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Lipo-nutritional quality of pork: the lipid composition, regulation, and molecular mechanisms of fatty acid deposition. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023; 13:373-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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2
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Wahid ST, Kim IH. Effect of DHA supplementation on broilers' growth performance, meat quality and blood profile. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:703-711. [PMID: 35861242 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is vital in the meat composition of broilers which is helpful to maintain a healthy diet in humans. The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of DHA from fish oil on growth performance, organ weight, and meat quality along with the blood profile of broilers. A total of 1600, 1-day old, Ross 308 broilers with an average body weight of 43.15 ± 1.35 g were used in 5 weeks trail. Birds were randomly allotted into one of four dietary treatment groups named: control (CON), basal diet; treatment (TRT)1, CON + 0.05% DHA; TRT2, CON + 0.1% DHA; TRT3, CON + 0.15% DHA. Each treatment group consisted of 20 replications with 20 broilers per pen. The experiment was divided into three phases. Phase 1 (Day 1-7), Phase 2 (Day 7-21), and overall phase (Day 21-35). During Phase 1 and 2, no significant changes were observed on body weight gain (BWG) as the DHA levels increased in the diet. However, during Phase 3, broilers fed diet supplemented with DHA at increasing levels linearly increased (p < 0.05) BWG and feed intake (FI). Also, water holding capacity was reduced and drip loss percentage on Day 7 was increased linearly (p < 0.05) with the increase in DHA supplementation. At the end of trial, pH value of the meat was increased linearly (p < 0.05) with DHA levels. Moreover, blood cholesterol level, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein was significantly and linearly (p < 0.05) decreased in DHA supplemented groups. Broiler-fed diet with DHA supplement decreased the red blood cell linearly (p < 0.05) in blood. The results of the study indicate that DHA supplementation increased BWG with FI. Moreover, it has reduced blood lipid constituents with some adverse effect on meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaya T Wahid
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam, South Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam, South Korea
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Cheng YC, Kim SW. Use of Microorganisms as Nutritional and Functional Feedstuffs for Nursery Pigs and Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3141. [PMID: 36428369 PMCID: PMC9686830 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this review paper are to introduce the structures and composition of various microorganisms, to show some applications of single cells as alternative protein supplements or energy feeds in swine and poultry diets, and to discuss the functional effects of microorganisms as feed additives on the growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs and broilers. Microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and microalgae, have been commonly supplemented in animal diets because they are cost-effective, stable, and have quantitative production that provides nutritional and functional benefits to pigs and broilers. Microorganisms could be alternative antibiotics to enhance intestinal health due to bioactive components from cell wall components, which interact with receptors on epithelial and immune cells. In addition, bioactive components could be digested by intestinal microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids and enhance energy utilization. Otherwise, microorganisms such as single-cell protein (SCP) and single-cell oils (SCOs) are sustainable and economic choices to replace conventional protein supplements and energy feeds. Supplementing microorganisms as feedstuffs and feed additives improved the average daily gain by 1.83%, the daily feed intake by 0.24%, and the feed efficiency by 1.46% in pigs and broilers. Based on the properties of each microorganism, traditional protein supplements, energy feeds, and functional feed additives could be replaced by microorganisms, which have shown benefits to animal's growth and health. Therefore, specific microorganisms could be promising alternatives as nutritional and functional feedstuffs in animal diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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4
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Dang DX, Kim IH. Coated refined fish oil supplementation improves growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Martins CF, Ribeiro DM, Costa M, Coelho D, Alfaia CM, Lordelo M, Almeida AM, Freire JPB, Prates JAM. Using Microalgae as a Sustainable Feed Resource to Enhance Quality and Nutritional Value of Pork and Poultry Meat. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122933. [PMID: 34945484 PMCID: PMC8701271 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains and soybean meal are the main feedstuffs used in swine and poultry feeding, two of the most consumed meats and of key relevance to food security worldwide. Such crops are grown mostly in North and South America and transported over large distances creating sustainability concerns and, furthermore, are in direct competition with human nutrition. Alternatives to these ingredients are, thus, a pressing need to ensure the sustainability of swine and poultry production. Microalgae seem to be a viable alternative due to their interesting nutritional composition. The use of different microalgae in monogastric feeding has been addressed by different researchers over the last decade, particularly their use as a supplement, whilst their use as a feed ingredient has been comparatively less studied. In addition, the high production costs of microalgae are a barrier and prevent higher dietary inclusion. Studies on the effect of microalgae on meat quality refer mostly to fatty acid composition, using these either as a functional ingredient or as a feedstuff. Within such a context and in line with such a rationale, in this review we address the current research on the topic of the use of microalgae in poultry and swine nutrition, particularly aspects concerning pork and poultry meat quality and nutritional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia F. Martins
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.M.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (C.M.A.)
