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Sukumar S, Wang F, Simpson CA, Willet CE, Chew T, Hughes TE, Bockmann MR, Sadsad R, Martin FE, Lydecker HW, Browne GV, Davis KM, Bui M, Martinez E, Adler CJ. Development of the oral resistome during the first decade of life. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1291. [PMID: 36894532 PMCID: PMC9998430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic overuse has promoted the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) with significant health and economic consequences. Genome sequencing reveals the widespread presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in diverse microbial environments. Hence, surveillance of resistance reservoirs, like the rarely explored oral microbiome, is necessary to combat AMR. Here, we characterise the development of the paediatric oral resistome and investigate its role in dental caries in 221 twin children (124 females and 97 males) sampled at three time points over the first decade of life. From 530 oral metagenomes, we identify 309 ARGs, which significantly cluster by age, with host genetic effects detected from infancy onwards. Our results suggest potential mobilisation of ARGs increases with age as the AMR associated mobile genetic element, Tn916 transposase was co-located with more species and ARGs in older children. We find a depletion of ARGs and species in dental caries compared to health. This trend reverses in restored teeth. Here we show the paediatric oral resistome is an inherent and dynamic component of the oral microbiome, with a potential role in transmission of AMR and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Sukumar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Fang Wang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carra A Simpson
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, US
| | - Cali E Willet
- Sydney Informatics Hub, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tracy Chew
- Sydney Informatics Hub, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Toby E Hughes
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Rosemarie Sadsad
- Sydney Informatics Hub, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - F Elizabeth Martin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Henry W Lydecker
- Sydney Informatics Hub, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gina V Browne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kylie M Davis
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Minh Bui
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elena Martinez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina J Adler
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Degeling C, Hall J. Governing Antibiotic Risks in Australian Agriculture: Sustaining Conflicting Common Goods Through Competing Compliance Mechanisms. Public Health Ethics 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/phe/phac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The One Health approach to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires stakeholders to contribute to cross-sectoral efforts to improve antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). One Health AMR policy implementation is challenging in livestock farming because of the infrastructural role of antibiotics in production systems. Mitigating AMR may require the development of more stringent stewardship obligations and the future limitation of established entitlements. Drawing on Amatai Etzioni’s compliance theory, regulatory analyses and qualitative studies with stakeholder groups we examine the structural and socio-cultural dimension of antibiotic use and AMS compliance in Australian beef and dairy production. We found a disconnect between how antibiotic use is conceptualised by farmers and the way in which AMS policies construe agricultural AMR risks. Under the umbrella of food safety standards and national-level prescribing restrictions, farmers and veterinarians interact around antibiotic use with different operating logics and compliance mechanisms. These parallel regimes service distinct and sometimes competing common goods of food security and antibiotic preservation. Further reforms to mitigate AMR need to account for the value orientations of different groups and the embeddedness of the constraints imposed by existing systems. Advocacy for greater AMR precaution in agriculture should acknowledge and compensate for erosions in competing common goods and the cost of proposed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Degeling
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW , Australia
| | - Julie Hall
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW , Australia
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Khan X, Rymer C, Ray P, Lim R. Quantification of antimicrobial use in Fijian livestock farms. One Health 2021; 13:100326. [PMID: 34568535 PMCID: PMC8449124 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to humans and animals globally. Antimicrobial stewardship has been acknowledged as a primary strategy to tackle AMR. An important first step for antimicrobial stewardship is to quantify antimicrobial use (AMU). In Fiji, there are currently no data on AMU in livestock farms. This study aimed to quantify AMU in different livestock enterprises (beef, dairy, broiler, and layer) and farming systems (backyard, semi-commercial and commercial) in Central and Western divisions of Viti Levu, Fiji. A survey with 210 livestock farmers and 26 managers representing 276 enterprises was conducted between May and September 2019. The difference in AMU between different livestock enterprises and farming systems was investigated using ANOVA. In Fiji, the estimated annual antibiotic use in livestock was lower than the global average (44 compared with 118 mg/PCU). However, this use was concentrated in 56% of participant farms (the remaining 44% did not use antimicrobials). Total estimated quarterly anthelmintic use (20,797 mg) was not affected by farming systems but was highest (P < 0.001) in dairy enterprises (24,120 mg) and lowest in broiler enterprises (4 mg). Quarterly antibiotic use was different between the enterprises regardless of the metrics used to quantify the use (P < 0.05). Total estimated quarterly mg/PCU of antibiotic use was highest (P < 0.001) in broiler enterprises (12.4 mg/PCU) and lowest in beef enterprises (0.2 mg/PCU). For all other ESVAC metrics, total estimated antibiotic use was higher in poultry and lower in cattle enterprises. Backyard systems used less antibiotics (total mg) than commercial systems, but for other metrics, the trend was reversed. The use of both antibiotics and anthelmintics (rather than antibiotics or anthelmintics alone, or no AMU) was associated with dairy enterprises (Χ2 = 123, P < 0.001). Further studies should be conducted to quantify and evaluate the drivers of AMU in Fijian livestock farms. In addition, differences in AMU between different enterprises and farming systems suggest that strategies to reduce AMU should be tailored to specific settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Khan
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, PO Box 237, Reading RG6 6EU, United Kingdom
| | - C. Rymer
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, PO Box 237, Reading RG6 6EU, United Kingdom
| | - P. Ray
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, PO Box 237, Reading RG6 6EU, United Kingdom
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 100 Arlington, Virginia 22203, USA
| | - R. Lim
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DZ, United Kingdom
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