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Sauvé B, Chorfi Y, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Guay F. Vitamin 25(OH)D 3, E, and C Supplementation Impact the Inflammatory and Antioxidant Responses in Piglets Fed a Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diet and Challenged with Lipopolysaccharides. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:297. [PMID: 39057937 PMCID: PMC11281576 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Using alternative ingredients or low-quality grain grades to reduce feeding costs for pig diets can introduce mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) into feed, which is known to induce anorexia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Adding vitamin 25(OH)D3 or vitamins E and C to the feed could increase piglets' immune system to alleviate the effects of DON. This study used 54 pigs (7.8 ± 0.14 kg) in 27 pens (2 pigs/pen) with a vitamin 25(OH)D3 or vitamin E-C supplementation, or their combination, in DON-contaminated (5.1 mg/kg) feed ingredients over 21 days followed by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (20 µg/kg BW) 3 h prior to euthanasia for 1 piglet per pen. DON contamination induced anorexia, which reduced piglet growth. DON also induced immunomodulation, oxidative stress, and downregulated vitamin D status. The vitamin E and C supplementation and the combination of vitamins E, C, and 25(OH)D3 provided protection against DON contamination by not only decreasing blood and liver oxidative stress markers, but also by increasing antioxidant enzymes and tocopherol levels in blood, indicating improved antioxidant defense mechanisms. The combination of vitamins also restored the vitamin D status. After LPS challenge, DON contamination decreased intestinal and liver antioxidant statuses and increased inflammation markers. The addition of vitamins E and C to DON-contaminated feed reduced markers of inflammation and improved the antioxidant status after the LPS immune stimulation. The combination of all these vitamins also reduced the oxidative stress markers and the inflammation in the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Sauvé
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Younes Chorfi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | | | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Habrowska-Górczyńska DE, Kozieł MJ, Urbanek KA, Kowalska K, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. FOXO3a/PI3K/Akt pathway participates in the ROS- induced apoptosis triggered by α-ZEL and β-ZEL. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13281. [PMID: 38858492 PMCID: PMC11164887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin, is one of the most common food and feed contaminants. Also, its metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) are considered to induce oxidative stress, however its effect in prostate cells is not known yet. Our previous observations showed that forehead box transcription factor 3a (FOXO3a) expression is modified in hormone- sensitive cells in the response to mycotoxins, similar to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Thus, this study evaluated the direct molecular effect of α-ZEL and β-ZEL in a dose of 30 µM in hormone-dependent human prostate cancer (PCa) cells with the focus of the involvement of FOXO3a and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in that effect. We observed that both active metabolites of ZEN reduced cell viability, induced oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PCa cells. Furthermore, we observed that FOXO3a as well as PI3K/Akt signaling pathway participate in ZELs induced toxicity in PCa cells, indicating that this signaling pathway might be a regulator of mycotoxin-induced toxicity generally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Justyna Kozieł
- Department of Cell Culture and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
- BRaIn Laboratories, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 4, 92-216, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Anna Urbanek
- Department of Cell Culture and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Kowalska
- Department of Cell Culture and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wanda Piastowska-Ciesielska
- Department of Cell Culture and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
- BRaIn Laboratories, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 4, 92-216, Lodz, Poland
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Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Sauvé B, Chorfi Y, Montminy MPL, Guay F. Vitamin D Supplementation Impacts Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Piglets Fed a Diet Contaminated with Deoxynivalenol and Challenged with Lipopolysaccharides. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:394. [PMID: 37368695 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Using alternative feed ingredients in pig diets can lead to deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination. DON has been shown to induce anorexia, inflammation, and-more recently-alterations in the vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus metabolisms. Adding vitamin D supplementation in the form of vitamin D3 and 25-OH-D3 to the feed could modify the effects of DON in piglets. In this study, vitamin D3 or 25-OH-D3 supplementation was used in a control or DON-contaminated treatment. A repetitive exposure over 21 days to DON in the piglets led to disruptions in the vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus metabolisms, resulting in a decreased growth performance, increased bone mineralization, and the downregulation of genes related to calcium and to phosphorus intestinal and renal absorption. The DON challenge also decreased blood concentrations of 25-OH-D3, 1,25-(OH)2-D3, and phosphate. The DON contamination likely decreased the piglets' vitamin D status indirectly by modifying the calcium metabolism response. Vitamin D supplementations did not restore vitamin D status or bone mineralization. After a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory stimulation, feeding a 25-OH-D3 supplementation increased 25-OH-D3 concentration and 1,25-(OH)2-D3 regulations during the DON challenge. DON contamination likely induced a Ca afflux by altering the intestinal barrier, which resulted in hypercalcemia and hypovitaminosis D. The vitamin D supplementation could increase the calcitriol production to face the combined LPS and DON challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Sauvé