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.R.); (M.L.); (A.M.A.); (J.P.B.F.)
| | - David M. Ribeiro
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.R.); (M.L.); (A.M.A.); (J.P.B.F.)
| | - Mónica Costa
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.M.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Diogo Coelho
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.M.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Cristina M. Alfaia
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.M.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Madalena Lordelo
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.R.); (M.L.); (A.M.A.); (J.P.B.F.)
| | - André M. Almeida
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.R.); (M.L.); (A.M.A.); (J.P.B.F.)
| | - João P. B. Freire
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.R.); (M.L.); (A.M.A.); (J.P.B.F.)
| | - José A. M. Prates
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.M.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (C.M.A.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Chaves AAM, Martins CF, Carvalho DFP, Ribeiro DM, Lordelo M, Freire JPB, de Almeida AM. A viewpoint on the use of microalgae as an alternative feedstuff in the context of pig and poultry feeding-a special emphasis on tropical regions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:396. [PMID: 34247303 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
With the current increase in meat and animal products consumption, there is a need to make production systems more sustainable. The use of microalgae in monogastric feeds, replacing widely used conventional feedstuffs such corn and soybean, can be a solution to overcome this problem. Several studies have shown promising results in the use of microalgae in feeding of both pigs and poultry. However, there are several important constraints associated to the production of microalgae. Such constraints are particularly limiting in the context of tropical regions. Research and scientific development on microalgae production systems are thus essential so that may be widely used in monogastric feeding. Herein, we conduct an overview of the major findings in the use of microalgae in the context of monogastric feeding and analyse the major constraints associated to its production and use, particularly in the specific context of tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia A M Chaves
- LEAF - LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cátia F Martins
- LEAF - LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela F P Carvalho
- LEAF - LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David M Ribeiro
- LEAF - LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Madalena Lordelo
- LEAF - LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João P B Freire
- LEAF - LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André M de Almeida
- LEAF - LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal.
