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Pamungkas D, Hernaman I, Istianto M, Ayuningsih B, Ginting SP, Solehudin S, Paat PC, Mariyono M, Tresia GE, Ariyanti R, Fitriawaty F, Yusriani Y. Enhancing the nutritional quality and digestibility of citronella waste ( Cymbopogon nardus) for ruminant feed through ammoniation and fermentation techniques. Vet World 2024; 17:1603-1610. [PMID: 39185056 PMCID: PMC11344114 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1603-1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) waste, produced by distilling citronella to produce essential oil, has a high potential for use as animal feed. However, the presence of high lignin content could limit its digestibility, prompting the need for treatment to improve its quality. This study aimed to improve the nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of ammoniated and fermented citronella waste (CW). Materials and Methods The treatments of CW included CW without treatment as a control (T0), ammoniation of CW with urea (T1), fermentation of CW with Trichoderma harzianum (T2), and a combination of ammoniation and fermentation (amofer) of CW (T3). This study employed a randomized block design with five replicates for each of the four treatments. If there was a significant effect (p < 0.05), a post hoc Duncan's multiple range test was performed to analyze the variance of the data. Results The process of ammoniation and fermentation led to a notable increase in crude protein (2%-6%) while decreasing crude fiber (2%-6%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (5%-14%), acid detergent fiber (ADF) (5%-9%), lignin (4%-9%), and cellulose (2%-10%). The treatments enhanced the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter (OM), NH3, and total volatile fatty acid by 4%-12%, 6%-19%, 0.9-10 mM, and 35-142 mM, respectively. The decrease in NDF, ADF, acid detergent lignin (ADL), and cellulose fractions was accompanied by an improvement in dry matter and OM digestibility in CW. Ammoniated-fermented (amofer) CW, followed by fermentation with T. harzianum and ammoniated urea treatment, significantly enhanced the nutritional content and in vitro digestibility. The decrease in NDF, ADF, ADL, and cellulose fractions led to an improvement in dry matter and OM digestibility in CW. Conclusion The application of amofer treatment with T. harzianum maximizes CW's nutritional value and digestibility, making it the most efficient preservation method. Research is needed to explore the potential use of Aspergillus spp. and Pleurotus spp. for fermenting CW as ruminant fodder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Pamungkas
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Iman Hernaman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Mizu Istianto
- Research Center for Horticultural and Estate Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Budi Ayuningsih
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Simon Petrus Ginting
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Solehudin Solehudin
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Paulus Cornelius Paat
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mariyono Mariyono
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Gresy Eva Tresia
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Rina Ariyanti
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Fitriawaty Fitriawaty
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Yenni Yusriani
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
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Singh S, Koli P, Singh T, Das MM, Maity SB, Singh KK, Katiyar R, Misra AK, Mahanta SK, Srivastava MK, Anele UY, Oderinwale OA, Ren Y. Assessing genotypes of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) as an alternative to maize silage for sheep nutrition. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304328. [PMID: 38787825 PMCID: PMC11125467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutritive value of five Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass) genotypes (IG96-50, IG96-96, IG96-358, IG96-401 and IG96-403) weredetermined. Their sugar contents (>70 mg/g of dry matter) and ensiling potential were evaluated using in vitro batch culture and in vivo studies. Research indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) in the dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and lignin contents of the C. ciliaris genotypes tested. Genotypes also differed (P < 0.05) in total carbohydrates, structural carbohydrates, non-structural carbohydrates and protein fractions. Genotype IG96-96 had the lowest total digestible nutrients, digestible energy and metabolizable energy contents (377.2 g/kg, 6.95 and 5.71 MJ/kg of dry matter, respectively), and net energy values for lactation, maintenance and growth. After 45 days of ensiling, C. ciliaris silages differed (P < 0.05) in dry matter, pH, and lactic acid contents, and their values ranged between 255-339, 4.06-5.17 g/kg of dry matter and 10.8-28.0 g/kg of dry matter, respectively. Maize silage had higher (P < 0.05) Organic Matter (919.5g/kg of dry matter), ether extract (20.4g/kg of dry matter) and hemi-cellulose (272.3 g/kg of dry matter) than IG96-401 and IG96-96 silages. The total carbohydrates and non-structural carbohydrates of maize silage were higher (P < 0.05), while structural carbohydrates were comparable (P < 0.05) with C. ciliaris silages. Sheep on maize silage had (P < 0.05) higher metabolizable energy, lower crude protein, and digestible crude protein intake (g/kg of dry matter) than those on C. ciliaris silage diets. Nitrogen intake and urinary-N excretion were higher (P < 0.05) on genotype IG96-96 silage diet. Overall, this study suggested that certain C. ciliaris genotypes, notably IG96-401 and IG96-96, exhibited nutritive values comparable to maize silage in sheep studies, offering a promising avenue for future exploration as potential alternatives in diversified and sustainable livestock nutrition programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Singh
- ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, UP, India
| | - Pushpendra Koli
- ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, UP, India
- College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Tejveer Singh
- ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, UP, India
| | - Madan Mohan Das
- ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, UP, India
| | | | | | - Rohit Katiyar
- ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, UP, India
| | - Asim Kumar Misra
- ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, UP, India
| | | | | | - Uchenna Young Anele
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States of America
| | - Olatunde Akeem Oderinwale
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States of America
| | - YongLin Ren
- College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Sánchez-Guerra NA, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M, Anderson RC, Hume ME, Ruiz-Albarrán M, Bautista-Martínez Y, Zúñiga-Serrano A, Nájera-Pedraza OG, Salinas-Chavira J. Improvements in fermentation and nutritive quality of elephant grass [Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone] silages: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:171. [PMID: 38769268 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Elephant grass [Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. syn. Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone], also known as Napier grass and King grass, includes varieties Taiwán, Gigante, Merkerón, Maralfalfa, and others. The grass achieves high biomass production in tropical-subtropical, temperate, and arid areas. The high-water concentration of elephant grass suggests that ensiling could offer an alternative way to preserve the nutritional quality of the grass during storage, however, some considerations should be addressed because of the particularities of the grass. Ensiling elephant grass may produce adequate fermentation but could suffer effluent losses and subsequent losses of nutrients due to leaching. To improve fermentation and nutrient characteristics of elephant grass silages, several studies were conducted with the inclusion of additives. Lactic acid bacteria inocula have reduced pH and increased crude protein content of elephant grass silage, but aerobic stability of silages could be affected by the bacterial inoculation. There is limited information, however, on the potential of different silage inoculants to reduce growth of spoilage microorganisms during the aerobic phase of silage prepared with elephant grass. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes also may improve elephant grass silage quality by enhancing microbial fiber-degradation with subsequent increase in lactic acid and its associated pH reduction. Another study approach to improve fermentation and nutritional quality of elephant grass silages involved the addition of different feeds at ensiling, including conventional feeds such corn, wheat, rice bran, and molasses or alternative feeds such as different dehydrated by-products obtained from the food industries of juice and jelly. In the manuscript, the presented scientific information shows the great potential of the different manipulations to improve the quality of elephant grass silages and with possible enhance of the economic profit and sustainability of livestock farming in the tropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Sánchez-Guerra
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México
| | - M Gonzalez-Ronquillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Edo de México, México
| | - R C Anderson
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M E Hume
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M Ruiz-Albarrán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México
| | - Y Bautista-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México
| | - A Zúñiga-Serrano
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México
| | - O G Nájera-Pedraza
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Unidad Saltillo, Universidad Autónoma Agraria, "Antonio Narro", Saltillo, Coahuila, México
| | - J Salinas-Chavira
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México.
