1
|
Stein A, Pendrey C, Muscatello D, Van Buynder P, Fielding J, Menche J, Sullivan S. Estimates of Seasonal Influenza Burden That Could Be Averted by Improved Influenza Vaccines in the Australian Population Aged Under 65 Years, 2015-2019. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13289. [PMID: 38637994 PMCID: PMC11026859 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interpretation of relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of improved influenza vaccines is complex. Estimation of burden averted is useful to contextualise their potential impact across different seasons. For the population aged under 65 years in Australia, this study estimated the additional morbidity and mortality that could be averted using improved influenza vaccines. METHODS We used observed, season-specific (2015-2019) influenza notification and influenza-coded hospitalisation frequencies and published modelled estimates of influenza-associated hospitalisations and deaths that occurred under the prevailing influenza vaccination coverage scenario. After back-calculating to the estimated burden in the population without vaccination, we applied published standard influenza vaccine effectiveness and coverage estimates to calculate the burden potentially averted by standard and improved influenza vaccines. A plausible range of rVE values were used, assuming 50% coverage. RESULTS The percentage point difference in absolute vaccine effectiveness (VE) of an improved vaccine compared to a standard vaccine is directly proportional to its rVE and inversely proportional to the effectiveness of the standard vaccine. The incremental burden averted by an improved vaccine is a function of both its difference in absolute VE and the severity of the influenza season. Assuming an rVE of 15% with 50% coverage, the improved vaccine was estimated to additionally avert 1517 to 12,641 influenza notifications, 287 to 1311 influenza-coded hospitalisations and 9 to 33 modelled all-cause influenza deaths per year compared to the standard vaccine. CONCLUSIONS Improved vaccines can have substantial clinical and population impact, particularly when the effectiveness of standard vaccines is low, and burden is high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine G. A. Pendrey
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on InfluenzaRoyal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | | | | | - James E. Fielding
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratoryat the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Sheena G. Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on InfluenzaRoyal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raina MacIntyre C, Kevin Yin J, Felter C, Menzies RI, Thommes E, Largeron N, Moa AM, Trent M, Costantino V, Choi S, Alvarez FP. Estimated health and economic impact of using high-dose influenza vaccine on respiratory and circulatory plus respiratory hospitalizations of older adults in Australia. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100365. [PMID: 37609557 PMCID: PMC10440578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Standard dose influenza vaccine provides moderate protection from infection, but with lower effectiveness among the elderly. High dose and adjuvanted vaccines (HD-TIV and aTIV) were developed to address this. This study aims to estimate the incremental health and economic impact of using HD-TIV (high dose trivalent vaccine) instead of aTIV (adjuvanted trivalent vaccine) on respiratory and circulatory plus respiratory hospitalizations of older people (≥65 years) in Australia. Methods This is a modelling study comparing predicted hospitalization outcomes in people receiving HD-TIV or aTIV during an average influenza season in Australia. Hospitalization records of Australian adults ≥65 years of age from 01 April to 30 November during 15 influenza seasons (2002-2017 excluding 2009, which was a pandemic) were extracted from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW] and used to calculate hospitalisation rates during an average season. Relative vaccine effectiveness data for aTIV and HD-TIV were used to estimate morbidity burden related to influenza. Results Between 2002 and 2017, the average respiratory hospitalization rate among older people during influenza season (April-November) was 3,445/100,000 population-seasons, with an average cost of AU$ 7,175 per admission. The average circulatory plus respiratory hospitalization rate among older Australian people during that time was 10,393/100,000 population-seasons, with an average cost of AU$ 7829 per admission. For older Australians, HD-TIV may avert an additional 6,315-9,410 respiratory admissions each year, with an incremental healthcare cost saving of AU$ 15.9-38.2 million per year compared to aTIV. Similar results were also noted for circulatory plus respiratory hospitalizations. Conclusions From the modelled estimations, HD-TIV was associated with less economic burden and fewer respiratory, and circulatory plus respiratory hospitalizations than aTIV for older Australians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Kevin Yin
- Medical Department, Greater China, Sanofi Vaccines, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Edward Thommes
- New Products and Innovation, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Aye M. Moa
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mallory Trent
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Seulki Choi
- Market Access, Sanofi, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muscatello DJ, Nazareno AL, Turner RM, Newall AT. Influenza-associated mortality in Australia, 2010 through 2019: High modelled estimates in 2017. Vaccine 2021; 39:7578-7583. [PMID: 34810002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Australia, the 2017 and 2019 influenza seasons were severe. High-dose or adjuvanted vaccines were introduced for ≥65 year-olds in 2018. AIM To compare influenza-associated mortality in 2017 and 2019 with the average for 2010-2019. METHODS We used time series modelling to obtain estimates of influenza-associated death rates for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B in Australia, in persons of all ages and <65, 65-74 and ≥75 years. Estimates were made for pneumonia and influenza (P&I, 2010-2018), respiratory (2010-2018), and all-cause outcomes (2010-2019). RESULTS During 2010 through 2018 (and 2019 for all-cause), influenza was estimated to be associated with an annual average of 2.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9, 2.4), 4.0 (95% CI 3.4, 4.6), and 11.6 (95% CI 8.4, 15.0) P&I, respiratory and all-cause deaths per 100,000 population, respectively. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was estimated to be associated with less than one quarter of influenza-associated P&I and respiratory deaths, while A(H3N2) and B were each estimated to contribute approximately equally to the remaining influenza-associated deaths. In 2017, the respective rates were 7.8 (95% CI 7.1, 8.4), 12.3 (95% CI 10.9, 13.6) and 26.0 (95% CI 20.8, 32.0) per 100,000. In 2019, the all-cause estimate was 20.8 (95% CI 14.9, 26.7) per 100,000. CONCLUSIONS Seasonal influenza continues to be associated with substantial mortality in Australia, with at least double the average occurring in 2017. Age-specific monitoring of vaccine effectiveness is needed in Australia to understand higher mortality seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Muscatello