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Younes Chorfi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Montreal University, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | | | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Wu F, Cui J, Yang X, Chen B. Effects of zearalenone on vulva area, liver function, serum immunoglobulin, antioxidant capability and sex hormone secretion of prepubertal gilts. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2121230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jia Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baojiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Pinto ACSM, De Pierri CR, Evangelista AG, Gomes ASDLPB, Luciano FB. Deoxynivalenol: Toxicology, Degradation by Bacteria, and Phylogenetic Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020090. [PMID: 35202118 PMCID: PMC8876347 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi that contaminates many crops, mainly wheat, maize, and barley. It affects animal health, causing intestinal barrier impairment and immunostimulatory effect in low doses and emesis, reduction in feed conversion rate, and immunosuppression in high doses. As it is very hard to completely avoid DON’s production in the field, mitigatory methods have been developed. Biodegradation has become a promising method as new microorganisms are studied and new enzymatic routes are described. Understanding the common root of bacteria with DON degradation capability and the relationship with their place of isolation may bring insights for more effective ways to find DON-degrading microorganisms. The purpose of this review is to bring an overview of the occurrence, regulation, metabolism, and toxicology of DON as addressed in recent publications focusing on animal production, as well as to explore the enzymatic routes described for DON’s degradation by microorganisms and the phylogenetic relationship among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Caroline Schoch Marques Pinto
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (A.C.S.M.P.); (A.G.E.); (A.S.d.L.P.B.G.)
| | - Camilla Reginatto De Pierri
- Graduate Program in Sciences—Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, 100 Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil;
| | - Alberto Gonçalves Evangelista
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (A.C.S.M.P.); (A.G.E.); (A.S.d.L.P.B.G.)
| | - Ana Silvia de Lara Pires Batista Gomes
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (A.C.S.M.P.); (A.G.E.); (A.S.d.L.P.B.G.)
| | - Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (A.C.S.M.P.); (A.G.E.); (A.S.d.L.P.B.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Olopade BK, Oranusi SU, Nwinyi OC, Gbashi S, Njobeh PB. Occurrences of Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and some of their masked forms in selected cereals from Southwest Nigeria. NFS JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Zearalenone and the Immune Response. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040248. [PMID: 33807171 PMCID: PMC8066068 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic fusariotoxin, being classified as a phytoestrogen, or as a mycoestrogen. ZEA and its metabolites are able to bind to estrogen receptors, 17β-estradiol specific receptors, leading to reproductive disorders which include low fertility, abnormal fetal development, reduced litter size and modification at the level of reproductive hormones especially in female pigs. ZEA has also significant effects on immune response with immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive results. This review presents the effects of ZEA and its derivatives on all levels of the immune response such as innate immunity with its principal component inflammatory response as well as the acquired immunity with two components, humoral and cellular immune response. The mechanisms involved by ZEA in triggering its effects are addressed. The review cited more than 150 publications and discuss the results obtained from in vitro and in vivo experiments exploring the immunotoxicity produced by ZEA on different type of immune cells (phagocytes related to innate immunity and lymphocytes related to acquired immunity) as well as on immune organs. The review indicates that despite the increasing number of studies analyzing the mechanisms used by ZEA to modulate the immune response the available data are unsubstantial and needs further works.
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Moradi S, Azizi-Lalabadi M, Bagheri V, Sadeghi E. Fabrication of electrospun sensor based on a synthesized component doped into PAN (polyacrylonitrile) nanofibers for electrochemical detection of zearalenone mycotoxin in foods simulant. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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The Effects of Deoxynivalenol (DON) on the Gut Microbiota, Morphology and Immune System of Chicken – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Feed contamination is a major cause of diseases outbreak in the poultry industry. There is a direct relationship between feeding, the intestinal microbiota and how the immune system responds to disease infestation. Cereals which form the bulk of poultry feed are mostly contaminated by mycotoxins of Fusarium origin. Adequate knowledge of mycotoxins and their effects on animals is necessary. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major contaminant of poultry feed. DON has the ability to bind with a large number of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits because of the presence of an epoxide group and these disrupt the activity of peptidyl transferase and the elongation or shortening of peptide chains. Deoxynivalenol has varying effect ranging from acute, overt diseases with high morbidity and death to chronic disease, decreased resistance to pathogens and reduced animal productivity. Deoxynivalenol also impairs the intestinal morphology, nutrient absorption, barrier function, and the innate immune response in chickens. This review highlights the impacts of deoxynivalenol on the immune system, intestinal microbiota composition and the morphology of chicken.