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Islam MR, Garcia SC, Sarker NR, Islam MA, Clark CEF. Napier grass ( Pennisetum purpureum Schum) management strategies for dairy and meat production in the tropics and subtropics: yield and nutritive value. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1269976. [PMID: 38034567 PMCID: PMC10682400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1269976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) comprises up to 80% of the cattle diet in many tropical and subtropical regions and is used primarily by smallholder farmers. Despite the grass's high yield, resulting animal productivity from this grass is low. One of the key reasons for the low animal productivity of Napier grass is its low nutritive value under current management. Taken together, previous work has shown the current yield, crude protein (CP), and metabolisable energy (ME) of Napier grass to be 26 t dry matter (DM)/ha/year, 96 g/kg DM, and 8.7 MJ/kg DM, respectively, ranging from 2 to 86 t DM/ha/year, 9 to 257 g CP/kg DM, and 5.9 to 10.8 MJ ME/kg DM, respectively, suggesting an opportunity for significant improvement on both yield and nutritive value of this grass. The DM yield and nutritive value of this grass are inversely related, indicating a trade-off between yield and quality; however, this trade-off could be minimised by increasing sowing density and harvesting frequency. Available literature shows that this simple management strategy of increasing sowing density (50 cm × 40 cm) and harvesting frequency (11-12 harvests/year) provides 71 t DM/ha with 135 g/kg DM CP and 10.8 MJ ME/kg DM. This quality of Napier grass has the potential to increase both milk and meat production substantially in the tropics and subtropics, and the farmers will likely find this simple management acceptable due to the high yield obtained through this management. However, there is a paucity of work in this field. Therefore, management strategies to improve the nutritive value of Napier grass are required to increase milk and meat production in the tropics and subtropics and in doing so improve the food security of more than half of the global population living in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Rafiq Islam
- Dairy Science Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Livestock Production and Welfare Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Sergio C. Garcia
- Dairy Science Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Livestock Production and Welfare Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathu R. Sarker
- Krishi Gobeshona Foundation, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council Complex, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ashraful Islam
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal, Bangladesh
| | - Cameron E. F. Clark
- Dairy Science Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Livestock Production and Welfare Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Ensiling Cyanide Residue and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation of Cassava Root Silage Treated with Cyanide-Utilizing Bacteria and Cellulase. FERMENTATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanide is a strong toxin in many tropical forage plants that can negatively affect ruminants. The aim of this study is to determine the cyanide removal efficiency, silage quality, and in vitro rumen fermentation of fresh cassava roots ensiled without an additive (control) and with Acremonium cellulase (AC), two cyanide-utilizing bacterial inoculants (Enterococcus feacium KKU-BF7 (BF7) and E. gallinarum KKU-BC10 (BC10)), and their combinations (BF7 + BC10, AC + BF7, AC + BC10 and AC + BF7 + BC10). A completely randomized design was used with eight treatments × four small-scale silo replicates. Additionally, extra silage samples (seven silos/treatment for individually opening after 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, and 30 days of ensiling) were added to observe the changes in the total cyanide concentration and pH value. The fresh cassava root contained an optimal number of lactic acid bacteria (105 colony forming units/g fresh matter), and the contents of dry matter (DM) and total cyanides were 30.1% and 1304 mg/kg DM, respectively. After 30 days of ensiling, all silages demonstrated a low pH (<3.95; p < 0.01). Cyanide content ranged from 638 to 790 mg/kg DM and was highest in the control (p < 0.01). The addition of BF7 + BC10 increased the crude protein (CP) content (p < 0.01). The addition of AC decreased the fibrous contents (p < 0.01). The control had less acetic acid and propionic acid contents (p < 0.01) and a greater butyric acid content (p < 0.01). However, the degrees of in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and gas production were similar among treatments. Methane production ranged between 29.2 and 33.3 L/kg IVDMD (p < 0.05), which were observed in the AC + BC10 and BF7 + BC10 treatments, respectively. Overall, our results suggested that the cyanide removal efficiency after 30 days of ensiling with good-quality cassava-root silage was approximately 39% of the initial value. The enterococci inoculants and/or AC could improve the ensiling process and cyanide removal efficiency (increasing it to between 47 and 51% of the initial value). The novel enterococci inoculants (BF7 + BC10) were associated with a decreased cyanide content and an increased CP content. They appeared to promote the methanogenesis potential of the cassava root silage. More research is required to validate the use of cyanide-utilizing bacterial inoculants in cyanogenetic plants, bioenergy fermentation, and livestock.