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7
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Sagaram US, Gaikwad MS, Nandru R, Dasgupta S. Microalgae as feed ingredients: recent developments on their role in immunomodulation and gut microbiota of aquaculture species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6296415. [PMID: 34113989 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are rapidly evolving alternative ingredients in food and feed. Desirable nutritional and functional qualities make them high potential sources of feed ingredients. Certain microalgae species are known to accumulate large amounts of protein, containing all essential amino acids while some species contain essential fatty acids and bioactive compounds hence offering several possible health benefits. However, successful inclusion of microalgae-based products in feed requires a clear understanding of physiological responses and microbiota of animals receiving microalgae diets. In this review, key microalgae-based feed ingredients and their effect on gut microbiome and immunomodulatory responses of microalgae fed animals, with a focus on aquatic species will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Shankar Sagaram
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Mahadev S Gaikwad
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Rajesh Nandru
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
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Dillon GP, Cardinall C, Keegan JD, Yiannikouris A, Brandl W, Moran CA. The Analysis of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Dried Dog Food Enriched with an Aurantiochytrium limacinum Biomass: Matrix Extension Validation and Verification of AOAC Method 996.06. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:68-77. [PMID: 33150938 PMCID: PMC8372133 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays an important role in brain and retinal development in dogs. However, supranutritional dietary supplementation can result in health issues, including gastrointestinal bleeding, making the accurate analysis of DHA in dog food important for nutritional and welfare regulatory compliance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to conduct a validation and verification of the AOAC 996.06 method, and hence establish its fitness for purpose, for the analysis of DHA in dried dog food supplemented with a heterotrophically grown unextracted DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium limacinum biomass. METHODS The AOAC 996.06 method, which involves the use of gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection (GC-FID), was used to conduct a validation of the analysis of DHA in dried dog food and the results were verified in a second laboratory. RESULTS The method was found to be linear over the ranges analyzed and results were found to be within the acceptance criteria for precision and accuracy, verifying the applicability for this matrix. The selectivity and sensitivity of the method were also determined. CONCLUSIONS The AOAC 996.06 method is fit for purpose for the analysis of DHA in dry dog food kibble. HIGHLIGHTS The method can be applied to various dog food samples, supplemented with an unextracted Aurantiochytrium limacinum biomass, using alternative manufacturing methods, i.e. pelleted and extruded with no significant matrix effects being observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Patrick Dillon
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech Ireland, Summerhill Rd., Dunboyne, County Meath, Ireland
| | | | - Jason D Keegan
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech Ireland, Summerhill Rd., Dunboyne, County Meath, Ireland
| | | | - Walter Brandl
- Research Department, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA
| | - Colm Anthony Moran
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech SARL, ZA La Papillonière, Rue Charles Amand, 14500 Vire, France
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Roszkos R, Bazar G, Tóth T, Kovacs Z, Febel H, Mezes M. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid feeding on the fatty acid profile and odor of milk in danbred sows. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.2005071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roszkos
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
- ADEXGO Ltd., Balatonfüred, Hungary
| | - George Bazar
- ADEXGO Ltd., Balatonfüred, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tóth
- ADEXGO Ltd., Balatonfüred, Hungary
- Agricultural and Food Research Centre, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Department of Measurements and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hedvig Febel
- Nutrition Physiology Research Group, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Herceghalom, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mezes
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
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10
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Dietary Supplementation of Inorganic, Organic, and Fatty Acids in Pig: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101740. [PMID: 32992813 PMCID: PMC7600838 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of acids in pig feed strategies has changed from feed acidifier and preservative to growth promoter and antibiotics substitute. Since the 2006 European banning of growth promoters in the livestock sector, several feed additives have been tested with the goal of identifying molecules with the greatest beneficial antimicrobial, growth-enhancing, or disease-preventing abilities. These properties have been identified among various acids, ranging from inexpensive inorganic acids to organic and fatty acids, and these have been widely used in pig production. Acids are mainly used during the weaning period, which is considered one of the most critical phases in pig farming, as well as during gestation, lactation, and fattening. Such supplementation generally yields improved growth performance and increased feed efficiency; these effects are the consequences of different modes of action acting on the microbiome composition, gut mucosa morphology, enzyme activity, and animal energy metabolism. Abstract Reduction of antibiotic use has been a hot topic of research over the past decades. The