as well as clinical tracks. However, this transition in pharmacy education in Thailand needs to be monitored and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bee Yean Low
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Malaysia
| | - Payom Wongpoowarak
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Summana Moolasarn
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Claire Anderson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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