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Xie H, Peng L, Li M, Guo Y, Liang X, Peng K, Yang C. Effects of mixed sugarcane tops and napiergrass silages on fermentative quality, nutritional value, and milk yield in water buffaloes. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13824. [PMID: 36908208 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sugarcane tops (STs) and napiergrass (NG) silage on fermentative quality, nutritional value and milk yield in water buffaloes. Silage were prepared either conventionally without ST (C) or mixed with 25% (S1), 50% (S2), and 75% (S3) ST based on fresh matter. Twenty-eight lactating buffaloes were divided into four groups with seven replicates and fed four experimental diets containing the corresponding silages. The S3 silage fermented well with a higher (P < 0.05) lactic acid content and lower (P < 0.05) pH and ammonia-N level than those of other mixed silage. Silage with increasing ST proportions showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, organic matter, and gross energy. As a result, water buffalo fed S3 silage increased dry matter intake (P < 0.05) and tended to have higher milk yield and feed efficiency as compared with the C group. Our study indicates that adding ST improves NG silage fermentation and enhances the nutrient digestibility and milk production in water buffaloes, and mixing ratio of 25%NG and 75%ST had the highest lactate fermentation quality and presented a high feed value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huade Xie
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Lijuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Mengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yanxia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Kaiping Peng
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Chengjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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Tian J, Yin X, Zhang J. Effects of wilting during a cloudy day and storage temperature on the fermentation quality and microbial community of Napier grass silage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4384-4391. [PMID: 35075653 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilting affects the chemical compositions and epiphytic microorganisms of grasses to some extent, thereby influencing the fermentation characteristics of silage. The present study investigated the effects of wilting during a cloudy day and ensiling temperature (20, 30 and 40 °C) on the fermentation of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum). RESULTS Wilting during a cloudy day significantly decreased the water-soluble carbohydrate content (P < 0.05) and significantly increased pH, counts of lactic acid bacteria and aerobic bacteria in grass (P < 0.05). Wilting increased the relative abundance of the Enterobacteriaceae family, as well as genera such as Acinetobacter, Pantoea and Lactococcus, and also decreased that of Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium, in fresh grass. Although ensiling increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, a Enterobacteriaceae genus was the dominant microorganism in Napier grass before ensiling and after ensiling. Wilting increased pH, acetic acid, butyric acid and NH3 -N contents, and also reduced the lactic acid content, of Napier grass silage. Additionally, the fermentation quality of silages at 30 °C was poorer, irrespective of wilting, as indicated by high pH, high butyric acid and NH3 -N contents, high relative abundance of Clostridium and Bifidobacterium, and a low lactic acid content. Ensiling at 40 °C enhanced lactic acid bacteria fermentation and also suppressed clostridial fermentation and the growth of microorganisms in silages. CONCLUSION Napier grass should be ensiled immediately after being harvested during a cloudy day and ensiling at 30 °C should be avoided to prevent poor fermentation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- South Pratacultural Center, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Yin
- South Pratacultural Center, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- South Pratacultural Center, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Guangzhou, China
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Karunanayaka W, Nayananjalie D, Appuhamy R, Adikari J, Weerasingha V, Kumari A, Somasiri S, Liyanage R, Mangalika P, Sundarabarathy T. Effect of TMR Briquettes on Milk Production, Nutrient Digestibility, and Manure Excretions of Dairy Cows in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:932. [PMID: 35405920 PMCID: PMC8996848 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that TMR briquettes made with a variety of forages and industrial by-products had higher crude protein and energy concentrations than the conventional diet including fresh-cut Guinea grass and commercial cattle pellet (CTL). The study objective was to determine to what extent the nutritional advantages of TMR briquettes would be translated into the milk production of dairy cows in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Nine Jersey × Sahiwal cows were assigned to CTL or two TMR briquettes in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three periods each including 14 d for production measurement and 7 d for total faeces and urine collection. The TMR briquettes tended to increase milk yield (5.55 to 6.59 kg/d, p = 0.092), milk protein yield (0.170 vs. 0.203 kg/d, p = 0.091) and DMI (6.50 to 7.16 kg/d, p = 0.070), and decreased milk urea nitrogen (13.0 to 10.5 mg/dL, p < 0.006). The TMR briquettes had a higher organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (p < 0.001), and lower urinary N excretions as a % of N intake (p = 0.149). In conclusion, the TMR briquettes can improve forage digestibility, milk production and environmental sustainability of dairy cows in the dry zone of Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishma Karunanayaka
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura 50000, Sri Lanka; (W.K.); (J.A.); (V.W.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (R.L.)