European ban on growth-promoter use has increased the use of feed additivities that can enhance animal growth performance and health status, particularly during critical and stressful phases of life. Pig farming is characterized by several stressful periods, such as the weaning phase, and studies have suggested that the proper use of feed additives during stress could prevent disease and enhance performance through modulation of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa and microbiome. The types of feed additive include acids, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, yeast, nucleotides, and phytoproducts. This review focuses on commonly used acids, classified as inorganic, organic, and fatty acids, and their beneficial and potential effects, which are widely reported in the bibliography. Acids have long been used as feed acidifiers and preservatives, and were more recently introduced into feed formulated for young pigs with the goal of stabilizing the stomach pH to offset their reduced digestive capacity. In addition, some organic acids represent intermediary products of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and thus could be considered an energy source. Moreover, antimicrobial properties have been exploited to modulate microbiota populations and reduce pathogenic bacteria. Given these potential benefits, organic acids are no longer seen as simple acidifiers, but rather as growth promoters and potential antibiotic substitutes owing to their beneficial action on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
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Effect of High Dietary Level (8%) of Fish Oil on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid n-3 Content in Pig Tissues and Plasma Biochemical Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091657. [PMID: 32942761 PMCID: PMC7552211 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fish oil is a source of “healthy” polyunsaturated fatty acids that decrease the risk of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases in humans. One possible way to increase consumption of these fatty acids is to incorporate them into pork via pig-feed. We enriched the pigs’ diet with 8% fish oil and found a several-times higher content of the above-mentioned fatty acids in the pig meat in comparison with controls. The meat of the fish oil-fed pigs was also more tender. We also used the same pigs as a model for testing the effects of the high level of dietary fish oil on selected markers of their state of health and detected an increased level of plasma lipids (risk factor for cardiovascular diseases) and a possible overreaction of the immune system. In conclusion, we can recommend consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched “functional” pork, but direct human consumption of fish oil should be limited and in accordance with the recommendation of a moderate intake. Abstract There were two objectives of the present study using dietary fish oil (FO) in pigs: to use pigs as a model for studying the effects of high FO doses on selected physiological markers; and to evaluate the physical traits and nutritive value of pork enriched with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3. Two groups of six female pigs were fed for 30 days with either a standard feed mixture (control, C) or the same mixture supplemented with 8% FO (F). Physical characteristics of the muscle, fatty acid deposition in tissues and selected hematologic and plasma markers were tested. The daily weight gain of the F-pigs was lower in comparison with controls (p < 0.05). Dietary fish oil decreased Warner-Bratzler shear force of the longissimus muscle (p < 0.01). The eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid content was higher (p < 0.05) in all tested F-tissues. Dietary fish oil had no effect on plasma cholesterol (p < 0.05), but it increased plasma triacylglycerol levels by 260% (p < 0.05), and increased counts of leukocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in the blood plasma (p < 0.05). In conclusion, high dietary FO improved the texture and nutritive value of meat, but negatively affected plasma biochemical parameters.
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Comparing docosahexaenoic acid supplementation strategies in terms of broiler tissue enrichment, productivity, and cost. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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13
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Dillon GP, Keegan JD, Moran CA. Toxicological evaluation of an unextracted Aurantiochytrium limacinum biomass, a novel docosahexaenoic acid rich feed ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111397. [PMID: 32413458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the toxicological potential of a heterotrophically grown unextracted Aurantiochytrium limacinum biomass (AURA) when used as a food additive. The following toxicological assessments were conducted on this novel docosahexaenoic acid rich feed ingredient: Mutagenic activity was tested by means of the Ames' test using five Salmonella typhimurium strains; clastogenic activity was investigated using the micronucleus test in male and female Sprague Dawley rats; genotoxic activity was assessed by means of the in vitro metaphase analysis tests in human lymphocytes; oral toxicity was tested by administration of AURA at various concentrations; eye and skin irritation was assessed in rabbits according to OECD guidelines; skin sensitivity was established in guinea pigs by means of the Buehler test. All conducted tests were considered valid under the experimental conditions. No significant mutagenic activity or clastogenic activity was observed. Genotoxic activity in human lymphocytes was not induced. Oral administration of 276 mg AURA/kg bw1 and 2000 mg AURA/kg bw resulted in no mortality or signs of acute toxicity. Daily administration of 1000 mg AURA/kg bw caused no mortality or biologically relevant signs of toxicity and was established as the No Observable Adverse Effect Level. AURA was also found to be a non-irritant for the eye and skin of the rabbit and was non-sensitizing to guinea pig skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Dillon
- Alltech Ireland, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co Meath, Ireland.