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Gu MJ, Han SE, Hwang K, Mayer E, Reisinger N, Schatzmayr D, Park BC, Han SH, Yun CH. Hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 induces less inflammatory responses than fumonisin B1 in the co-culture model of porcine intestinal epithelial and immune cells. Toxicol Lett 2019; 305:110-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 counteracts zearalenone génotoxicty in mice: Chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, DNA fragmentation and apoptotique gene expression. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 840:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Reddy KE, Jeong JY, Song J, Lee Y, Lee HJ, Kim DW, Jung HJ, Kim KH, Kim M, Oh YK, Lee SD, Kim M. Colon Microbiome of Pigs Fed Diet Contaminated with Commercial Purified Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090347. [PMID: 30158450 PMCID: PMC6162637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) can seriously affect animal health, with potentially severe economic losses. Previous studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota plays a significant role in detoxification. We analyzed the colon contents from three groups of pigs (fed either a standard diet, or a diet with 8 mg/kg DON or ZEN). Bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons were obtained from the colon contents, and sequenced using next-generation sequencing on the MiSeq platform. Overall, 2,444,635 gene sequences were generated, with ≥2000 sequences examined. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in all three groups. The sequences of Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, and Faecalibacterium genera, and the unclassified Clostridiaceae family, represented more than 1.2% of the total, with significantly different abundances among the groups. Lactobacillus was especially more abundant in the DON (7.6%) and ZEN (2.7%) groups than in the control (0.2%). A total of 48,346 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified in the three groups. Two OTUs, classified as Lactobacillus, were the most dominant in the DON and ZEN groups. The abundances of the remaining OTUs were also significantly different among the groups. Thus, the mycotoxin-contaminated feed significantly affected the colon microbiota, especially Lactobacillus, which was the most abundant. Therefore, we speculate that Lactobacillus plays a major role in detoxification of these mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondreddy Eswar Reddy
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Jaeyong Song
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Yookyung Lee
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
- Department of Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, #1515 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54874, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jung Jung
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Minji Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Young Kyoon Oh
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Sung Dae Lee
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Minseok Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
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Kalagatur NK, Kamasani JR, Siddaiah C, Gupta VK, Krishna K, Mudili V. Combinational Inhibitory Action of Hedychium spicatum L. Essential Oil and γ-Radiation on Growth Rate and Mycotoxins Content of Fusarium graminearum in Maize: Response Surface Methodology. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1511. [PMID: 30108550 PMCID: PMC6079234 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, contamination of agricultural commodities with fungi and their mycotoxins is one of the most annoying with regard to food safety and pose serious health risk. Therefore, there is a requisite to propose suitable mitigation strategies to reduce the contamination of fungi and mycotoxins in agricultural commodities. In the present study, combinational inhibitory effect of Hedychium spicatum L. essential oil (HSEO) and radiation was established on growth rate, production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) by Fusarium graminearum in maize grains. The HSEO was obtained from rhizomes by hydrodistillation technique and chemical composition was revealed by GC-MS analysis. A total of 48 compounds were identified and major compounds were 1,8-cineole (23.15%), linalool (12.82%), and β-pinene (10.06%). The discrete treatments of HSEO and radiation were effective in reducing the fungal growth rate and mycotoxins content, and the complete reduction was noticed at 3.15 mg/g of HSEO and 6 kGy of radiation. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the combinational inhibitory effect of HSEO and radiation treatments on fungal growth rate and mycotoxins content. A total of 13 experiments were designed with distinct doses of HSEO and radiation by central composite design (CCD) of Stat-Ease Design-Expert software. In combinational approach, complete reductions of fungal growth, DON, and ZEA content were noticed at 1.89 mg/g of HSEO and 4.12 kGy of radiation treatments. The optimized design concluded that combinational treatments of HSEO and radiation were much more effective in reducing the fungal growth and mycotoxins content compared to their discrete treatments (p < 0.05). Responses of the design were assessed by second-order polynomial regression analysis and found that quadratic model was well fitted. The optimized design has larger F-value and adequate precision, smaller p-value, decent regression coefficients (R2 ) and found statistically significant (p < 0.05). In addition, correlation matrix, normal plot residuals, Box-Cox, and actual vs. predicted plots were endorsed that optimized design was accurate and appropriate. The proposed combinational decontamination technique could be highly applicable in agriculture and food industry to safeguard the food and feed products from fungi and mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Kalagatur
- Food Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, India
| | - Jalarama R Kamasani
- Freeze Drying and Processing Technology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Vijai K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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