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Findeisen E, Südekum KH, Hummel J, Clauss M. Increasing feed intake in domestic goats (Capra hircus): Measured effects on chewing intensity are probably driven by escape of few, large particles from the forestomach. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 257:110972. [PMID: 33940177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On the one hand, oral processing - mastication - is considered a relatively inflexible component of mammalian feed acquisition that constrains instantaneous intake rates. On the other hand, experimental data shows that the level of feed intake affects faecal particle size and hence net chewing efficiency in ruminants, with larger particles occurring in the faeces at higher intakes. Here, we report the effect of an increased feed intake during maintenance (L1), late (200% of L1) and peak lactation (300% of L1) of a consistent diet (hay:concentrates 50:50) in eight domestic goats on various measures of digestive physiology including faecal mean particle size (MPS). Increasing intake led to an increased gut fill, a reduction in digesta retention times, and an increase in faecal MPS (from 0.57 to 0.72 mm). However, this was an effect of the large particle fraction (>2 mm) being disproportionately excreted at higher intakes; if MPS was assessed on the basis of particles below the typical escape threshold (≤1 mm), there was no difference between intake levels. These findings suggest that the effect of intake on the calculated net chewing efficiency in ruminants may rather be an effect of increased large particle escape from the forestomach than a reduced chewing intensity per bolus during ingestion or rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Findeisen
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Südekum
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic für Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich,Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ramos JCP, Júnior VRR, Monção FP, da Costa Parrela RA, Caxito AM, Cordeiro MWS, da Hora FF, de Assis Pires DA. Effect of replacing forage sorghum silage with biomass sorghum silage in diets for F1 Holstein × Zebu lactating cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:99. [PMID: 33415567 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of forage sorghum silage (FS silage) with BRS 716 biomass sorghum silage (BRS 716 silage) in diet of F1 ½ Holstein × ½ Zebu cows on their nutrient intake and digestibility, ingestive behavior, nitrogen balance, and milk yield and composition. The experimental design was in two 5 × 5 Latin squares, simultaneous, composed, each, by five animals, five treatments, and five experimental periods. The study included 10 cows with an initial body weight (BW) of 544 ± 12.84 and 88 ± 14 days of lactation at the beginning of the experiment. The treatments were defined by replacement FS silage at levels 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% with BRS 716 silage. The roughage:concentrate ratio in the total dry matter (DM) of the diets was 75:25. The replacement of FS silage with BRS 716 silage reduced (p < 0.01) the dry matter intake and digestibility of dry matter, but it had not changed average milk yield (12.68 kg/day; p = 0.94), feed efficiency, body weight, the score of body condition, and the average daily gain of the cows. The milk composition was not changed except casein/total protein in milk that decreased and that increased linearly milk urea nitrogen. The inclusion of BRS 716 silage increased the activities of rumination and chewing and decreased the periods of feeding and idleness. The replacement of up to 100% of FS silage with BRS 716 silage in the diet of F1 Holstein × Zebu cows does not alter average milk yield, despite changing diet intake and digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cipriana Pacheco Ramos
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Avenue Reinaldo Viana, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, 2630, Brazil
| | - Vicente Ribeiro Rocha Júnior
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Avenue Reinaldo Viana, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, 2630, Brazil
- INCT- Animal Science Member, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Flávio Pinto Monção
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Avenue Reinaldo Viana, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, 2630, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Matheus Wilson Silva Cordeiro
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Avenue Reinaldo Viana, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, 2630, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira da Hora
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Avenue Reinaldo Viana, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, 2630, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ananias de Assis Pires
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Avenue Reinaldo Viana, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, 2630, Brazil
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Swanson RM, Tait RG, Galles BM, Duffy EM, Schmidt TB, Petersen JL, Yates DT. Heat stress-induced deficits in growth, metabolic efficiency, and cardiovascular function coincided with chronic systemic inflammation and hypercatecholaminemia in ractopamine-supplemented feedlot lambs. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5840746. [PMID: 32428228 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress hinders growth and well-being in livestock, an effect that is perhaps exacerbated by the β1 agonist ractopamine. Heat stress deficits are mediated in part by reduced feed intake, but other mechanisms involved are less understood. Our objective was to determine the direct impact of heat stress on growth and well-being in ractopamine-supplemented feedlot lambs. Commercial wethers were fed under heat stress (40 °C) for 30 d, and controls (18 °C) were pair-fed. In a 2 × 2 factorial, lambs were also given a daily gavage of 0 or 60 mg ractopamine. Growth, metabolic, cardiovascular, and stress indicators were assessed throughout the study. At necropsy, 9th to 12th rib sections (four-rib), internal organs, and feet were assessed, and sartorius muscles were collected for ex vivo glucose metabolic studies. Heat stress increased (P < 0.05) rectal temperatures and respiration rates throughout the study and reduced (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed efficiency over the first week, ultrasonic loin-eye area and loin depth near the end of the study, and four-rib weight at necropsy. Fat content of the four-rib and loin were also reduced (P < 0.05) by heat stress. Ractopamine increased (P < 0.05) loin weight and fat content and partially moderated the impact of heat stress on rectal temperature and four-rib weight. Heat stress reduced (P < 0.05) spleen weight, increased (P < 0.05) adrenal and lung weights, and was associated with hoof wall overgrowth but not organ lesions. Ractopamine did not affect any measured indicators of well-being. Heat stress reduced (P < 0.05) blood urea nitrogen and increased (P < 0.05) circulating monocytes, granulocytes, and total white blood cells as well as epinephrine, TNFα, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Cortisol and insulin were not affected. Heat stress reduced (P < 0.05) blood pressure and heart rates in all lambs and increased (P < 0.05) left ventricular wall thickness in unsupplemented but not ractopamine-supplemented lambs. No cardiac arrhythmias were observed. Muscle glucose uptake did not differ among groups, but insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation was reduced (P < 0.05) in muscle from heat-stressed lambs. These findings demonstrate that heat stress impairs growth, metabolism, and well-being even when the impact of feed intake is eliminated by pair-feeding and that systemic inflammation and hypercatecholaminemia likely contribute to these deficits. Moreover, ractopamine improved muscle growth indicators without worsening the effects of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Richard G Tait
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Neogen GeneSeek, Lincoln, NE
| | - Beth M Galles
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Erin M Duffy
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ty B Schmidt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Mendes Costa N, Rocha Júnior VR, Albuquerque Caldeira L, Pinto Monção F, de Oliveira Rabelo W, Vieira e Silva F, Silva Cordeiro MW, Pazzanese Duarte Lanna D, de Assis Pires DA, David Alves D, Sampaio Rigueira JP, Junqueira de Sales EC, da Cunha Siqueira Carvalho C. Feeding F1 Holstein x Zebu cows with different roughages and pseudostem hay of banana trees does not influence milk yield and chemical composition of milk and cheese. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1773327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natanael Mendes Costa
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vicente Ribeiro Rocha Júnior
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- INCT – Animal Science Member, Janaúba, Brazil
| | | | - Flávio Pinto Monção
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Walber de Oliveira Rabelo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fredson Vieira e Silva
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Dorismar David Alves
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, State University of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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