| | - J D Keegan
- Alltech Ireland, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co Meath, Ireland
| | - C A Moran
- Alltech France SARL, Rue Charles Amand, 14500, Vire, France
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Li Z, Xu B, Lu Z, Wang Y. Effects of long-chain fatty acid supplementation on the growth performance of grower and finisher pigs: a meta-analysis. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:65. [PMID: 31428366 PMCID: PMC6696677 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplementation of feed with long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) during the grower and finisher phases has long been discussed as a growth promotion strategy in pigs, but its effects are inconsistent. The purpose of our study was to comprehensively evaluate its effects on the growth performance based on the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain: feed (G:F) ratio and to unveil the roles of the basal diet, LCFA concentration and LCFA saturation. RESULTS We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases (articles published from Jan 1st, 2000, to Sep 30th, 2018; restricted to English) and compared LCFA-supplemented diets with control diets. We retrieved 2346 studies, 18 of which (1314 pigs, 26 records) were eligible for our analysis. We used a random-effects model to calculate the weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). LCFA supplementation in the grower-finisher phase improved the ADG (WMD = 41.74 g/d, 95% CI: 8.81 to 74.66, P = 0.013) and G:F ratio (WMD = 0.019, 95% CI: 0.006 to 0.032, P = 0.003). For supplementation solely in the finisher phase, we found a similar performance in the ADG (WMD = 39.93 g/d, 95% CI: 26.48 to 53.38, P < 0.001) and G:F ratio (WMD = 0.019, 95% CI: 0.006 to 0.032, P < 0.001) but a reduction in the ADFI (WMD = - 83.863 g/d, 95% CI: - 156.157 to - 11.569, P = 0.023). Specifically, approximately 5% LCFA supplementation in the finisher phase had significant effects on the ADG (WMD = 51.385 g/d, 95% CI: 35.816 to 66.954, P < 0.001), ADFI (WMD = - 102.869 g/d, 95% CI: - 189.236 to - 16.502, P = 0.02) and G:F ratio (WMD = 0.028, 95% CI: 0.018 to 0.039, P < 0.001), whereas a concentration of approximately 1% exhibited no effects. CONCLUSIONS Overall, regardless of the basal diet and saturation, LCFA supplementation greatly improves the growth performance of grower and finisher pigs, primarily by increasing the energy density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bocheng Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058 People’s Republic of China
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15
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Keegan JD, Fusconi G, Morlacchini M, Moran CA. Whole-Life or Fattening Period Only Broiler Feeding Strategies Achieve Similar Levels of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Enrichment Using the DHA-Rich Protist, Aurantiochytrium limacinum. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E327. [PMID: 31174386 PMCID: PMC6617060 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of broiler chicken tissues can be increased by adding omega-3 rich ingredients to their diets. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of tissue enrichment observed following the supplementation of broilers with the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich protist, Aurantiochytrium limacinum (AURA) for their whole life (42 days) or for the final 21-day fattening period. Day-old chicks (n = 350) were distributed among 35 pens (10 birds per pen) with each pen randomly assigned to one of five treatments: Control; 0.5% AURA from day 0-42; 1% AURA from day 0-42; 0.5% AURA from day 21-42; 1% AURA from day 21-42. Production parameters were recorded over the course of the study and the fatty acid profile of the breast, thigh, liver, kidney and skin with adhering fat was quantified at the end of the feeding period. The level of supplementation had a significant impact on the degree of omega-3 tissue enrichment, however, no differences were observed when the same dose was provided for 21 or 42 days. These results indicate that supplementation with AURA for a period of 21 days does not negatively affect broiler productivity and is the most efficient strategy to increase the nutritional value of broiler products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Keegan
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech European Bioscience Centre, A86 X006 Meath, Ireland.
| | - Giorgio Fusconi
- CERZOO S.r.l, Via Castellarino, 12 San Bonico, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Mauro Morlacchini
- CERZOO S.r.l, Via Castellarino, 12 San Bonico, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Colm A Moran
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech SARL, Vire, Rue Charles Amand, 14500 Vire, France.