| | - Deepthi Nayananjalie
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura 50000, Sri Lanka; (W.K.); (J.A.); (V.W.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (R.L.)
| | - Ranga Appuhamy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Jayantha Adikari
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura 50000, Sri Lanka; (W.K.); (J.A.); (V.W.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (R.L.)
| | - Viraj Weerasingha
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura 50000, Sri Lanka; (W.K.); (J.A.); (V.W.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (R.L.)
| | - Amali Kumari
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura 50000, Sri Lanka; (W.K.); (J.A.); (V.W.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (R.L.)
| | - Sharini Somasiri
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura 50000, Sri Lanka; (W.K.); (J.A.); (V.W.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (R.L.)
| | - Ridma Liyanage
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura 50000, Sri Lanka; (W.K.); (J.A.); (V.W.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (R.L.)
| | - Priyani Mangalika
- Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka;
| | - Thenmoli Sundarabarathy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale 50300, Sri Lanka;
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Characterization of Green Manure Sunn Hemp Crop Silage Prepared with Additives: Aerobic Instability, Nitrogen Value, and In Vitro Rumen Methane Production. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunn hemp (SH, Crotalaria juncea, L.) is a tropical multiple-purpose legume. The green manure SH (GMSH) crop might display protein ecology in sustaining ruminants; however, its silage features remain unclear. To efficiently prepare GMSH crop silage, additive treatments consisting of control (no additive, CON), molasses (MO), Acremonium cellulase (AC), and Lactobacillus casei TH14 strain inoculant (TH14) were implemented using a completely randomized design. Repeated measurements were done after silage (AE conditions) in a small-scale silo system for 120 days and after aerobic instability (AE + AIS conditions). Briefly, ensiling loss and aerobic stability ranged from 150 to 175 g/kg and 8.3 to 104 days, respectively. In AE conditions, the pH ranged from 4.33 to 5.74, and MO or AC was desirable (p < 0.01) for lactic acid fermentation. AC reduced the fiber contents. MO increased soluble non-protein nitrogen by decreasing insoluble nitrogen. TH14 increased the ammonia nitrogen level and in vitro methane production. In AE + AIS conditions, AC led to more air damage to the chemical compositions and reduced digestibility in vitro. The results show that an optimization of additives could effectively modify GMSH crop silage to make it a good protein roughage source; however, more studies are required for effectively feeding ruminants.
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Zhao G, Wu H, Li L, He J, Hu Z, Yang X, Xie X. Effects of applying cellulase and starch on the fermentation characteristics and microbial communities of Napier grass ( Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1301-1313. [PMID: 34957445 PMCID: PMC8672258 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of applying cellulase and starch on the
fermentation characteristics and microbial communities of Napier grass silage
after ensiling for 30 d. Three groups were studied: No additives (control);
added cellulase (Group 1); and added cellulase and starch (Group 2). The results
showed that the addition of cellulase and starch decreased the crude protein
(CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and pH
significantly (p < 0.05) and increased water-soluble
carbohydrate (WSC) content (p < 0.05). The addition of
additives in two treated groups exerted a positive effect on the lactic acid
(LA) content, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population, and lactic acid / acetic
acid (LA/AA) ratio, even the changes were not significant (p
> 0.05). Calculation of Flieg’s scores indicated that cellulase
application increased silage quality to some extent, while the application of
cellulase and starch together significantly improved fermentation
(p < 0.05). Compared with the control, both additive
groups showed increased microbial diversity after ensiling with an abundance of
favorable bacteria including Firmicutes and Weissella, and the
bacteria including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acinetobacter
increased as well. For alpha diversity analysis, the combined application of
cellulase and starch in Group 2 gave significant increases in all indices
(p < 0.05). The study demonstrated that the
application of cellulase and starch can increase the quality of Napier grass
preserved as silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhao
- Ruminant Product Research and Development Department, Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech, Zhuhai 519060, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Li
- Ruminant Product Research and Development Department, Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech, Zhuhai 519060, China
| | - Jiajun He
- Ruminant Product Research and Development Department, Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech, Zhuhai 519060, China