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Allen L Nazareno
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Robin M Turner
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Biostatistics Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Anthony T Newall
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pillsbury AJ, Fathima P, Quinn HE, Cashman P, Blyth CC, Leeb A, Macartney KK. Comparative Postmarket Safety Profile of Adjuvanted and High-Dose Influenza Vaccines in Individuals 65 Years or Older. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e204079. [PMID: 32369177 PMCID: PMC7201308 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Every year, influenza vaccines are administered to millions of people worldwide to reduce morbidity and mortality from influenza. As new vaccine formulations are increasingly used, monitoring and comparing safety, in addition to vaccine effectiveness, in target populations are essential. OBJECTIVE To assess the postmarketing safety profile of 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccines, particularly 2 new enhanced trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines: an adjuvanted trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV3) and high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV3), among Australian individuals 65 years or older. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used solicited short message service-based self-reported survey data on adverse events occurring within 3 to 5 days after receipt of an influenza vaccination. Participants included individuals 65 years or older who received routinely recommended influenza vaccines at 1 of 265 sentinel immunization sites, including primary care, hospital, and community-based clinics, participating in Australia's AusVaxSafety active vaccine safety surveillance system from April 1 to August 31, 2018. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2018, to June 30, 2019. EXPOSURE Any licensed 2018 influenza vaccine administered in clinical practice. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Rates (overall, by brand, and by concomitant vaccine receipt) of adverse events, including medical attendance as a proxy for serious adverse events. RESULTS Of 72 013 individuals 65 years or older who received an influenza vaccine in 2018, 50 134 individuals (69.6%) responded to the initial survey regarding adverse events experienced after vaccination (median [interquartile range] age, 71 [68-76] years; 27 056 [54.0%] women). Most individuals received an enhanced trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, including 28 003 individuals (55.9%) who received aIIV3 and 19 306 individuals (38.5%) who received HD-IIV3; 2208 individuals (4.4%) received a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. Individuals who received HD-IIV3 reported significantly higher rates of any adverse event compared with individuals who received aIIV3 (1716 individuals [8.9%] vs 1796 individuals [6.4%]; P < .001) as well as specific adverse events, including fever (195 individuals [1.1%] vs 164 individuals [0.6%]; P < .001), injection site pain (383 individuals [2.1%] vs 350 individuals [1.3%]; P < .001), and injection site swelling or redness (256 individuals [1.4%] vs 248 individuals [0.9%]; P < .001). Adverse event rates reported by those receiving any quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine were similar to rates reported by those receiving aIIV3. Rates of medical care seeking for adverse events associated with aIIV3 and HD-IIV3 were low and comparable (80 individuals [0.3%] vs 56 individuals [0.3%]; P = .91). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this large-scale participant-based postmarketing assessment of the safety of 2 new enhanced influenza vaccines used in individuals 65 years or older provide reassuring near-real-time and cumulative data to inform and support confidence in ongoing vaccine use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Pillsbury
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Parveen Fathima
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Helen E. Quinn
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | | | - Christopher C. Blyth
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Alan Leeb
- SmartVax, Illawarra Medical Centre, Ballajura, Australia
| | - Kristine K. Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Costantino V, Trent M, MacIntyre CR. Modelling of optimal timing for influenza vaccination as a function of intraseasonal waning of immunity and vaccine coverage. Vaccine 2019; 37:6768-6775. [PMID: 31521411 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The influenza season in Australia usually peaks in August. Vaccination is recommended beginning in March-April. Recent studies suggest that vaccine effectiveness may wane over a given influenza season, leading to reduced effectiveness at the peak of the season. We aimed to quantify how changes in timing of influenza vaccination and declining vaccine coverage could change the percentages of prevented cases. Results from a systematic review were used to inform calculation of a waning function over time from vaccination. Age specific notification data and vaccine effectiveness and coverage estimates from 2007 to 2016 (2009 influenza pandemic year excluded) were used to model a new notification series where vaccine effectiveness is shifted in time to account for delayed vaccination by month from March to August. A sensitivity analysis was done on possible vaccine coverage changes and considering time gap between vaccine uptake and recommendation. Delaying vaccination from March to end of May prevents more cases over a season, but the variation in cases prevented by month of vaccination is not large. If delaying vaccination results in missed or forgotten vaccination and decrease coverage, delaying vaccination could have a net negative impact. Furthermore, considering a time gap between recommendation and uptake, earlier recommendation is more effective in preventing cases. The results are sensitive to assumptions of intra-seasonal waning of effectiveness. More research is required on intra-seasonal vaccine effectiveness waning and the effect of delayed vaccination on overall uptake to inform any potential changes to current vaccine scheduling recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Costantino
- Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Mallory Trent
- Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; College of Public Service and Community Solutions, Arizona State University, Arizona, USA.
| |
Collapse
|