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16
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Keegan JD, Currie D, Knox A, Moran CA. Redressing the balance: including DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium limacinum in broiler diets increases tissue omega-3 fatty acid content and lowers the n-6:n-3 ratio. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:414-422. [PMID: 30955350 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1605153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The consumption of sufficient quantities of long chain omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) from meat and other animal products can lead to a variety of health benefits in humans. The fatty acid content of poultry meat can be increased by feeding birds ingredients that are rich in n-3 LCFUFA 2. The effect of feeding a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) rich Aurantiochytrium limacinum biomass (AURA) on the fatty acid content of breast and thigh tissues was investigated in a feeding trial with 2880 male Ross 308 broilers. The broiler diets were supplemented with either 0, 0.25, 0.5 or 1% AURA from day 21 to 42 of age. 3. Supplementation significantly increased the DHA content of both breast and thigh meat at an inclusion rate of 1% in the diet, leading to a total of 42 and 46 mg DHA/100 g of fresh breast or thigh tissue respectively. Significant increases in the tissue eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration were seen alongside a reduced omega-6/omega-3 ratio, improving the nutritional value of the meat for consumers and identifying supplementation of broiler diets with A. limacinum as an effective and sustainable method to increase n-3 LCPUFA consumption in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Keegan
- a Regulatory Affairs Department , Alltech European Bioscience Centre , Dunboyne , Ireland
| | - D Currie
- b Roslin Nutrition Ltd ., Aberlady , Scotland
| | - A Knox
- b Roslin Nutrition Ltd ., Aberlady , Scotland
| | - C A Moran
- c C. A. Moran Regulatory Affairs Department , Alltech SARL , Vire , France
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17
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Dillon GP, Yiannikouris A, Brandl W, Cardinall C, Yuan W, Moran CA. Fitness for purpose and stability assessment of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in chicken tissues. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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18
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Dillon GP, Wallace G, Yiannikouris A, Moran CA. An Accurate Assessment of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Laying Hen Serum for Regulatory Studies. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2019; 13:1177390118815146. [PMID: 30636867 PMCID: PMC6318818 DOI: 10.1177/1177390118815146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) have been associated with several
health benefits. With the increased interest in n-3 FA both scientifically and
societally, the accurate detection of such analytes has become increasingly
important. Recently, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with electrospray
ionization interface (ESI), hyphenated to both gas chromatography (GC) and
liquid chromatography (LC), has become a valuable tool in the detection of
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization
interface-tandem mass spectrometry methods have been developed for the
determination of DHA in canine and poultry species. The objective of this
article is to investigate whether LC-ESI-MS/MS is fit for purpose for the
determination of DHA in laying hen serum. The disclosure of this work will be
beneficial for researchers investigating poultry enrichment for regulatory and
toxicological studies. The method was found to be linear over the range.