| | - Zhichao Hu
- Ruminant Product Research and Development Department, Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech, Zhuhai 519060, China
| | - Xinjian Yang
- Ruminant Product Research and Development Department, Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech, Zhuhai 519060, China
| | - Xiangxue Xie
- Ruminant Product Research and Development Department, Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech, Zhuhai 519060, China
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Sodium nitrite-based additives improve the conservation and the nutritive value of guinea grass silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tao Y, Sun Q, Li F, Xu C, Cai Y. Comparative analysis of ensiling characteristics and protein degradation of alfalfa silage prepared with corn or sweet sorghum in semiarid region of Inner Mongolia. Anim Sci J 2019; 91:e13321. [PMID: 31777177 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate silage fermentation and protein degradation of alfalfa prepared with corn or sweet sorghum (SS) at different mixing ratios. The chemical composition, ensiling characteristics, and protein degradation of alfalfa prepared with and without corn or SS at mixing ratios of 7:3, 1:1, and 3:7 on a fresh matter (FM) basis were studied. The alfalfa had the highest crude protein (CP) content and lactate buffering capacity (LBC), but lower water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content than corn and SS. After 60 days of ensiling, the corn and SS silages had good quality, with lower pH and ammonia-N content, and higher dry matter (DM) content than the alfalfa silages. In the alfalfa and corn mixture silages, the DM contents linearly increased with an increase in the proportion of corn, while the pH, non-protein N (NPN), ammonia-N, and peptide-N contents linearly decreased. In the alfalfa and SS mixture silages, the DM and NPN contents linearly increased with an increase in the proportion of SS, while the pH, lactic acid, and ammonia-N contents linearly decreased. This study suggests that alfalfa silage prepared with corn has more positive effect on fermentation quality and inhibiting protein degradation than addition of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Tao
- College of engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Qizhong Sun
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Feng Li
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Chuncheng Xu
- College of engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
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Cai Y, Du Z, Yamasaki S, Nguluve D, Tinga B, Macome F, Oya T. Community of natural lactic acid bacteria and silage fermentation of corn stover and sugarcane tops in Africa. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:1252-1264. [PMID: 32054211 PMCID: PMC7322639 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To effectively utilize crop by-product resources to address the shortage of animal feed during the dry season in Africa, the community of natural lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of corn stover and sugarcane tops and fermentation characteristics of silage were studied in Mozambique. METHODS Corn stover and sugarcane tops were obtained from agricultural field in Mozambique. Silage was prepared with LAB inoculant and cellulase enzyme and their fermentation quality and microbial population were analyzed. RESULTS Aerobic bacteria were the dominant population with 107 colony-forming unit/g of fresh matter in both crops prior to ensiling, while 104 to 107 LAB became the dominant bacteria during ensiling. Lactobacillus plantarum was more than 76.30% of total isolates which dominated silage fermentation in the LAB-treated sugarcane top silages or all corn stover silages. Fresh corn stover and sugarcane tops contain 65.05% to 76.10% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 6.52% to 6.77% crude protein (CP) on a dry matter basis, and these nutrients did not change greatly during ensiling. Corn stover exhibits higher LAB counts and watersoluble carbohydrates content than sugarcane top, which are naturally suited for ensiling. Meanwhile, sugarcane tops require LAB or cellulase additives for high quality of silage making. CONCLUSION This study confirms that both crop by-products contain certain nutrients of CP and NDF that could be well-preserved in silage, and that they are potential roughage resources that could cover livestock feed shortages during the dry season in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agriculture Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Zhumei Du
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Seishi Yamasaki
- Japan International Research Center for Agriculture Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Damiao Nguluve
- Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Matola 999068, Mozambique
| | - Benedito Tinga
- Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Matola 999068, Mozambique
| | - Felicidade Macome
- Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Matola 999068, Mozambique
| | - Tetsuji Oya
- Japan International Research Center for Agriculture Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
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