Precision and accuracy results met acceptance criteria and the Limit of
Quantitation (LOQ) was established as 1 µg/mL. Recoveries of DHA were obtained
for quality control samples and stability studies were performed. The results of
the verification study complimented those of the validation study. In summation,
the method was established as fit for purpose for measuring total DHA in laying
hen serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Patrick Dillon
- Gerald Patrick Dillon, Regulatory Affairs Dept., Alltech Ireland, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath A86 X006, Ireland
| | - Geoff Wallace
- Geoff Wallace, LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Yiannikouris
- Alexandros Yiannikouris, Research Department, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, Kentucky 40356, USA
| | - Colm Anthony Moran
- Colm Anthony Moran, Regulatory Affairs Dept., Alltech SARL, Rue Charles Amand, 14500 Vire, France
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19
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Kalbe C, Priepke A, Nürnberg G, Dannenberger D. Effects of long-term microalgae supplementation on muscle microstructure, meat quality and fatty acid composition in growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:574-582. [PMID: 30511431 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of long-term microalgae supplementation (7% in a piglet diet and 5% in a fattening diet) on muscle microstructure and meat quality, including fatty acid composition in female Landrace pigs (n = 31). The major effects were muscle-specific increases in n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentrations, resulting in increased accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Carcass traits and meat quality of longissimus thoracis muscle were not affected by the microalgae diet with the exception of reduced drip loss (p = 0.01) and increased protein proportion (p = 0.04). In addition, the microalgae diet resulted in a shift to a more oxidative myofibre type composition in semitendinosus but not longissimus thoracis muscle. In conclusion, microalgae supplementation offers a unique opportunity to enhance essential n-3 PUFA contents in pig meat. The results support small but coordinated changes in skeletal muscle phenotypic appearance and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kalbe
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Antje Priepke
- Institute of Livestock Farming, State Research Center of Agriculture and Fisheries Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Gerd Nürnberg
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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20
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Moran CA, Currie D, Keegan JD, Knox A. Tolerance of Broilers to Dietary Supplementation with High Levels of the DHA-Rich Microalga, Aurantiochytrium Limacinum: Effects on Health and Productivity. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E180. [PMID: 30332814 PMCID: PMC6211075 DOI: 10.3390/ani8100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of commonly consumed meats, such as chicken, can be increased through dietary supplementation with DHA-rich ingredients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the tolerance of broilers to dietary supplementation with the unextracted biomass of a DHA-rich microalgae Aurantiochytrium limacinum, so as to ensure its safety, since it is accumulated in broiler meat. Healthy day-old male Ross 308 chicks (n = 1120) were evenly distributed to 32 pens (35 chicks per pen), with pens randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments, each having eight replicates. The dietary groups included one untreated control and three treatments corresponding to three inclusion levels (0.5, 2.5, and 5.0%) of All-G-Rich®, with the birds receiving the experimental diets ad libitum during the study (day 0⁻42). Bird survival, blood parameters, productivity, and breast and thigh DHA content were determined after 42 days of feeding. Supplementation at up to 10 times the intended use level had no negative effects on the mortality, blood parameters or productivity of the birds, while significant increases in the meat DHA content were observed. These results indicate that supplementation with Aurantiochytrium limacinum is a safe and effective way to increase broiler tissue DHA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm A Moran
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech SARL, Vire, Rue Charles Amand, 14500 Vire, France.
| | - Douglas Currie
- Roslin Nutrition Ltd., Gosford Estate, Aberlady EH32 0PX, UK.
| | - Jason D Keegan
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech European Bioscience Centre, A86 X006 Meath, Ireland.
| | - Anne Knox
- Roslin Nutrition Ltd., Gosford Estate, Aberlady EH32 0PX, UK.
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Dillon GP, Wallace G, Yiannikouris A, Moran CA. Validation and Verification of a Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Total Docosahexaenoic Acid in Pig Serum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2008-2014. [PMID: 29392935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the validation and verification of an analytical method for the determination of total docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in pig serum by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The characteristics studied during the validation included precision and accuracy, limit of quantitation (LOQ), selectivity, calibration range and linearity, parallelism, and stability. A separate verification study was also performed. The method was linear over the range. Precision and accuracy met acceptance criteria at all levels, and the LOQ was determined as 1 μg/mL. Parallelism experiments were conducted to show that there was no bias introduced in using a surrogate matrix to quantify DHA. Recoveries of free DHA were obtained for quality control samples, and stability studies were conducted over 1, 7, 31, and 180 days. The results of the verification study were in line with the validation study, and in conclusion, the method was deemed fit for purpose for measuring total DHA in pig serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Patrick Dillon
- Alltech Biotechnology , Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath A86 X006, Ireland
| | - Geoff Wallace
- LGC , Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Yiannikouris
- Research Department, Alltech , Helioparc Pau Pyrenees, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, Kentucky 40356, USA
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